DesignTools Software Energy Analyzer User Manual

Transcription

1 DesignTools Software Energy Analyzer User Manual

2 Table of Contents Introduction...1 Installing Energy Analyzer...3 Getting Started...4 General...4 Project Details (Energy Analyzer Wizard Application)...5 Setting Up/Changing Defaults...6 Starting a New Job...8 Opening an Existing Job...9 Starting a New Run...10 Saving a Run...11 Copying a Run...12 Deleting a Run...12 Renaming a Run...13 Editing an Existing Run...14 Creating a Run...15 Choose a Location...17 Determining Energy Rates...18 Editing Energy Rates...19 Selecting a Building...22 Editing the Building Parameters...23 Editing the Schedules...29 Secondary Systems...31 General...31 VAV with Reheat...35 Constant Volume with Reheat...35 Series Fan-Powered VAV System...36 Parallel Fan-Powered VAV System...36 Constant Volume, Variable Temperature...37 Fan Coil System...37 Unit Ventilators...38 Water Source Heat Pumps/Geothermal Heat Pumps...38 Primary Systems...39 General...39 Heating Plants...41 Single Chiller...42 Parallel Chiller Plants...43 Series Chiller Plants...44 Primary/Secondary Chiller Plants Chiller Primary/Secondary...46 Condenser Water Heat Recovery Systems...47 Templifier Edit Screen...48 Vertical Self-contained Systems...49 Rooftop Systems...50 Water Source Heat Pump Boiler/Tower Loop...51 Water Source Heat Pump Geothermal...51 Printing...52 Energy Analysis Outputs...55 General...55 Energy Analysis Text Output...55 Energy Analysis Graphics Printouts...60 Life-Cycle Analysis...64 General...64 Performing Life-Cycle Analysis...65 Appendix A List of Cities...71

3 Introduction TIP: Helpful tips on how to take full advantage of the program appear in the side margin. There are many reasons to pick one HVAC system over another. One of the most important is operating cost of the system. As the cost of energy continues to rise, the operating cost only becomes more critical. Currently, energy used in buildings represents over one-third of the energy consumed in North America. The technology to improve building performance is available, but it needs to be justified and applied. This brings up the issue of life-cycle analysis: looking at the capital cost and the operating cost over the life of the investment to make the best business decision. In most cases, the most efficient solution is the best business decision. However, presenting the business argument traditionally has been difficult. Literally, thousands of complex calculations must be done to model a building for a year. The advent of the modern PC has made these calculations possible. The McQuay Energy Analyzer program provides a quick method for estimating energy consumption in a building for a wide variety of HVAC systems. In addition, it can provide operating cost and life-cycle analysis between two or more HVAC systems so that the best financial decision can be made. The purpose of this guide is to serve as an operator s manual for the McQuay Energy Analyzer program. Using this manual This document is a users manual for the Energy Analyzer. The format closely follows the flow of the software program. All HVAC systems included in version 4.0 are included in this manual. Energy Analyzer operates in a similar manner to other McQuay SelectTools programs. The file management and printing processes are explained in Appendix A. 2

4 Installing Energy Analyzer This section outlines the requirements for using the Energy Analyzer program and explains how to install the program. Minimum recommended computer requirements: Windows 98, 2000, XP, or higher Microsoft Office 97 or higher Intel Pentium III or equivalent AMD processor 256 MB RAM 128 MB Memory 100 MB free hard drive disk space Installation 1. Insert the Energy Analyzer CD into the computer. The installation begins automatically. Follow the installation instructions to install the remainder of the program. 2. When the Choose Destination Location screen appears, click Next. The Energy Analyzer program creates a directory folder labeled C:\Program Files\McQuay\Energy Analyzer. The majority of the operating program is housed in this folder. 3

5 Getting Started Use the flow chart below to help with navigating through Energy Analyzer. Create New Job/ Open Existing Job Create/Edit Run Choose City Enter Energy Rates -Over 100 US Cites -Over 100 International Cities Default energy rates appear for each city and they can be edited. Choose Building Type Choose Building Details Edit Schedule Choose Secondary System -Office Building -Schools -Health Care -Hotels/Apartments -Factories -Dimensions -External Details -Set Points -Internal Loads Default schedules appear for each building type and they can be edited. -VAV w/reheat -Series/Parallel Fan Boxes -Constant Volume w/ Reheat -Constant Volume/Variable Temperature -Unit Ventilators -Fan Coils Choose Primary System Save Run/Job Create Printouts Lifecycle Analysis -Single Chiller -Parallel Chiller -Series Chiller -Primary/Secondary -Rooftop -Vertical Self Contained -Two runs required General The McQuay Energy Analyzer operates in a fashion similar to other McQuay SelectTools programs. To move forward and backward through the selection screens, use the Wizard keys (blue forward and backward arrows) located in the lower left corner (see figure below). For the overall architecture, the operator creates a new file called a job. Within the job, there can be many runs. Each run can be a little or a lot different. Anything can be changed. Menu bar Tool bar List of runs Return/Cancel Runs Job information Exit Wizard keys 4

6 An energy analysis is produced for each run. Any two runs within a job can be compared for a life-cycle analysis. Printouts are generated in Microsoft Word and Excel similar to other SelectTools programs. Project Details (Energy Analyzer Wizard Application) The Energy Analyzer Wizard Application screen above shows the project details. In the lower left corner are the wizard keys you use to move forward and backward through the program. In the bottom center is the Job Information section, which contains information on which job file is open, which run is being evaluated, the operator s name, city, default building type, etc. On the lower right of the screen are two buttons: one with a green return arrow and the other with a red letter X. Click the green arrow to return to this screen; click the X to exit. The following buttons are located on the tool bar: Create a new job Open an existing job Create a new run Edit an existing run Save current run Save current run with a new name Printouts Life-cycle analysis In the center of the screen the runs associated with the job appear with information such as run number tagging, building type, and city. To base the next run on new input or a highlighted run, select New input or Highlighted item in the Base Next Selection On section below (on the left). To save or replace runs, in the Store Options section (on the right), click Save or Replace. 5

7 Setting Up/Changing Defaults Setting the defaults allows users to configure Energy Analyzer to their specific needs. Once features are selected from the Default menu (on the menu bar), the program always starts using those features. If the defaults are changed, they take effect the next time the program is started. The language and units can be edited on a per run basis. To set defaults: 1. In the menu bar, click Defaults. The Energy Analyzer Defaults dialog box opens. 2. Enter the company name and select the main geographic region. The program now displays this geographic region. Sub regions can be selected from the Region screen in the program. 3. Energy Analyzer is available in several languages. To change the default language (English), click the Language drop-down arrow. 4. To select either SI or inch-pound units, in the System section, click SI or Inch Pound. To change language on a per run basis: Users can change languages at any time during a run. In the menu bar, click Languages and select the language from the drop-down menu. The choices include English, French, Italian, Spanish and Chinese. 6

8 To change units on a per run basis: Users can change units at any time during a run. All values on the screen can be switched between SI and I-P units. To switch units, on the menu bar, click Defaults and select SI or Inch-Pound from the drop-down list. You also can change the format of the number by opening the menu in the input box as shown above. To do this, while in a run, in the Building Details screen, in the Building Dimensions section, click any of the drop-down lists to change information. To change currencies: The default currency is based on the country selected. To change, on the right of the tool bar, click the drop-down list to display available currencies (see figure below). Select a different currency from the drop-down list. Currencies can be selected in the energy rates screen and the 24-hour calculations screen. Currency drop-down list 7

9 Starting a New Job Starting a new job is the first step in starting the energy analysis. An example of a new job might be Staunton General Hospital or Auburn District School Board Administration Building. To start a new job: 1. To create a new job, on the menu bar, click File and select New and then Job. Or, on the tool bar, click the Create a new job button (see below). Either method opens the Create New Job dialog box as shown below. 2. In the Create New Job dialog box, enter the customer s name and the job name. Then click the green check mark button. 3. The dialog box closes and the new job file is created. The information now displays in the Job Information section in the bottom center of the screen. 8

10 Opening an Existing Job To open an existing job: 1. To open an existing job, click the Open an existing job button in the tool bar as shown below. The Open Existing Job dialog box appears with a list of existing jobs. 2. Jobs are listed by job number (a computer-generated random number), entry date, description, and engineer. To sort, click the column name you want to sort by. Open an existing job button 3. Select the job you want to open and then click the green check mark button. The screen returns to the Project Details Screen and any Runs saved against that Job Name are listed in the main Dialog Box. 9

11 Starting a New Run Starting a run is the actual process of performing an energy analysis. An example of a run for the Staunton General Hospital might be evaluating a chiller primary secondary system with Constant Volume with Reheat. It could easily be comparing a low, wide single story building to a high rise. No limitations are put on a run within a job file. To start a new run: To start a run, on the menu bar, click File and select New and then Run. Or, on the tool bar, click the Create a new run button as shown below. Create a new run button If you click the right wizard key in the lower left corner of the screen, the program automatically starts a new run. Wizard key Once a run is started, the Run Information dialog box appears (as shown above) requesting a name for the run. This can be anything, but a good description helps sort out what is unique about that run. For example, enter Dual Comp 42F CW 14F delta T to explain that this is a run based on a dual compressor chiller with 42 F chilled water and a 14 F delta T. 10

12 TIP: Save each run as it is completed. Saving a Run After a run is processed, you return to the Project Details screen and the run is added to the job list of runs as shown below. To save a run: On the menu bar, click File and select Save. Or, on the tool bar, click the Save button as shown below. Save button 11

13 Copying a Run Copying a run is a very useful feature. Once the building and its main parameters are defined in the first run, you can copy the properties to another run using the copy run feature, allowing you to edit only the parameters that need to be changed. To copy a run 1. Select the run you want to copy. 2. Click Highlighted item in the Base Next Selection On section. 3. Click the wizard key and the Run Information dialog box appears, automatically naming the run name Copy of.. the original run name as shown below. 4. Change the name and click on the green check mark to close the dialog box. Selected (highlighted) run to copy (or delete) Highlighted Item button Delete button 5. Scroll through the various screens making the required edits. Deleting a Run To delete a run: 1. Select the run you want to delete. 2. In the Base Next Selection On section, click Delete. See figure above. A message appears asking you to confirm the delete. 12

14 Renaming a Run To rename a run: 1. To change the name or rename an existing run, select the run, then click the Run Name button in the tool bar. 2. The Run Information dialog box open as shown below. 3. Change the name as and click the green check mark to close the dialog box. Run Name button 13

15 Editing an Existing Run To edit an existing run: 1. Double click the run name you want to edit. Or click the Open Existing Item button on the tool bar as shown below. 2. The Open file dialog box opens listing all the runs saved in the file. Open Existing Item button 3. Select the run you want to edit and click the green check mark to close the dialog box. 4. Scroll through the run using the wizard keys, making any required changes. 5. Save the run. It is saved under the original run name and any changes made overwrite the original information. 14

16 Creating a Run Use the flow chart below to help with navigating through Energy Analyzer. Create New Job/ Open Existing Job Create/Edit Run Choose City Enter Energy Rates -Over 100 US Cites -Over 100 International Cities Default energy rates appear for each city and they can be edited. Choose Building Type Choose Building Details Edit Schedule Choose Secondary System -Office Building -Schools -Health Care -Hotels/Apartments -Factories -Dimensions -External Details -Set Points -Internal Loads Default schedules appear for each building type and they can be edited. -VAV w/reheat -Series/Parallel Fan Boxes -Constant Volume w/ Reheat -Constant Volume/Variable Temperature -Unit Ventilators -Fan Coils Choose Primary System Save Run/Job Create Printouts Lifecycle Analysis -Single Chiller -Parallel Chiller -Series Chiller -Primary/Secondary -Rooftop -Vertical Self Contained -Two runs required Creating a run involves several steps. First, you must create a new job and then create a new run. To start a new job: 1. To create a new job, on the menu bar, click File and select New and then Job. Or, on the tool bar, click the Create a new job button (see below). Either method opens the Create New Job dialog box as shown below. 15

17 2. In the Create New Job dialog box, enter the customer s name and the job name. Then click the green check mark button. 3. The dialog box closes and the new job file is created. The information now displays in the Job Information section in the bottom center of the screen. To start a new run: To start a run, on the menu bar, click File and select New and then Run. Or, on the tool bar, click the Create a new run button as shown below. The Region screen opens, displaying North America. Create a new run button 16

18 Choose a Location To start a run, first select a city. The database contains 117 North American cities and another 126 cities throughout the world. (See Appendix A for a complete list of cities.) Choosing a city in Energy Analyzer retrieves the corresponding latitude, altitude, design weather, hourly weather, and sunshine data from the database. This program uses the design weather data to calculate summer and winter loads and to size HVAC systems. For the energy analysis, hourly weather and sunshine data are used. Latitude calculates the angle of the sun and altitude calculates the density of air. 1. Initially, a map of North America divided into regions displays. To set the default to another world region see Setting Up/Changing Defaults on page To display a region, click it. Or, use the wizard keys in the middle of the tool bar to scroll through the different regions in the world. The figure below shows the Northeast USA region screen. TIP: If the city you need is not in the database, pick a city that is not only similar in weather conditions, but also in altitude and latitude. 3. The stars indicate the available cities. Place the cursor on a star to display the city name (in this case, Buffalo, N.Y.). To select the city, click it. You also can select a city by using the pull-down list in the upper right and clicking the city of your choice. Once the city is selected and you proceed to the next screen, that city s name appears in the information block in the bottom center tool bar. 4. After selecting your city, click the blue wizard arrow key. The Energy Rates screen appears (see below). Now you are ready to determine energy rates. 17

19 Determining Energy Rates Once a city is selected, Energy Analyzer uses a database of energy providers to estimate operating costs. The database is tied to location with default energy rates, which can be edited if more accurate information is available. Energy Analyzer supports both tiered and time-of-use rates for consumption and demand structures. It also includes ratchets. Energy Analyzer allows combinations such as tiered consumption rates and time-of-use demand rates. Winter and summer rates are supported. The cost of natural gas can be entered. This may be useful when analyzing templifiers versus gas boilers in many systems or when using an absorption chiller. The cost of water is the final entry in the energy rates page. Having the cost of water helps to analyze all the costs associated with air cooled versus evaporative cooled and water cooled equipment. 18

20 Editing Energy Rates Energy Analyzer automatically loads the energy rates for the selected city. This includes both electricity and natural gas rates. Currency is based on the country chosen but can be changed by selecting a different currency from the pull-down list in the upper right corner. Changing energy rates is relatively easy. The Energy Rates screen is divided into two sections: Energy Consumption (left side of screen) consumption charges Energy Demand (right side of screen) demand charges Both consumption and demand can be tiered or time-of-use rate structure. The top portion of each section is devoted to time of use and the bottom half is devoted to tiered rate structures. To change between time-of-use and tiered rate structures, click the option button above each section. The selected structure becomes available while the other appears shaded, or unavailable. Demand and consumption can be either time of use or tiered, but not both. However, a combination of time of use demand with a tiered consumption, or vice versa can occur. Energy Consumption section Energy Demand section Option buttons 19

21 Entering a Time-of-Use Rate Structure Time-of-use often is referred to as on-peak and off-peak rate structures. There are two entries for consumption and demand under time of use. However, many utilities do not charge an off-peak rate for demand. 1. Enter the start dates of summer rates and winter rates. Energy Analyzer supports a start date of the first day of the month only, so choose the month the rates begin. Only enter the start times for summer and winter rates since the program understands that when summer rates stop, winter rates begin and vice versa. For example, if summer rates start on April 1, the program uses summer rates until the winter rates begin (e.g., October 1). 2. Enter the summer and winter rates for on-peak and off-peak consumption and demand as shown below. 3. Enter the time of day when off-peak starts (or the on-peak ends). Energy Analyzer understands that when off-peak rates start, on-peak rates stop and vice versa. (At this time, shoulder and mid peaks are not supported by the program) In the example above, the energy rates entered show the summer rates starting in June and the winter rates starting in October. The on-peak rates start at 07:00 (7 a.m.) and the off-peak rates start at 23:00 (11 p.m.). In this example, we can see that the on-peak demand rate in the summer is $14.28/kW, and the on-peak demand rate in the winter is $8.69/kW. The on-peak consumption rates are $0.0422/kWh in the summer and $ /kWh in the winter. The monthly service charge is $110 and there is no ratchet. 20

22 Entering a Tiered Rate Structure Tiered rates often are found in the consumption portion of an electricity bill. A tiered rate occurs if the price is set up to a limit and then another price is set up to the next limit, and so on. 1. Enter the start dates of the summer and winter rates. 2. Enter the summer and winter rates for each of the tiers. You can enter up to 4 tier sizes for demand and consumption. 3. Enter the limits in the boxes provided. Energy Analyzer uses the limit side of the table to understand the size of that particular tier. If zero is entered in the limit section of the tiers, Energy Analyzer understands that all electricity consumed will be at that rate. In the example above, the summer rates start in January and the winter rates also start in January meaning there is no summer/winter rate schedule. The rate of electricity consumption is $/kWh for the first 100,000 kwh and $/kWh for the next 100,000 kwh. The last tier is $/kwh. The rate for demand is $6.67/kW. The natural gas price is $1.00 per therm. Entering a Ratchet A ratchet charge is a minimum demand charge every month, based on the maximum demand charge in the previous 11 months. For example, in a building with a demand profile of 1500 kw in July and 500 kw every other month, a 70% ratchet charge results in a minimum demand charge of 70% 1500 = 1050 kw for every month where the demand did not exceed that amount. Ratchet amounts are entered as a whole number representing the percentage of the ratchet. Thus, 70% is entered as 70. Ratchets do not occur with every utility, so the ratchet amount remains 0 if no ratchet is present in the utility s rates. In the example above the ratchet is 65%. Entering a Monthly Service Charge The monthly service charge is the amount the utility charges to connect to the system. This can vary from a few dollars to a few thousand dollars per month. Enter the amount charged every month. In the example above, the monthly service charge is $ TIP: Many North American utilities charge by 100 cubic feet or gallons for water. Multiply by to get 1000 gallons. Entering the Cost of Water Water cost can be an additional factor when comparing an air cooled chiller to a water cooled chiller and determining the most cost efficient system. Water cost is not part of the database and remains at zero unless it is changed. To find the cost of water, check your utility bill or the utility s Web site. Water cost is how much the utility charges per 1000 gallons (1000 liters). The price also should take into account a percentage of the sewage charge. After determining and entering energy rates, click the blue wizard key to advance to the next screen, Building type. 21

23 Selecting a Building This figure below shows the default Building Type screen. Use the wizard keys at the top of the screen to access five main screens, which contain office buildings, schools, health care, hotels/apartments, and a factory/data center. Each main screen contains individual selections. Wizard keys Once you make a selection, all of the inputs (glass type, population density, ventilation rates, etc.) load into the program. No further data inputs are required. You can edit any input at a later point. The building type selected appears in the Job Information section of the screen on the Building Type line. After determining the type building, click the bottom wizard key to open and edit the building parameters. 22

24 Editing the Building Parameters The Building Details screen is shown below. There are four sections on this screen: Interior Building, Exterior Building, Building Orientation, and Building Dimensions. To change a parameter: 1. Place the cursor over any object (person, windows, roof, North, etc.) until the object changes to a green color. 2. Click on the object to open a dialog box for that object. Building Orientation The figure below shows the Building Orientation section of the Building Details screen. By default, the front of the building faces North. To change orientation, click any of the compass points. 23

25 Exterior Building Use the Exterior Building section of the Building Details screen to select the type glass (windows), walls, and roof of your building. To select glass type: 1. Click the building s windows to open the External Load, Glass dialog box (see below). 2. In the Glass type drop-down list (see below), select the type windows in your building. 3. Then click the green check mark to close the dialog box. The table below shows the U factors for the glass, walls and roofs that are defined in Energy Analyzer. 24

26 To select wall type: 1. Click the building s walls to open the External Load, Walls (see below) dialog box. 2. In the Wall type drop-down list, select the type walls in your building. Important: Wall mass is a dominant factor in calculating energy needs. If the type wall you need is not listed, pick a wall with similar mass and color. 3. In the Infiltration rate text box, use the drop-down list to input the rate in your building. (Infiltration is in air changes per hour.) 4. Then click the green check mark to close the dialog box. To select roof type: 1. Click the building s roof to open the External Load, Roofing (see below) dialog box. 2. In the Roof type drop-down list, select the type roof on your building. 3. Then click the green check mark to close the dialog box. 25

27 Interior Building Use the Interior Building section of the Building Details screen to select the type of lights, activity, electrical load, domestic water rate, chilled water process load, and temperature setpoints of your building. TIP: Vented lighting fixtures can reduce the design cfm, save a lot of fan work, and reduce the capital cost of ducting and air handling units. For incandescent fixtures, select Fluorescent suspended in space and make sure the watts/ft 2 are correct. To select lighting type: 1. Click the lights to open the Internal Load, Lighting dialog box (see below). 2. In the Lighting type drop-down list, select the type lights in your building. 3. In the Power rate text box, enter the watts per square foot. 4. Then click the green check mark to close the dialog box. TIP: There is big difference between occupancy schedules and ventilation schedules. Occupancy schedules approximate the number of people in the building at any given time. Ventilation schedules represent the operating schedule of the ventilation system. When the ventilation system is off, there are significant energy savings. To select activity type: 1. Click the person to open the Internal Load, People dialog box (see below). 2. In the People activity drop-down list, select the type activity usually conducted in your building. 3. In the Population density text box, enter the number of people usually present per square foot in your building. If the building is unoccupied, do not enter a zero in the Population density field. A zero indicates an infinite number of people. Enter the square footage of the building, which means one person only. 4. In the Ventilation text box, enter the appropriate rate for your building. 5. Then click the green check mark to close the dialog box. 26

28 To select electrical and other loads: 1. Click the computer to open the Internal Load, Misc. Electrical and Chilled Water Process Load dialog box (see below). 2. In the Misc. load text box, enter the appropriate rate. Miscellaneous electrical load is the energy consumed by equipment that uses the electrical outlets, e.g., computers, printers, etc. 3. In the Domestical water rate text box, enter the appropriate rate for your building. 4. If your building has a Process load, enter the appropriate rate in the Process load text box. Then select the Chiller load or the Space load option. A chiller load takes chilled water directly from the chiller as required by many processes to cool the equipment down. The energy to remove the heat is accounted for in the chiller and pump work. Space load is similar to a miscellaneous load in that the energy to remove the heat is taken into account by fan, compressor, and pump work. The electrical energy required to run the equipment also is calculated. 5. Then click the green check mark to close the dialog box. TIP: To avoid setting unnecessary demand charge levels, review the energy rate structure and try to have the pull down occur during off peak periods even if the building is not occupied. Pull down/pull up occurs in the first occupied hour, so changing the occupied schedule (use 5% occupied) moves it. To select and edit temperature setpoints: 1. Click the thermostat to open the Building Set Points dialog box (see below). 2. In the Occupied Cooling text box, enter the appropriate rate. 3. In the Occupied Heating text box, enter the appropriate rate. 4. In the Unoccupied Cooling text box, input the appropriate rate. 5. In the Unoccupied Heating text box, input the appropriate rate. 6. Then click the green check mark to close the dialog box. 27

29 Building Dimensions Use the Building Dimensions section (see below) of the Building Details screen to select the physical dimensions of your building. To enter building dimensions: 1. In the Length text box, enter the appropriate dimension. 2. In the Width text box, enter the appropriate dimension 3. In the No. of Floors text box, input the appropriate number. 4. In the Flr-to-Flr Height text box, enter the appropriate dimension. 5. In the Perimeter Depth text box, input the depth of the exterior zones. Typically it is the same as the floor-to-floor height. 6. In the Percentage Glass text box, input the appropriate percentage of glass. 7. Then click the green check mark to close the dialog box. After editing all the building parameters in the Building Details screen, select the forward blue wizard key. The Schedules screen opens. Now you are ready to edit schedules. 28

30 Editing the Schedules The Schedules screen (see below) contains into two tabs: Regular and Seasonal TIP: Demand Control Ventilation (DVC) is a concept that allows the ventilation rate to vary relative to the number of people in the building. From an energy point of view, this offers excellent savings. Regular Both weekday and weekend day schedules are available. To change values, click and drag a point on the graph to the desired percentage. There are six schedules to choose from. They are occupancy, ventilation, lighting, miscellaneous electrical, hot water usage, and process load. To select one of these, click the Schedule drop-down list and select the desired schedule. To model DCV, the ventilation schedule should match the occupancy schedule. ASHRAE Standard 62 requires minimum ventilation to handle building contaminants. To do this, maintain at least a 25% ventilation rate regardless of occupancy. Seasonal To set up a different schedule for a portion of the year (e.g., summer schedule for schools), click the Seasonal tab (see below). 29

31 The start month is the first month the seasonal schedules are in operation. The end month is the last month the seasonal schedules are in operation. TIP: Energy Analyzer uses the occupancy schedule to determine if the building is in night setback or occupied. If there is any percent occupancy in any hour, the program considers the building occupied. If there is zero occupancy, the program considers the building unoccupied and uses the unoccupied temperature setpoints. To keep the building in occupied conditions, put a percent value for design occupancy for all hours. SCHEDULE NAME VARIABLE AFFECTED COMMENTS Occupied schedule Ventilation Schedule Population density Temperature setpoints Ventilation air rate Outdoor air rate McQuay Energy Analyzer uses the percentage shown in this schedule times the design population to calculate the actual population at any given hour. This then is used to calculate the heat gain from people, and it allows the program to recognize whether it is at occupied or unoccupied setpoints. McQuay Energy Analyzer uses the percentage shown in this schedule times the design ventilation rate to calculate the actual ventilation rate at any given hour. Lighting load Lighting load McQuay Energy Analyzer uses the percentage shown in this schedule times the design lighting load to calculate the actual lighting load at any given hour Misc. Electrical Schedule Misc. electrical load McQuay Energy Analyzer uses the percentage shown in this schedule times the design miscellaneous electrical load to calculate the actual load at any given hour Domestic Hot Water Schedule Domestic hot water usage McQuay Energy Analyzer uses the percentage shown in this schedule times the design domestic hot water usage load to calculate the actual domestic hot water load at any given hour Process Schedule Process load McQuay Energy Analyzer uses the percentage shown in this schedule times the design process load to calculate the actual load at any given hour. After editing the schedules in the Schedules screen, select the forward blue wizard key. The Secondary System screen opens. Now you are ready to configure Energy Analyzer for secondary systems. 30

32 Secondary Systems Use the flow chart below to help with navigating through Energy Analyzer. Create New Job/ Open Existing Job Create/Edit Run Choose City Enter Energy Rates -Over 100 US Cites -Over 100 International Cities Default energy rates appear for each city and they can be edited. Choose Building Type Choose Building Details Edit Schedule Choose Secondary System -Office Building -Schools -Health Care -Hotels/Apartments -Factories -Dimensions -External Details -Set Points -Internal Loads Default schedules appear for each building type and they can be edited. -VAV w/reheat -Series/Parallel Fan Boxes -Constant Volume w/ Reheat -Constant Volume/Variable Temperature -Unit Ventilators -Fan Coils Choose Primary System -Single Chiller -Parallel Chiller -Series Chiller -Primary/Secondary -Rooftop -Vertical Self Contained Save Run/Job Create Printouts Lifecycle Analysis -Two runs required General The figure below shows the VAV with reheat input screen. To view different secondary systems click the wizard keys in the middle of the tool bar. The name of the secondary system being displayed is shown in the upper left corner. Each screen has a different set of parameters that can be adjusted. System type Wizard keys 31

33 Supply air temp The table below shows what can be edited in each secondary screen. Supply Return Return Supply Min. VAV BT or fan type fan type fan TSP turndown DT & eff. & eff. TSP Energy recovery Economizer VAV w/reheat X X X X X X X X X Series fan powered box X X X X X X X Parallel fan powered Box X X X X X X X Constant vol. w/reheat X X X X X X X X Constant vol. variable X X X X X X X temperature Unit ventilators X X Fan coils WSHP GSHP Cooling EER Heating COP X X X X Supply ESP Max loop Temp Min Loop Temp Flow Rate Return fan TSP Energy recovery X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Economizer TIP: Energy Analyzer has the same default supply air temperature regardless whether the AHU is blow through or draw through. If the equipment being modeled (e.g., a packaged rooftop unit) has the same cooling coil leaving air temperature, then draw-through units should use a supply air temperature 2 F to 3 F warmer than blowthrough units. TIP: In applications with a high, sensible heat ratio (office buildings), try blow through. This can lower design cfm and fan power usage by as much as 10%. In addition, there may be a 10% savings in sheet metal capital cost. Configuring Energy Analyzer for Blow-Through vs. Draw- Through Many of the secondary systems modeled by Energy Analyzer allow for either a blowthrough or a draw through configuration. The choice can be made by either the buttons (e.g., unit ventilators) or a screen selection (e.g., VAV with reheat blow-through). Once the system is selected, take special care in choosing the supply air temperature. You can change the supply air temperature in many secondary systems by clicking the supply airflow arrow. The default is 55 F (13 C). This is the temperature of the air supplied to the duct regardless if it is a draw through or blow through unit. Most control systems have a temperature sensor in the supply air duct that maintains the supply air temperature. If the same supply air temperature is used for draw through and blow through equipment, the design air volume and the annual fan work are the same. (It is the same delta T between supply air temperature and the space condition.) The draw through unit has lower space RH, shorter economizer season, and hence a larger annual primary load because the air leaving the cooling coil is colder due to fan heat. If a draw-through unit is chosen, the program subtracts the fan heat gain from the supply air temperature to identify the leaving coil air temperature. In many cases, the operator is trying to keep the leaving coil temperature the same between blow through and draw through (which keeps the primary system load about the same.) For example, when comparing a blow-through 50-ton rooftop unit to a draw-through 50-ton rooftop unit, the operator must add the design fan temperature rise to the supply air temperature. Using 2 F (1 C) to -3 F ( 1.5 C) is common. To calculate the temperature rise: (SAF bhp)*2,800/(1.085*cfm) For blow through units, the leaving coil air temperature is the supply air temperature so the default setting is fine. When performing a life-cycle analysis, take into account the smaller capital cost for the ductwork. It is reasonable to assume a linear relationship between the design cfm and the duct cost. For example, a 10% reduction in design supply air volume should almost equal a 10% reduction in ducting cost. 32

34 TIP: To model a system without a return or exhaust fan, set the static pressure to 0 and increase the supply fan static pressure. TIP: Fan efficiency is very important, particularly when modeling rooftop equipment. Make sure the fan efficiency is realistic f li ti Supply and Return Fans For both the supply and return fans, you can choose from multiple fan types, change the total static pressure, and change the efficiency. 1. To edit a fan in the secondary screen, click it to open the Fan Details dialog box. 2. To change the fan type, click the Fan type drop down list and select the correct fan type. 3. In the Total static pressure text box, enter the appropriate static pressure. 4. In the Efficiency text box, enter the appropriate fan efficiency. 5. In the Return fan dialog box, you can choose an exhaust fan rather than a return by selecting the Exhaust Fan button as shown below. 6. Click on the green check mark to close the dialog box. Economizer In Variable Air Volume, Constant Volume, and Constant Volume Variable Temperature systems, you can choose whether you want to have an airside economizer or not. The default is with an economizer. If you do not want an economizer, click the economizer and then select Off. 33

35 Energy Recovery McQuay Energy Analyzer models an energy recovery MUA with a gas furnace and an enthalpy wheel. The wheel is used both in heating and cooling. Frost protection is built in and reduces the wheel effectiveness when required. The furnace heats the air to 55 F when necessary. There is no supplemental mechanical cooling. The actual psychrometric conditions of the ventilation air are calculated hourly and used to calculate the mixed air condition at the terminal unit. To add an enthalpy wheel to Variable Air Volume, Fan Coils, or Water Source Heat Pumps, use the wizard buttons to move forward to the chosen system. 1. To edit the efficiency or pressure drop, click the enthalpy wheel to open the Edit Enthalpy Wheel dialog box (see below). 2. In the Efficiency text box, enter the appropriate wheel efficiency. 3. In the Pressure drop text box, enter the pressure drop across the enthalpy wheel. 4. Click on the green check mark to close the dialog box. 34

36 TIP: The reheat type depends on what kind of boiler is selected. If a gas-fired or electric boiler is used, then the reheat coils will be hot water. For electric reheat coils, choose electric heat instead of a boiler in the primary system page. VAV with Reheat Use the VAV with Reheat screen to edit VAV systems. There are two screens, one for blow through and one for draw through (see below). The screen label is in the upper left corner. Use the wizard keys in the middle of the tool bar to select the appropriate screen. To edit fan type, total static pressure, and fan efficiency, click either of the fans. To edit the supply air temperature, click the supply air arrows. To edit the minimum VAV turndown, click the VAV box. To turn the economizer on or off, click, the economizer box. Constant Volume with Reheat Use the Constant Volume with Reheat screen to edit constant volume systems. There are two screens, one for blow through and one for draw through (shown). The screen label is in the upper left corner. Use the wizard keys in the upper right corner to select the appropriate screen. To edit fan type, total static pressure and fan efficiency click on the either of the fans. To edit the supply air temperature, click the supply air arrows. To turn the economizer on or off, click the economizer box. 35

37 Series Fan-Powered VAV System McQuay Energy Analyzer uses this screen for editing series fan-powered VAV systems. There are two screens, one for blow through (see below) and one for draw through. The screen label is in the upper left corner. Use the wizard keys in the middle tool bar to select the appropriate screen. To edit fan type, total static pressure, and fan efficiency, click either of the fans. To edit either the primary supply air temperature or the secondary supply air temperature, click the primary or supply air arrows. To edit the minimum VAV turndown, total static pressure, and efficiency, click the series fan-powered box. Parallel Fan-Powered VAV System McQuay Energy Analyzer uses this screen for editing parallel fan-powered VAV systems. There are two screens, one for blow through (see below) and one for draw through. The screen label is in the upper left corner. Use the wizard keys in the middle tool bar to select the appropriate screen. To edit fan type, total static pressure, and fan efficiency, click either of the fans. To edit either the primary supply air temperature or the secondary supply air temperature, click the primary or supply air arrows. To edit the minimum VAV turndown, total static pressure and efficiency click on the parallel fan-powered box. 36

38 Constant Volume, Variable Temperature McQuay Energy Analyzer uses this screen for editing constant volume, variable temperature systems. There are two screens, one for blow through (see below) and one for draw through. The screen label is in the upper left corner. Use the wizard keys in the middle tool bar to select the appropriate screen. To edit fan type, total static pressure and fan efficiency, click either of the fans. To edit the supply air temperature, click the supply air arrows. To turn the economizer on or off, click the economizer box. TIP: To model two-pipe systems with electric heat, choose electric heat instead of a boiler in the primary screen. This effectively moves the heating load to the electric utility. Fan Coil System McQuay Energy Analyzer uses this screen for editing fancoil systems. A second screen with an enthalpy wheel MUA is also available and can be selected by using the Wizard keys in the middle toolbar. To edit the fan type, TSP, and efficiency, click either of the fans. To edit the enthalpy wheel efficiency, click the enthalpy wheel MUA. To edit the refrigeration kw/ton, click the compressor. This is only the compressor work. The program calculates condenser fan work. Clicking on the fancoil allows the external static pressure to be edited. 37

39 Unit Ventilators TIP: McQuay Energy Analyzer can model 4-pipe and chilled water with electric heat unit ventilators. For electric heat unit ventilators, choose electric heat instead of a boiler in the primary screen. McQuay Energy Analyzer uses this screen for editing unit ventilator systems. Option buttons on the screen allow either blow through or draw through to be modeled. To edit the design supply air temperature, click the supply air arrows. The actual supply air temperature varies at any given time to meet the space condition. Face And Bypass Control McQuay Energy Analyzer models face and bypass control for unit ventilators. Supply air can be bypassed around the cooling coil and mix with the air that passes through the coil to provide the necessary supply air temperature. Air passing through the coil is cooled to the Design Supply Air Temperature selected in the input screen. The colder the air, the better the dehumidification effect. Water Source Heat Pumps/Geothermal Heat Pumps McQuay Energy Analyzer uses this screen for editing WSHP systems. A second screen with an enthalpy wheel MUA is also available and can be selected by using the wizard keys in the middle of the tool bar. To edit the WSHP EER (COP), the cooling rating temperature, heating COP, heating rating temperature, and external static pressure, click the WSHP. To choose between a Boiler/Tower and Geothermal, click the WSHP and select the appropriate button. To edit the cooling setpoint, type of cooling load, or if there is no cooling, click the cooling option. To edit the heating setpoint, type of heating load, or if there is no heating, click the heating option. To edit the refrigeration kw/ton, click the compressor. This is only the compressor work. The program calculates condenser fan work. To edit the fan type, TSP, and efficiency, click either of the fans. To edit the enthalpy wheel efficiency, click the enthalpy wheel MUA. When the program advances to the primary screens, only a WSHP loop is offered. The rating temperature for EER and heating rating temperature are only the rating conditions for which the equipment was picked; they are not the operating conditions. Those are entered on the primary screen. 38

40 Primary Systems Use the flow chart below to help with navigating through Energy Analyzer. Create New Job/ Open Existing Job Create/Edit Run Choose City Enter Energy Rates -Over 100 US Cites -Over 100 International Cities Default energy rates appear for each city and they can be edited. Choose Building Type Choose Building Details Edit Schedule Choose Secondary System -Office Building -Schools -Health Care -Hotels/Apartments -Factories -Dimensions -External Details -Set Points -Internal Loads Default schedules appear for each building type and they can be edited. -VAV w/reheat -Series/Parallel Fan Boxes -Constant Volume w/ Reheat -Constant Volume/Variable Temperature -Unit Ventilators -Fan Coils Choose Primary System Save Run/Job Create Printouts Lifecycle Analysis -Single Chiller -Parallel Chiller -Series Chiller -Primary/Secondary -Rooftop -Vertical Self Contained -Two runs required TIP: The amount of pulldown required is heavily influenced by the operator inputs (unoccupied duration, setup temperature, etc). If Energy Analyzer cannot pull the building down within two hours, a warning appears. If this happens, increase the chiller plant size by 5% and try again. Or, reduce the setback temperature and/or unoccupied duration. The goal is to reduce the amount of energy stored in the building. General The figure below shows the Single Chiller input screen. To view different primary systems, use the wizard keys in the middle toolbar. The system name appears in the upper left corner. Each screen has a different set of parameters that can be adjusted from the default settings. In the above screen, the chiller is selected. 39

41 TIP: It is important that the correct Cooling Tower Design Wet-bulb be used to accurately model tower performance Chillers For chillers, you can edit the chiller type, capacity and performance. 1. To edit the chiller, click it to open the Edit Primary System, Chiller dialog box. 2. To change the chiller type, click the Chiller drop-down list and select the chiller. 3. The capacity is automatically determined by Energy Analyzer. To change this, enter a new tonnage in the Capacity text box. 4. In the Performance text box, enter the correct kw/ton for your chiller. 5. Click on the green check mark to close the dialog box. Cooling Towers In the cooling tower dialog box, the following things can be edited: control type, cooling tower calculation method, supply delta t, supply water temperature, design wet-bulb, and water usage rate. Note, if an air-cooled chiller model is selected, the cooling tower is shaded and the ambient dry bulb the chiller performance is based on is displayed. Energy Analyzer uses dedicated condenser water pumps for each chiller when the chiller operates. The cooling tower is sized to meet the needs of all the water-cooled chillers. Cooling tower staging can be either On-Off (fan cycling), two-speed or VFD. In addition, three condenser water control calculation methods are available, fixed setpoint, fixed approach and optimized. Fixed setpoint uses the coldest water temperature that you are willing to operate the chillers. Fixed approach uses the ambient wet-bulb and adds the approach temperature input in the cooling tower parameters. The optimized method constantly adjusts the condenser water supply temperature to the value that uses the least amount of power. 1. To edit the cooling tower parameters, click on the cooling tower to open the Edit Primary System, Cooling Tower dialog box. 2. In the Control type drop down list, select the type for your tower. 3. In the Calculation method drop down list, select the calculation type. 4. In the Supply delta T text box, enter the delta T. 5. In the Supply W.T. text box, enter the supply water temperature. 6. In the Design WB text box, you can change the design wet-bulb. 7. In the Water usage rate text box, input a rate. Note, the water usage rate should include an evaporation and bleed rate. 8. Click on the green check mark to close the dialog box. Pumps For the pumps in the system you can change the head, supply water temperature, supply delta t. Also, for primary pumps the flow can be either constant or variable. 1. To edit a pump, click on the pump to open the Primary System, Pump dialog box. 2. In the Head text box, enter the appropriate pump head. 3. In the Supply W.T. text box, input the supply water temperature. 4. In the Supply delta T text box, input the supply delta t. 5. To change the flow in a primary pump, choose the constant or variable option button at the bottom of the dialog box. 6. Click on the green check mark to close the dialog box. 40

42 Heating Plants The boiler type can be either natural gas or electric. If natural gas is selected, then any reheat coils are hot water. AHU preheat coils are hot water. Rooftop units offer the choice of hot water or indirect fired natural gas for preheat. Domestic Hot Water is natural gas. For both electric boiler and electric heat the operating cost is transferred to the electrical bill from the gas bill. Whenever electric boilers or electric heat are selected, the domestic hot water is electric. 1. To edit the boiler type or efficiency, click on the boiler to open the Edit Primary System, Boiler Plant dialog box. 2. In the Type drop down list, select either gas boiler or electric boiler. If electric boiler is selected, then the water is heated electrically and still circulated by the hot water pump. 3. To model electric heating coils for preheat and reheat, select the electric heat box. When the electric heat box is selected, the efficiency automatically changes to 100% and the hot water pump head sets to zero. 4. In the Efficiency text box, enter the appropriate boiler efficiency. 5. Click on the green check mark to close the dialog box. 41

43 TIP: Energy Analyzer allows Variable flow systems for Single, Parallel, and Series chiller plant designs. Click the primary water pump and then click variable flow option button. Single Chiller McQuay Energy Analyzer uses this screen for editing single chiller plants. To edit the pump head, chilled water temperature, chilled water delta T, and constant versus variable flow, click the chilled water pump CHP-1. To edit chiller type and performance, click the chiller. To edit the condenser pump head, click CP-1. To edit condenser water temperature, delta T, design WB, tower fan control logic and water usage rate, click the tower. To edit the ambient temperature the chiller was rated at (typically 95 F/35 C) for aircooled chillers, click the cooling tower. Note, this is not the ambient design condition for building loads. 42

44 TIP: Energy Analyzer models constant flow parallel chillers by assuming both chillers operate all the time. This also means all the pumps operate any time there is a requirement for cooling. To avoid this, use variable flow. Parallel Chiller Plants Use the Parallel Chiller screen to edit parallel chiller plants. To edit the pump head, chilled water temperature, chilled water delta T, and constant versus variable flow, click the chilled water pump CHP-1. To edit the chiller type and performance, click the chiller. To edit condenser pump heads, click CP-1 and CP-2. To edit the condenser water temperature, delta T, tower fan control logic and water usage rate, click the tower. To edit the ambient temperature the chiller was rated at (typically 95 F/35 C) for aircooled chillers, click the cooling tower. Note, this is not the ambient design condition for building loads. 43

45 TIP: Energy Analyzer automatically splits the chiller load 40% lead chiller and 60% lag chiller. You can edit different performance (kw/ton). If the chillers are identical, the performance should reflect how the chiller operates at different conditions. If the chillers are optimized, then you can enter the correct performance. Series Chiller Plants Use the Series Chiller screen to edit series chiller plant. To edit the pump head, chilled water temperature, chilled water delta T, and constant versus variable flow, click the chilled water pump CHP-1. To edit the chiller type and performance, click the chiller. To edit condenser pump heads, click CP-1 and CP-2. To edit the condenser water temperature, delta T, design WB, tower fan control logic and water usage rate, click the tower. To edit the ambient temperature the chiller was rated at (typically 95 F/35 C) for aircooled chillers, click the cooling tower. Note, this is not the ambient design condition for building loads. TIP: Energy Analyzer allows the flow to be modulated to 50% of the largest chiller. Below this operating point, the flow is held constant. (The program assume a bypass line is opening). The primary pump model is based on a VFD. 44

46 TIP: For primary/secondary chiller plant systems, the chillers can be different sizes, types, and performance. The sum of the chiller capacities must add to at least the design cooling load (or exceed it). The order the chillers are entered is the order the program uses the chillers (Ch-1 is first on, last off). This Energy Analyzer feature allows you to try combinations such as a 400-ton WSC and 800-ton WDC for a 1200-ton plant Primary/Secondary Chiller Plants McQuay Energy Analyzer uses three screens similar to the one below (two, three and four chiller plant) for editing primary/secondary chiller plants. To edit the primary pump head, click the primary pumps CHP-X. To edit the secondary pump head, chilled water temperature, chilled water, and delta T, click the secondary pump. To edit chiller type and performance, click any chiller.. To edit condenser pump heads, click CP-X. To edit condenser water temperature, delta T, design WB, tower fan control logic and water usage rate, click the tower. To edit the ambient temperature the chiller was rated at (typically 95 F) for aircooled chillers, click the cooling tower. Note, this is not the ambient design condition for building loads. The chillers are loaded in their numeric order (Chiller 1 is first on, last off). Primary and condenser pumps always operate when their respective chiller is operating 45

47 5+ Chiller Primary/Secondary Use the 5+ Chiller Primary/Secondary screen to edit plants up to 100 chillers. Similar to the smaller primary/secondary chiller page, the following options are available. To edit the primary pump head, click the primary pumps CHP-X. To edit the secondary pump head, chilled water temperature, chilled water, and delta T, click the secondary pump. To edit chiller type and performance, click any chiller. All the chillers can be different sizes and types but their total capacity must equal or exceed the design load. To edit condenser pump heads, click CP-X. To edit condenser water temperature, delta T, design WB, tower fan control logic and water usage rate, click the tower. To edit the ambient temperature the chiller was rated at (typically 95 F/35 C) for aircooled chillers, click the cooling tower. Note, this is not the ambient design condition for building loads. The chillers are loaded in their numeric order (Chiller 1 is first on, last off). Primary and condenser pumps always operate when their respective chiller is operating. 46

48 There are multiple ways to add chillers to this screen depending on what you are trying to accomplish. For easy resizing, right click the screen and select resize chiller plant; then select the number of chillers. To add a number of chillers of the same type, right click the screen and select append chiller(s). A dialog box opens allowing you to choose the chiller type and quantity. To insert a chiller directly before or after one on the screen, right click the chiller and make your selection. After you have chosen to insert before or after, a dialog box appears allowing you to choose the chiller type and quantity. TIP: Heat recovery chillers can only produce 105 F to 110 F hot water. This probably requires heating coils with more rows and fins and higher air pressure drops. To assess the impact of deeper heat coils, add 0.1-inch to 0.2-inch static pressure to the supply air fans. Condenser Water Heat Recovery Systems McQuay Energy Analyzer can model split condenser heat recovery chillers. In any chiller system, a Heat Recovery chiller can be selected. It should be the first chiller on and the last chiller off. The performance should be based on the heat recovery performance. The program will correct for condenser relief during periods when no heat recovery occurs. The chiller window includes an Edit Chiller button. This will open a screen and allow the tertiary hot water pump to be edited. If there is no hot water pump, set the head to zero. TIP: To size either heat recovery chillers or Templifiers, use the sizing feature built into the Templifier edit screen. 47

49 TIP: If fewer chillers are required, increase the size of the required chillers to at least meet the design cooling load; then set the chiller capacity for the unused chillers to zero. Templifier Edit Screen McQuay Energy Analyzer can model Templifier chillers using condenser heat as a source to heat either domestic hot water or the building. The source chiller plant can be up to a four-chiller primary/secondary. You can edit the Templifier type and COP as well as the supplemental hot water pump. If there is no pump, set the head to zero. 1. Click the Templifier to open the 4 Chiller Primary/Secondary with Templifier screen (see below). 2. To perform an annual energy analysis and calculate the largest practical heat recovery chiller on Templifier, clicking the Estimate Capacity button. The program then compares the heating requirement with the source availability for every hour. 3. The heat load can be selected as either the domestic hot water or the building heat load. Sizing either heat recovery chillers or Templifiers can be difficult since the recovered heat is the minimum of the source and the heating requirement at any given time. The estimated optimum chiller size box shows the recommended source chiller size (CH-1) for the Templifier, the Templifier size, or the heat recovery chiller size. The program automatically takes into account the compressor work when sizing the chillers. If heat recovery chillers are intended, note the recommended chiller size, close the window, and use the size for your heat recovery chiller (see Heat Recovery Chillers). The Calculated Flow Rates box shows the minimum source flow rate required by the Templifier based on the source delta T and the condenser water flow rate provided by the source chiller. The Templifier flow rate must be equal to or smaller than the source chiller flow rate. If not, increase the source delta T or increase the source chiller size. The source chiller can be larger than the minimum (it is advantageous for it to be larger). The Templifier is optimized when the Source Delta T is 5 F. For example, in this case the Templifier requires 96 U.S. gpm of flow based on the 5 F (3 C) temperature range and the source chiller is only providing 67 U.S. gpm. The choices are increase the Templifier temperature range from 5 F (3 C)until the flows match, or increase the condenser flow from the source chiller (e.g., increase the tonnage). 48

50 TIP: The fan type and performance are edited in the Secondary system screens even though they are integrated into the vertical self contained unit. The secondary system is usually either VAV or constant volume with reheat. The return fan static pressure can be set to zero and the correct supply fan type, static and efficiency should be edited to match a vertical self-contained unit. Vertical Self-contained Systems Use the Vertical Self-Contained screens to edit vertical self-contained systems. There are two screens, one for air side economizer and one for water side economizer. The screen label is in the upper left corner. Use the wizard keys in the middle of the tool bar to select the appropriate screen. To edit unit performance, click the compressors. To edit pump heads, click the condenser pump. To edit condenser water temperature, delta T, design WB, and tower fan control logic, click the tower. In the water side economizer screen for the MUA, to edit the cooling setpoint, type of cooling load, or if there is no cooling, click the cooling option in the MUA. In the water side economizer screen for the MUA, to edit the heating setpoint, type of heating loador if there is no heating, click the heating option in the MUA. In the water side economizer screen for the MUA, to edit the refrigeration kw/ton, click the compressor in the MUA. This is only the compressor work. The program calculates condenser fan work. In the water side economizer screen for the MUA, to edit the fan type, TSP, and efficiency, click either of the fans in the MUA. 49

51 TIP: RPS units use plenum return fans, which can be selected in the Secondary System screen. TIP: Energy Analyzer can model either evaporative-cooled or air-cooled rooftop units. Click the compressor to choose between the two. Rooftop Systems Use the Rooftop screens (see below) to edit rooftop systems bblow through vs. draw through is major consideration for rooftop units. Refer to Blow Through vs. Draw Through for further details. The figure below shows gas preheat. A second primary screen (not shown) can be used for hot water preheat. To edit the performance, ambient air temperature, compressor type, and air cooled versus evap cooled, click the compressors. This version with a gas furnace automatically uses indirect fired natural gas heat for the preheat coil. Reheat coils are still based on the boiler selection. Choosing the screen with hot water preheat adds the preheat coil load to the boiler plant. Refer to Heating Plants, for details on heating system modeling. 50

52 TIP: To choose between a boiler/tower loop and a geothermal system, return to the secondary screen, click on the WHSP and select the appropriate radio button. Water Source Heat Pump Boiler/Tower Loop Use the Water Source Heat Pumps screen (see below) to edit WSHP loop, boiler and cooler properties. When either primary pump is selected, a dialog box opens that allows pump head, flow rate per ton, maximum and minimum temperature ranges and constant flow versus variable flow to be edited. Choosing the closed circuit cooler allows the control type and design ambient wet bulb to be edited. See, page X for details on editing the boiler. To edit control type, ambient design temperature or the water usage rate, click the closed circuit cooler. To edit primary pump head, flow rate, maximum/minimum loop temperature and constant versus variable flow, click the primary pump. Water Source Heat Pump Geothermal Use the Geothermal Heat Pumps screen (see below) to edit geothermal loop and pump properties. The long-term ground temperature correction allows the operator to evaluate the effect of heat buildup in the borehole field over long periods of time (10 years). The undisturbed ground temperature for each location is automatically retrieved from the database when a city is chosen. You can edit it if more specific information is known. To edit primary pump head, flow rate, maximum/minimum loop temperature, longterm temperature correction, ground water temperature, and constant versus variable flow, click the primary pump. 51

53 Printing Use the flow chart below to help with navigating through Energy Analyzer. Create New Job/ Open Existing Job Create/Edit Run Choose City Enter Energy Rates -Over 100 US Cites -Over 100 International Cities Default energy rates appear for each city and they can be edited. Choose Building Type Choose Building Details Edit Schedule Choose Secondary System -Office Building -Schools -Health Care -Hotels/Apartments -Factories -Dimensions -External Details -Set Points -Internal Loads Default schedules appear for each building type and they can be edited. -VAV w/reheat -Series/Parallel Fan Boxes -Constant Volume w/ Reheat -Constant Volume/Variable Temperature -Unit Ventilators -Fan Coils Choose Primary System Save Run/Job Create Printouts Lifecycle Analysis -Single Chiller -Parallel Chiller -Series Chiller -Primary/Secondary -Rooftop -Vertical Self Contained -Two runs required There are many printouts available from Energy Analyzer, which are explained in the following sections. Like other McQuay SelectTools programs, most printouts are generated in Microsoft Word and can be printed. No printouts are possible without Microsoft Word on your computer. The charts are generated in Microsoft Excel and embedded into Word documents. A copy of Microsoft Excel must be on the computer to generate charts. The System flyers are PDF files and require at least Adobe Acrobat Reader to open and print. 52

54 TIP: To generate a printout there must be a check mark next to the run or life-cycle name indicating that it is the document to be printed. Printout Selector Screen To open the main printout menu, click the Word button in the top toolbar as shown in the figure below. It is broken into four sections: Buildings, which contains Building Energy Printout and HVAC Energy Printout Life-cycles, which contains Building Life-cycle Printout and HVAC Life-cycle Printout HVAC System Flyers Document Options The various sections list the available printouts based on the runs and life-cycle analysis completed in the job. In the figure below, there are two runs and one life-cycle analysis available. To generate a printout, click the check box next to the run or life-cycle name. Print menu button Buildings Section The Building section is divided into two sections. Both can be chosen for any given run. Building Energy Printout includes energy usage for lights, domestic hot water, and miscellaneous electrical usage as well as the HVAC energy usage. It will be the closest to the actual energy bill. HVAC Energy Printout only includes energy usage by HVAC components. This report allows a more careful analysis of improvements to the HVAC system. Below the list of runs are the available charts. Any of the charts can be added to the printout. You can select all or none. Placing the cursor over the chart name opens a pop up with a description. Refer to Energy Analysis Graphics Printout for more detail. 53

55 Life-Cycle Analysis Section The Life-Cycle section is divided into two sections Both can be chosen for any given run. Building Life-Cycle Printout includes energy usage for lights, domestic hot water, and miscellaneous electrical usage as well as the HVAC energy usage. It will be the closest to the actual energy bill. HVAC Life-Cycle Printout only includes energy usage by HVAC components. This report allows a more careful analysis of improvements to the HVAC system. HVAC System Flyer Section TIP: Please be patient while printing. Energy Analyzer generates the printouts in Microsoft Word and Excel in the foreground. Using your computer for another process during printing may adversely affect the quality of the printouts. System flyers are PDF files that describe the various HVAC systems modeled by Energy Analyzer. They provide a basic overview the HVAC systems for the non-technical person and can be added to the report to help explain the choices made. Once an energy analysis is selected, the program automatically selects the appropriate flyers based on the HVAC systems used in the run. To select or clear flyers, click the check box next to the flyer name. Document Options Section The Document Options section allows you to manage Microsoft Word files. Since the printouts are in Microsoft Word (Microsoft Excel generates the charts that are embedded in the Word files), the Word files can remain open, be saved, or printed just like any other Word file. The charts are selected with textured fillings so they print in black and white. If a color printer is available, select the Colored Charts check box to change the charts to color. Once the required charts are selected, select the green checkmark to automatically open Word and Excel and generate the printouts. To cancel and close the print window, click the red X mark. 54

56 Energy Analysis Outputs General Interpreting annual energy analysis is a little different than reviewing design load calculations. The latter focuses on identifying the peak load and developing an HVAC system that can meet the load while still providing adequate comfort conditions at partload conditions. For design loads, the language is tons of cooling and MBH of heating. Energy analysis uses phrases such as annual electrical usage and total utility cost. This section discusses the data that comes from performing an energy analysis by reviewing the output from Energy Analyzer. Energy Analyzer provides two formats of printouts. One format includes the total building energy usage including lighting, domestic hot water, and miscellaneous electrical usage. This format is the closest estimate to the total building energy consumption. The second format considers only the HVAC loads. It should be used when assessing improvements to the HVAC energy performance. Refer to Printing on how to generate the report formats. The following discussion is based on the building energy usage format. Energy Analysis Text Output General Parameters of Project The figure below shows the first three boxes on a Building Energy Printout. These boxes cover the basic details about the project, its location, and the key parameters that affect the energy analysis. Design Parameters The figure below shows Design Parameters. Several of these have a major influence on the energy consumption in a building. All the parameters are selected automatically once the building type is selected. They can be edited if changes are required. Job Name Run Name Demo Base System Customer Name Operator ABC Consulting Lizabeth Lehrkamp Executive Summary Building Details Design Parameters Occupied Clg F Unoccupied Clg Setpoint F Setpoint Occupied Htg F Unoccupied Htg Setpoint F Setpoint Population Density ft 2 /Per Ventilation Rate cfm/per Lighting Load W/ft Misc. Electrical Load W/ft Dom. Hot Water Load Btu/hr/ft Misc. Utility Rate Btu/hr/ft Design Details Cooling Load tons 118 Ventilation Air Volume cfm 5333 Heating Load kbtu/hr 762 Annual Cooling Load ton-hr/yr Dom. Hot Water Load kbtu/hr 27 Annual Heating Load kbtu/yr Supply Air Volume cfm Annual Dom. Hot Water Load kbtu/yr

57 Weather Data The figure below shows the design weather data used, the latitude, and the elevation of the location. This information is automatically loaded in the program once the city is selected. The hourly weather is not displayed since it is a large file of information. Weather Data Latitude Longitude Elevation ft Winter Design DB F 2.00 Summer Design DB F Summer Design DB F Secondary System Details The figure below shows the secondary system details. This box changes slightly according to the secondary system selected. Most of the information shown is collected from inputs made during the run. Fan motor sizes are calculated based on the air flow, total static pressure, and properties of the selected fans. The air flow shown is the design air flow required to meet the peak load on a design day. Secondary System Details Supply Air Volume cfm Cooling Supply Air Temp. F Blow Thru / Draw Thru Blow Thru Heating Supply Air Temp. F Ventilation Rate cfm 5333 Return Air Fan AF Supply Fan Type AF Return Total Static inswg 1.00 Supply Total Static inswg 3.00 Return Fan Motor HP 9.55 Supply Fan Motor HP Return Fan Eff. % Supply Fan Eff. % Primary System Details The figure below shows the primary system details. It also changes slightly depending on the primary system selected. The pump, tower, and chiller sizes are all calculated based on information entered into the program. Primary System Details Cooling Capacity tons 146 Number of Chillers 2 Sec Pump kw System Flow Type Constant Supply Water T.D. F Supply Water Temp F Cond Water T.D. F Cond Water Temp F Ambient Air Temp F Design Wetbulb F CH-1 Type W/C Centnifugal CH-1 Size tons CH-1 Performance KW/ton 0.60 CP-1 Pump kw 3.95 Twr Fan 1 (kw) kw 3.65 CHP-1 Pump kw 9.78 CH-2 Type W/C Centnifugal CH-2 Size tons CH-2 Performance KW/ton 0.60 CP-2 Pump kw 3.95 Twr Fan 2 kw 3.65 CHP-2 Pump kw CH-3 Type CH-3 Size tons CH-3 Performance KW/ton CP-3 Pump kw Twr Fan 3 kw CHP-3 Pump kw CH-4 Type CH-4 Size tons CH-4 Performance KW/ton CP-4 Pump kw Twr Fan 4 kw CHP-4 Pump kw Heating Type Gas Boiler Heating Capacity kbtu/hr F.L. Performance % H.W. Pump kw

58 Energy Rates Screen The figure below shows the energy rates. There are two tables, one for consumption rates and one for demand rates. The output will change depending on whether the utility uses time of day rates or tiered rates. The information is automatically loaded into the program once the city is selected. The information can then be edited in the Energy Rates screen if more accurate information is available. Energy Consumption Rates Utility Edison Type Time of Use Summer Start Date 05/01 Winter Start Date 10/01 Summer On Peak $/kwh 0.10 Winter On Peak $/kwh 0.08 Summer Off Peak $/kwh 0.06 Winter Off Peak $/kwh 0.04 Natural Gas Rate $/therm 0.65 District Steam $/therm 0.95 Monthly Service Charge $ 500 Energy Demand Rates Utility Edison Type Time of Use Summer Start Date 05/01 Winter Start Date Summer On Peak $/kwh 8.00 Winter On Peak $/kwh 8.00 Ratchet 75 Design Performance Data Details The figure below shows Design Performance Data both in Btu/h and as a percentage of the total design load. One of the key features of this table is that it demonstrates the large energy sources at design conditions. Although the order does change from building to building, the key parameters typically are glass radiation, ventilation, and lighting. The building envelope (in terms of conduction) is a small issue. An interesting exercise is to compare this table to annual energy usage. The order of energy sources changes. If the goal is to reduce annual energy consumption and all you have to work with is the Design Load data, you will not be addressing the most critical issues. Performance Data HVAC Design Performance Load Parameter Cooling Design Percent Heating Design Percent Roof BTU/h Walls BTU/h Glass Radiation BTU/h Glass Convection BTU/h Infiltration BTU/h Ventilation BTU/h People BTU/h Lighting BTU/h Misc. Electrical BTU/h Supply Fan Heat BTU/h Return Fan Heat BTU/h Reheat BTU/h Total BTU/h

59 Percent Design Load The figure below shows the number of hours spent at each percent design load. Percent Design Load % Cooling Plant Capacity Hours (tons) % Hours Total Annual Energy Consumption By Equipment The figure below shows the annual energy consumption by equipment type for each month. This table changes slightly depending on the type of system being reviewed. It also changes depending on whether the Total or HVAC energy format is selected. It is important to track energy consumption by month because of demand rates and ratchets. Dividing the data up by equipment allows a review of where the energy is being consumed in the building. From here a concentrated effort can be made to improve equipment or system performance where it will have the most benefit. Reviewing the annual usage for specific equipment indicates how loads that are small at design conditions add up over the year to become major loads (e.g., fans). Monthly Energy Usage By Equipment (kwh) Month Units Chillers Chiller Pumps Chiller Tower 58 Fans Lights Misc. Elec Boiler HW Pumps DHW Process Load Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Monthly Energy Usage By Equipment (USD) Month Units Chillers Chiller Pumps Chiller Tower Fans Lights Misc. Elec Boiler HW Pumps DHW Process Load Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Total Total

60 Monthly Energy Usage by Utility In kw The first figure below shows Monthly Energy Usage by Utility in kw and kwh while the second figure shows the energy in dollars. If utilities only charged for consumption, then there would be a direct correlation between usage and operating cost. However, utilities also charge for demand and sometimes ratchets. In locations such as New York City, demand charges can drastically change the energy cost and require a different HVAC design. It is quite possible that the most cost-effective design is not the most efficient (e.g., ice storage systems that use energy during off-peak hours). Ratchets add another layer of complexity and further penalize designs with a high peak load. Energy Usage in kw Monthly Energy Usage By Utility (kwh) Month Units Metered Demand Ratchet Level On Peak Elect. Consumption Off Peak Elect. Consumption Gas Consumption January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Max Energy by Dollars Monthly Energy Usage By Utility ($US) Month Units Metered Demand Ratchet Level On Peak Elect. Consumption Off Peak Elect. Consumption Gas Consumption January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Max Energy Summary by Area The figure below provides a summary of the energy usage and costs for the building and the cost per square foot. These numbers provide a quick method of checking the performance of one system versus another. They are particularly useful when performing analysis to see whether changes in design are actually making a noticeable improvement. Total Energy Summery Building Area Annual Electrical Usage kwh/yr 634,849 kwh/ft 2 -yr Annual Electrical Consumption USD/yr 20,322 USD/ft 2 -yr 0.51 Annual Demand Charges USD/yr 32,557 USD/ft 2 -yr 0.81 Annual Ratchet Penalty USD/yr 0 USD/ft 2 -yr 0.00 Total Electrical Cost USD/yr 56,001 USD/ft 2 -yr 1.40 Annual Gas Usage kbtu/yr 1,028,416 kbtu/ft 2 -yr Annual Gas Cost USD/yr 7,096 USD/ft 2 -yr 0.18 Annual Water Usage gal/yr 0 gal/ft 2 -yr 0.00 Annual Water Cost USD/yr 0 USD/ft 2 -yr 0.00 Total Utility Cost USD/yr 63,097 USD/ft 2 -yr

61 Energy Analysis Graphics Printouts Several charts can be printed to support the information given in the text printout. The figure below shows the design cooling loads based on the information shown in the design performance data details chart. The Heating Design Load graph below shows the heating design information. Building Cooling Design Load Building Cooling Design Load Roof Walls Glass Radiation Glass Conduction Infiltration Ventilation People Lighting Misc. Electrical Supply Fan Heat Return Fan Heat Reheat Heating Design Load Building Heating Design Load Roof Walls Glass Radiation Glass Conduction Infiltration Ventilation People Lighting Misc. Electrical Supply Fan Heat Return Fan Heat Reheat 60

62 Annual Energy Usage by Equipment kwh The figure below shows the annual energy usage by equipment and systems in kwh based on the annual consumption by equipment chart. Annual Energy Usage By Equipment kwh Chillers Chiller Pumps Cooling Tower Fans Lights Misc. Electrical Boiler Hot Water Pump Dom Hot Water Other Building Annual Energy Cost by Equipment Annual Energy Usage in $ The figure below shows the annual energy usage by equipment and systems in dollars based on the monthly energy usage by utility in $ chart. 61

63 Building Annual Energy Usage By Utility $ Metered Demand Ratchet Penalty On Peak Elec Consumption Off Peak Elec Consumption Gas Consumption Annual Load Profile The figure below graphically shows how ratchet charges build on demand charges. It is based on the information given in the monthly energy usage by utility in $ chart. The cross-hatched area on the graph is the demand charge in dollars. The area marked above is the ratchet charge in dollars. The solid line represents the demand reading in kw each month. The money represented by the ratchet area can be used to alter the HVAC design to lower the peak charge. For example, adding an absorption chiller to the chiller plant. Annual Load Profile $5, $4, $4, $3,500 $3, $US $2, kw $2, $1,500 $1, $ $0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Metered Demand ($) Ratchet Penalty ($) Demand (kw) 62

64 Building Cooling Load Profile The figure below shows the building cooling load profile based on the percent design load chart. 63

65 Life-Cycle Analysis Use the flow chart below to help with navigating through Energy Analyzer. Create New Job/ Open Existing Job Create/Edit Run Choose City Enter Energy Rates -Over 100 US Cites -Over 100 International Cities Default energy rates appear for each city and they can be edited. Choose Building Type Choose Building Details Edit Schedule Choose Secondary System -Office Building -Schools -Health Care -Hotels/Apartments -Factories -Dimensions -External Details -Set Points -Internal Loads Default schedules appear for each building type and they can be edited. -VAV w/reheat -Series/Parallel Fan Boxes -Constant Volume w/ Reheat -Constant Volume/Variable Temperature -Unit Ventilators -Fan Coils Choose Primary System Save Run/Job Create Printouts Lifecycle Analysis -Single Chiller -Parallel Chiller -Series Chiller -Primary/Secondary -Rooftop -Vertical Self Contained -Two runs required General The purpose of life-cycle analysis is to move away from comparing two systems on a first cost basis and compare them over the life-cycle span of the equipment. A life-cycle analysis looks at the cost to buy the equipment, plus the cost to run and maintain that equipment over its useful life. While one type of equipment may be more expensive to buy at first glance, the utility and maintenance cost to run it may be less expensive than other equipment over the long run. In addition to the cost of running the equipment, this approach also factors in the cost or benefit of saving or investing money over the life of a system. 64

66 Performing Life-Cycle Analysis TIP: If the payback is negative or zero, reselect your alternative order by changing which alternative is first. The low first cost but high operating cost solution should be the first item picked. You can perform a life-cycle analysis between any two runs. At least two runs must be available before a life-cycle analysis is possible. Life Cycle Economic Analysis button 1. Click the button shown above to start the life-cycle process. The figure below shows the life-cycle screen. Any combination of runs can be compared. The list of runs in Alternative 1 and Alternative 2 are identical and include all the runs in the job. 2. To add a comparison, click a run from the Alternative 1 list. This should be the low first cost, high operating cost run. 3. Next, click the desired run from the Alternative 2 lists. 65

67 4. Finally, click the add button. This opens the Life-Cycle Costs dialog box as shown below. 5. Edit the life-cycle cost imput. These inputs are described next. 6. Click the green check mark button to close the dialog box. When the Life-Cycle Cost dialog box is closed, the Alternative is added to the Alternative list on the right side. Capital Cost Capital costs are required for both Runs in the comparison. The costs can be the difference between building costs, HVAC system costs or just equipment costs. For the actual calculations, it is the difference between the values that is important. For instance, if a high efficiency, but more expensive chiller is being considered, either the price for both chillers could be entered, or the cost difference can be entered for the more expensive chiller and $0 for the less expensive chiller. In cases where an air-cooled chiller is being compared to a water-cooled chiller, the capital cost would have to take into account not only the equipment cost differences, but also the installation cost differences. Maintenance Cost Maintenance costs are important but not required for both Runs. They are taken into account every year throughout the life-cycle analysis. These fields also can be used to describe any ongoing operating cost difference between the two Runs, such as chemicals for cooling towers. Life-Cycle Length Life-cycle length is the number of years the life-cycle analysis evaluates. The default is 25 years, which is common for the HVAC industry. This value can be edited. Depreciation Life Depreciation life is used in the tax evaluation and is controlled by accounting practices. For example, a 10 year, straight line depreciation will lower the equity and provide a tax credit (from the depreciation expense) based on 10% of the capital value for ten years. This value can be edited. 66