2012 Air Quality Updating and Screening Assessment for London Borough of Croydon

Transcription

1 2012 Air Quality Updating and Screening Assessment for London Borough of Croydon In fulfillment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management April 2012

2 Local Authority Officer Linda Johnson Department Pollution Team Taberner House Address Park Lane CR9 3BT Telephone Report Reference CERC Ref: FM909/USA number Date April 2012 LAQM USA

3 Executive Summary Local authorities are required to review and assess air quality against the objectives in the Air Quality Regulations 2000 and the amendment regulations as part of a rolling three-year cycle. The air quality objectives to be assessed are for the following seven pollutants: carbon monoxide, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, lead, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and particles (PM10). The earlier rounds of Review and Assessment of local air quality, undertaken by London Borough of Croydon, identified areas with relevant public exposure in which the objectives are likely to be exceeded. As a result, an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) was designated for the annual mean nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) objective across the whole of Croydon in April The air quality action plan and review and assessment progress report for Croydon for the period 2007/08 concluded that Croydon will continue to meet the air quality objectives for all pollutants except NO 2. During the period assessed, the hourly NO 2 objective was exceeded for the first time since 1997, at the monitor in George Street (Croydon 4). As this may have been linked to roadworks it was decided not to redesignate Croydon s AQMA to include the hourly average NO 2 objective. The fourth round of Review and Assessment did not identify any significant changes in air quality. Monitoring results from roadsides within Croydon confirmed that concentrations of NO 2 continued to exceed the annual mean objective where there is relevant exposure, with no justification for including the hourly average objective in the AQMA. A Detailed Assessment was not required to amend or revoke the AQMA. This report describes the fifth round Updating and Screening Assessment, carried out in order to identify any air quality issues that have changed since the last round of Review and Assessment, which might lead to a risk of the objective being exceeded. LAQM USA

4 The report makes use of the standardised template and technical guidance LAQM.TG(09) provided by DEFRA for the purpose of Review and Assessment of Air Quality. The conclusions of the fifth round Updating and Screening Assessment are as follows: For carbon monoxide, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, lead, sulphur dioxide and PM 10 there is no significant risk of exceeding the objectives within Croydon. For nitrogen dioxide, the London Borough of Croydon has previously designated an AQMA across the whole of Croydon for both the annual mean and hourly mean objectives. Recent monitoring results from roadsides within Croydon confirm that concentrations continue to exceed the objectives where there is relevant exposure. For all pollutants not requiring a Detailed Assessment, the LAQM guidance requires no further action to be taken other than for the London Borough of Croydon to produce annual air quality progress reports by the end of April 2013 and 2014, respectively, prior to undertaking the next Updating and Screening Assessment by the end of April LAQM USA

5 Table of contents 1 Introduction Description of Local Authority Area Purpose of Report Air Quality Objectives Summary of Previous Review and Assessments New Monitoring Data Summary of Monitoring Undertaken Automatic Monitoring Sites Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites Comparison of Monitoring Results with AQ Objectives Nitrogen Dioxide PM Summary of Compliance with AQS Objectives Road Traffic Sources Narrow Congested Streets with Residential Properties Close to the Kerb Busy Streets Where People May Spend 1-hour or More Close to Traffic Roads with a High Flow of Buses and/or HGVs Junctions New Roads Constructed or Proposed Since the Last Round of Review and Assessment Roads with Significantly Changed Traffic Flows Bus and Coach Stations Other Transport Sources Airports Railways (Diesel and Steam Trains) Stationary Trains Moving Trains Ports (Shipping) Industrial Sources Industrial Installations New or Proposed Installations for which an Air Quality Assessment has been Carried Out Existing Installations where Emissions have Increased Substantially or New Relevant Exposure has been Introduced New or Significantly Changed Installations with No Previous Air Quality Assessment Major Fuel (Petrol) Storage Depots Petrol Stations Poultry Farms LAQM USA

6 6 Commercial and Domestic Sources Biomass Combustion Individual Installations Biomass Combustion Combined Impacts Domestic Solid-Fuel Burning Fugitive or Uncontrolled Sources Conclusions and Proposed Actions Conclusions from New Monitoring Data Conclusions from Assessment of Sources Proposed Actions References...39 Appendix A: QA:QC Data...40 List of Tables Table 1.1 Air Quality Objectives included in Regulations for the purpose of LAQM in England 7 Table 2.1 Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites 15 Table 2.2 Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites 18 Table 2.3 Results of Automatic Monitoring of Nitrogen Dioxide: Comparison with Annual Mean Objective 21 Table 2.4 Results of Automatic Monitoring for Nitrogen Dioxide: Comparison with 1- hour mean Objective 21 Table 2.5 Results of Nitrogen Dioxide Diffusion Tubes in Table 2.6 Results of Nitrogen Dioxide Diffusion Tubes (2007 to 2011) 25 Table 2.7 Results of Automatic Monitoring of PM 10 : Comparison with Annual Mean Objective 28 Table 2.8 Results of Automatic Monitoring for PM 10 : Comparison with 24-hour mean Objective 28 Table A1: Short-term to Long-term adjustment ratio for 2011 NO 2 concentrations from Croydon 4 monitoring site 41 List of Figures Figure 1.1 Map of AQMA Boundary 11 Figure 2.1 Map of Automatic Monitoring Sites 14 Figure 2.2 Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites 17 Figure A1: Diffusion tube precision and accuracy, Croydon 4 collocated 40 Figure A2: Diffusion tube precision and accuracy, Croydon 5 collocated 41 LAQM USA

7 1 Introduction 1.1 Description of Local Authority Area The London Borough of Croydon is a London Borough in South England and is part of Outer London. It covers an area of 87 km 2 (33.6 sq mi) and is the largest London borough by population. It is the southernmost borough of London. The borough is in the deep south of London, with the M25 Orbital motorway stretching to the south of it, between Croydon and Tandridge. In the north and east of Croydon the authority mainly borders the London Borough of Bromley and in the northwest the boroughs of Lambeth and Southwark. The boroughs of Sutton and Merton are located directly to the west. It is at the head of the River Wandle, just to the north of a significant gap in the North Downs. It lies 10 miles (16 km) south of London. 1.2 Purpose of Report This report fulfils the requirements of the Local Air Quality Management process as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995), the Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland 2007 and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents. The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where exceedences are considered likely, the local authority must then declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives. The objective of this Updating and Screening Assessment is to identify any matters that have changed which may lead to risk of an air quality objective being exceeded. A checklist approach and screening tools are used to identify significant new sources or changes and whether there is a need for a Detailed Assessment. The USA report should provide an update of any outstanding information requested previously in Review and Assessment reports. LAQM USA

8 1.3 Air Quality Objectives The air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England are set out in the Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000 (SI 928), The Air Quality (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2002 (SI 3043), and are shown in Table 1.1. This table shows the objectives in units of microgrammes per cubic metre µg/m 3 (milligrammes per cubic metre, mg/m 3 for carbon monoxide) with the number of exceedences in each year that are permitted (where applicable). Table 1.1 Air Quality Objectives included in Regulations for the purpose of LAQM in England Air Quality Objective Pollutant Concentration Measured as Benzene µg/m 3 Running annual mean 5.00 µg/m 3 Running annual mean 1,3-Butadiene 2.25 µg/m 3 Running annual mean Carbon monoxide 10.0 mg/m 3 Running 8-hour mean Date to be achieved by Lead Nitrogen dioxide Particles (PM 10 ) (gravimetric) 0.5 µg/m 3 Annual mean µg/m 3 Annual mean µg/m 3 not to be exceeded more than 18 times a year 1-hour mean µg/m 3 Annual mean µg/m 3, not to be exceeded more than 35 times a year 24-hour mean µg/m 3 Annual mean Sulphur dioxide 350 µg/m 3, not to be exceeded more than 24 times a year 125 µg/m 3, not to be exceeded more than 3 times a year 266 µg/m 3, not to be exceeded more 1-hour mean hour mean minute mean LAQM USA

9 than 35 times a year LAQM USA

10 1.4 Summary of Previous Review and Assessments Following the London Borough of Croydon s Stage 3 report, an AQMA for the annual average objective for nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) was declared in October 2000, within central Croydon only. In April 2003, following the Stage 4 report, the whole borough was declared an AQMA, for the annual average objective for NO 2. The first USA report was prepared in December The main findings were that there was a risk of exceeding the 2010 annual average objective for NO 2 across the whole borough and a risk of exceeding the 2010 objective for PM 10 across parts of the borough. The 2005 Progress Report concluded that there continued to be widespread exceedences of the annual average objective for NO 2. The 2006 USA report identified that the risk of the objectives being exceeded for carbon monoxide, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, lead, sulphur dioxide and PM 10 was not significant. For NO 2, there was a risk of the annual mean objective being exceeded across the borough, which was consistent with the Council s existing AQMA and Action Plan. There was found to be no requirement for the London Borough of Croydon to progress beyond the USA. The Air Quality Action Plan & Review and Assessment Progress Report 2007/08 updated monitoring results and reported progress on the London Borough of Croydon s Action Plan. This report concluded that Croydon will continue to meet the air quality objectives for all pollutants except NO 2. During the period assessed, the hourly NO 2 objective was exceeded for the first time since 1997, at the monitor in George Street (Croydon 4). As this may be linked to roadworks it was decided not to re-designate Croydon s AQMA to include the hourly average NO 2 objective. In the fourth round of Review and Assessment, monitoring results from roadsides within Croydon confirmed that concentrations of NO 2 continued to exceed the annual mean objective where there is relevant exposure, in addition hourly NO 2 levels continued to exceed and as a result the AQMA was amended to include the NO 2 LAQM USA

11 hourly average objective. A Detailed Assessment was not required to amend the AQMA. The Council recently commissioned Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants (CERC) to carry out air quality modelling for the production of borough-wide air quality maps and source apportionment, based on emissions from the London Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (LAEI) The results from the modelling are consistent with monitoring data showing exceedences of air quality objectives for NO 2 at roadside locations, whereas PM 10 and PM 2.5 are predicted to be met across the borough. The source apportionment results show that road transport is the largest contributor of NO x, PM 10 and PM 2.5 emissions and NO x concentrations. Background concentrations were found to be the largest contributor of PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentrations. LAQM USA

12 Figure 1.1 Map of AQMA Boundary OS Open Data: Contains Ordnance Survey data Crown copyright and database rights AQMA boundary (whole borough) Kilometres LAQM USA

13 2 New Monitoring Data 2.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken Automatic Monitoring Sites The London Borough of Croydon currently operates long-term automatic high quality continuous monitoring analysers at: Waddon Junior School, Purley Way (Croydon 2): a roadside site on the boundary of school grounds. The area along Purley Way is mainly a commercial trading zone with some residential properties nearby; Beulah Junior School, Thornton Heath (Croydon 3): a suburban site; George Street (Croydon 4): a roadside site in a commercial area, with public exposure mainly limited to people walking to and from East Croydon Station. It is also adjacent to tram-lines and hence there is less road traffic in the immediate vicinity than would otherwise be the case. SO 2 was previously monitored at George Street but this stopped in 2006; and London Road, Norbury (Croydon 5): a kerbside site in a street canyon location. The public exposure relates to the local shopping area, with some residential properties at 1 st floor level and above. All four sites are part of the London Air Quality Network (LAQN) and therefore the standards of QA/QC are similar to those of the government s AURN sites. Regular calibrations are carried out, with subsequent data ratification undertaken by ERG at King s College London. The QA/QC process includes the conversion PM 10 data from TEOM (Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance) analysers to gravimetric reference equivalent using the VCM (Volatile Correction Method). There is no data for the Croydon 2 monitor for 2011 because of power supply issues related to redevelopment work around the site. Data collection for the monitor ceased in October LAQM USA

14 As reported in the 2011 Progress Report, the industrial monitoring site, Euston Road (Croydon 6), was closed in May 2009 due to the satisfactory discharge of a planning condition. Figure 2.1 shows a map with the locations of the four automatic monitoring sites and Table 2.1 presents the details of all the monitoring sites. All sites represent relevant public exposure. LAQM USA

15 Figure 2.1 Map of Automatic Monitoring Sites!. CR5 Norbury!. CR3 Thorton Heath!. CR4 George Street!. CR2 Purley Way OS Open Data: Contains Ordnance Survey data Crown copyright and database rights Croydon boundary!. Monitor locations Kilometres LAQM USA

16 Table 2.1 Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites Site Name Waddon Junior School, Purley Way (Croydon 2) Beulah Junior School, Thornton Heath (Croydon 3) George Street (Croydon 4) London Road, Norbury (Croydon 5) Site Type X OS Grid Ref Y OS Grid Ref Pollutants Monitored In AQMA? Monitoring Technique Roadside NO 2 Y Chemiluminescence Suburban PM 10 Y TEOM Roadside NO 2, PM 10 Y Chemiluminescence, TEOM Kerbside NO 2 Y Chemiluminescence Relevant Exposure? (Y/N with distance (m) to relevant exposure) Y (School at 0.8m) Y (School at 3.5m) Y (For shortterm exposure: offices at 4.6m) Y (Residential at 6.5m) Distance to kerb of nearest road (N/A if not applicable) Does this location represent worstcase exposure? 2.75m Y N/A 8m N / A Y 0.95m Y LAQM USA

17 2.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites Croydon monitors NO 2 using twelve diffusion tubes at roadside/kerbside sites, and four at background/suburban sites. Details of these diffusion tubes are shown in Table 2.2 and their locations are shown in Figure 2.2. The diffusion tubes are supplied and analysed by Gradko International Ltd a UKAS accredited laboratory. Gradko participate in the Workplace Analysis Scheme for Proficiency (WASP). In the last five rounds of WASP NO 2 Proficiency Testing Scheme, Rounds 111 to 115 covering the period from October 2010 to December 2011, 87.5% of the laboratory s results were deemed to be satisfactory. The samples are prepared in TEA solution (50% TEA v/v in Acetone) and analysed by U.V. Spectrophotometry. The limit of detection for this method is µg/m 3 and the uncertainty of measurement 10.93%+/-. The analysis is carried out in accordance with documented in-house Laboratory Method GLM, results are not blank subtracted. The diffusion tube data have been corrected for bias by comparing data from diffusion tubes co-located alongside the continuous monitoring stations located in George Street (CR4) and London Road (CR5) with automatic data from these stations. A bias adjustment factor of 0.94 is calculated for 2011 using these data. This local factor is comparable to the national factor calculated for the laboratory and preparation method in National Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factor Spreadsheet (v03-12), downloaded from Defra s LAQM web page. LAQM USA

18 Figure 2.2 Map of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites!. CY55!. CY48!. CY99!. CY42!. CY43!. CY56!. CY58!. CY98!. CY59!. CY97!. CY52!.!. CY51 CY50 CY41!.!. CY47!. CY46 OS Open Data: Contains Ordnance Survey data Crown copyright and database rights Croydon boundary!. Diffusion tube locations Kilometres LAQM USA

19 Table 2.2 Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites Site Name Purley Fire Station, Brighton Road (CY41) Junction Miller Road / Purley Way, Waddon, (CY42) South Norwood Hill (CY43) Malcolm Road, Coulsdon, (CY46) Purley Town Hall, Brighton Road, (CY47) Whitehorse Road, Thornton Heath, (CY48) Heathfield Centre, South Croydon, (CY50) Heathfield Centre, South Croydon, (CY51) Site Type X OS Grid Ref Y OS Grid Ref Pollutants Monitored In AQMA? Is monitoring collocated with a Continuous Analyser (Y/N) Relevant Exposure? (Y/N with distance (m) to relevant exposure) Roadside NO 2 Y N Y (Residential at 38m) Roadside NO 2 Y N Y (Residential at 27m) Roadside NO 2 Y N Y (Residential at 32m) Background NO 2 Y N Y (Residential at 10m) Background NO 2 Y N Y (Residential at 30m) Roadside NO 2 Y N Y (School at 7m) Background NO 2 Y N Y (Residential at 142m) Roadside NO 2 Y N Y (Residential at 210m) Distance to kerb of nearest road (N/A if not applicable) Does this location represent worst-case exposure? 3.9m Y 3.2m Y 1.8m Y N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.4m Y N/A N/A 2.9m Y LAQM USA

20 Site Name Selsdon Road, South Croydon, (CY52) London Road, Norbury (CY55) Euston Road (CY56) Wellesley Road Northbound (CY58) Park Lane Northbound (CY59) Waddon Junior School, Purley Way (CY97) George Street (CY98) South Norwood High Street / St Dunstans Road Eastbound (CY99) Site Type X OS Grid Ref Y OS Grid Ref Pollutants Monitored In AQMA? Is monitoring collocated with a Continuous Analyser (Y/N) Relevant Exposure? (Y/N with distance (m) to relevant exposure) Roadside NO 2 Y N Y (Residential at 5m) Kerbside NO 2 Y Y Y (Residential at 6.5m) Industrial NO 2 Y N a Y (Residential at 3.8m) Roadside NO 2 Y N Roadside NO 2 Y N Y (For shortterm exposure - offices at 3m) Y (For shortterm exposure - offices at 15m) Roadside NO 2 Y Y b Y (School at 0.8m) Roadside NO 2 Y Y Y (For shortterm exposure - offices at 4.6m) Roadside NO 2 Y N Y (Residential at 2m) a Collocated continuous analyser CR6, closed in May 2009 b No data were collected from the CR2 continuous analyser in 2011 due to power supply issues Distance to kerb of nearest road (N/A if not applicable) Does this location represent worst-case exposure? 1.09m Y 0.95m Y N/A 1m N/A Y 1.8m Y 2.75m Y 8m Y 1.2m Y LAQM USA

21 2.2 Comparison of Monitoring Results with AQ Objectives Nitrogen Dioxide Automatic Monitoring Data Tables 2.3 and 2.4 present NO 2 data from the Croydon 4 and Croydon 5 automatic monitoring sites for comparison against air quality objectives. Exceedences of the objectives are highlighted in bold type. Data for Croydon 4 are not fully ratified for all five years presented; data for Croydon 5 are fully ratified for all years except No data were collected from Croydon 4 between late January and late March, therefore the presented annual mean concentration is an annualised value using the methodology in Box 3.2 in the TG(09) guidance and NO 2 values from three nearby LAQN suburban / urban background automatic monitors: Lewisham 1 Catford; Sutton 3 Carshalton; and Richmond Upon Thames 2 Barnes. Further details are provided in Appendix A. Croydon 2 is omitted from the tables as there was no data collected from this site in Annual mean concentrations exceed the air quality objective of 40 µg/m 3 at both sites for all five years. There is no clear trend in annual mean concentrations at either site, concentrations have remained relatively stable over the last five years. The hourly average NO 2 objective of no more than 18 exceedences of 200 µg/m 3 was breached at the Croydon 5 site for At this site the number of exceedences has been close to or above the objective of 18 for all five years. At the Croydon 4 site the hourly average NO 2 objective is met for all years except 2007, this breach of the objective was attributed to roadworks around site for that year. LAQM USA

22 Table 2.3 Results of Automatic Monitoring of Nitrogen Dioxide: Comparison with Annual Mean Objective Within AQMA? Valid Data Capture for period of monitoring % a Annual Mean Concentration µg/m 3 Valid Data Capture 2011 % b Site ID Site Type George Street Roadside Y c (Croydon 4) London Road, Norbury Kerbside Y (Croydon 5) a i.e. data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. b i.e. data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for six months the maximum data capture for the full calendar year would be 50%.) c Mean annualised following the method in Box 3.2 of TG(09) using data from LW1, ST3 & RI2 monitoring sites Table 2.4 Results of Automatic Monitoring for Nitrogen Dioxide: Comparison with 1-hour mean Objective Within AQMA? Valid Data Capture for period of monitoring % a Number of Exceedences of Hourly Mean (200 µg/m 3 ) Valid Data Capture 2011 % b Site ID Site Type George Street Roadside Y (122) c (Croydon 4) London Road, Norbury Kerbside Y (Croydon 5) a i.e. data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. b i.e. data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for six months the maximum data capture for the full calendar year would be 50%.) c If the period of valid data is less than 90%, include the 99.8 th percentile of hourly means in brackets LAQM USA

23 Diffusion Tube Monitoring Data Bias adjusted diffusion tube monitoring results are presented in Tables 2.5 and 2.6. Exceedences of the annual mean objective are highlighted in bold type and annual mean concentrations of 60 µg/m 3 or above, representing sites where the hourly average NO 2 objective may also be exceeded, are highlighted in red bold type. A chart showing monitoring trends from 2007 to 2011 is presented in Figure 2.3. The annual mean NO 2 objective of 40 µg/m 3 is exceeded at most of roadside sites for all five years. At background and industrial sites annual mean concentrations are below 40 µg/m 3 for all five years. For some roadside sites annual mean NO 2 concentrations are close to or above 60 µg/m 3, indicating possible exceedences of the hourly average NO 2 objective. The diffusion tube monitoring results indicate a downward trend in concentrations at a number of roadside sites over the last three years. However the results should be interpreted with caution, as a similar trend was not observed with the more accurate automatic monitors. LAQM USA

24 Table 2.5 Results of Nitrogen Dioxide Diffusion Tubes in 2011 Site ID Location Site Type CY41 CY42 CY43 CY46 CY47 CY48 CY50 CY51 CY52 Purley Fire Station, Brighton Road Junction Miller Road / Purley Way, Waddon South Norwood Hill Malcolm Road, Coulsdon Purley Town Hall, Brighton Road Whitehorse Road, Thornton Heath Heathfield Centre, South Croydon Heathfield Centre, South Croydon Selsdon Road, South Croydon London Road, Norbury Within AQMA? Triplicate or Collocated Tube Data Capture 2011 (Number of Months) Data with less than 9 months has been annualised (Y/N) Confirm if data has been distance corrected (Y/N) Annual mean concentration (Bias Adjustment factor = 0.94) 2011 (µg/m 3 ) Roadside Y - 12 N N 50 Roadside Y - 12 N N 38 Roadside Y - 12 N N 44 Background Y - 12 N N 20 Background Y - 12 N N 23 Roadside Y - 12 N N 69 Background Y - 12 N N 15 Roadside Y - 12 N N 40 Roadside Y - 12 N N 45 CY55 Kerbside Y Triplicate & Collocated 12 N N 58 CY56 Euston Road Industrial Y - 12 N N 36 CY58 Wellesley Road Northbound Roadside Y - 12 N N 56 LAQM USA

25 Site ID Location Site Type CY59 CY97 Park Lane Northbound Waddon Junior School, Purley Way Within AQMA? CY98 George Street Roadside Y CY99 South Norwood High Street / St Dunstans Road Eastbound Triplicate or Collocated Tube Data Capture 2011 (Number of Months) Data with less than 9 months has been annualised (Y/N) Confirm if data has been distance corrected (Y/N) London Borough of Croydon Annual mean concentration (Bias Adjustment factor = 0.94) 2011 (µg/m 3 ) Roadside Y - 12 N N 54 Roadside Y Collocated 0 N N 0 Triplicate & Collocated 12 N N 45 Roadside Y - 12 N N 46 LAQM USA

26 Table 2.6 Results of Nitrogen Dioxide Diffusion Tubes (2007 to 2011) 2007 (Bias Adjustment Factor = 1.01) Annual mean concentration (adjusted for bias) µg/m (Bias Adjustment (Bias Adjustment Factor = 1.12) Factor = 1.06) 2008 (Bias Adjustment Factor = 1.008) 2011 (Bias Adjustment Factor = 0.94) Site ID Site Type Within AQMA? CY41 Roadside Y CY42 Roadside Y CY43 Roadside Y CY46 Background Y CY47 Background Y CY48 Roadside Y CY50 Background Y CY51 Roadside Y CY52 Roadside Y CY55 Kerbside Y CY56 Industrial Y CY58 Roadside Y CY59 Roadside Y CY97 Roadside Y CY98 Roadside Y CY99 Roadside Y LAQM USA

27 Figure 2.3 Trends in Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations measured at Diffusion Tube Monitoring Sites LAQM USA

28 2.2.2 PM 10 Tables 2.7 and 2.8 present PM 10 data from the Croydon 3 and Croydon 4 automatic monitoring sites for comparison against air quality objectives. Data from these TEOM analysers are corrected to gravimetric equivalent using the VCM. The air quality objectives for PM 10 are met at both sites, for all five years. LAQM USA

29 Table 2.7 Results of Automatic Monitoring of PM 10 : Comparison with Annual Mean Objective Valid Data Capture for monitoring Period % a Valid Data Capture 2011 % b Confirm Annual Mean Concentration µg/m 3 Gravimetric Equivalent (Y or NA) Site ID Site Type Within AQMA? Croydon 3 Suburban Y Y Croydon 4 Roadside Y Y a i.e. data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. b i.e. data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for six months the maximum data capture for the full calendar year would be 50%.) Table 2.8 Results of Automatic Monitoring for PM 10 : Comparison with 24-hour mean Objective Valid Data Capture for monitoring Period % a Valid Data Capture 2011 % b Number of Exceedences of 24-Hour Mean (50 µg/m 3 ) Confirm Gravimetric Equivalent 2007 c c 2010 c 2011 Site ID Site Type Within AQMA? Croydon 3 Suburban Y Y 7 (33) 13 6 (35) 2 10 Croydon 4 Roadside Y Y (31) 15 a i.e. data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. b i.e. data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for six months the maximum data capture for the full calendar year would be 50%.) c data capture is less than 90%, st percentile of 24-hour means included in brackets LAQM USA

30 2.2.3 Summary of Compliance with AQS Objectives The London Borough of Croydon has declared the whole borough an AQMA area for annual mean and hourly mean concentrations of NO 2. All monitoring in Croydon for NO 2 is therefore within the AQMA. Monitored concentrations of NO 2 continue to exceed the air quality objectives at roadside locations throughout the borough. Concentrations of PM 10 meet the air quality objectives at all monitoring locations in the borough. These monitoring results indicate that the existing borough-wide AQMA for the annual mean and hourly mean NO 2 objectives is still appropriate and a Detailed Assessment is not required to amend or revoke the AQMA. London Borough of Croydon has examined the results from monitoring in the borough. PM 10 concentrations are all below the objectives, therefore there is no need to proceed to a Detailed Assessment. LAQM USA

31 3 Road Traffic Sources 3.1 Narrow Congested Streets with Residential Properties Close to the Kerb The TG(09) guidance states in Box 5.3 (A) that the assessment does not need to consider locations within existing AQMAs declared for road traffic sources for the specific pollutant under consideration, in this case NO 2. London Borough of Croydon confirms that there are no new/newly identified congested streets with a flow above 5,000 vehicles per day and residential properties close to the kerb, that have not been adequately considered in previous rounds of Review and Assessment. 3.2 Busy Streets Where People May Spend 1-hour or More Close to Traffic No busy streets where people may spend an hour or more close to traffic were identified in the 2009 USA. There has been no change to these findings and no new roads have been constructed in Croydon with traffic flows greater than 10,000 vehicles per day where there is relevant exposure. London Borough of Croydon confirms that there are no new/newly identified busy streets where people may spend 1 hour or more close to traffic. 3.3 Roads with a High Flow of Buses and/or HGVs. Inspection of traffic flows in the 2008 LAEI for road links within Croydon identified no roads where the HDV proportion is greater than 20% of the traffic flow and the HDV flow is greater than 2,500 vehicles per day. London Borough of Croydon confirms that there are no new/newly identified roads with high flows of buses/hdvs. LAQM USA

32 3.4 Junctions There are no new or newly identified busy junctions in Croydon since the last round of Review and Assessment. London Borough of Croydon confirms that there are no new/newly identified busy junctions. 3.5 New Roads Constructed or Proposed Since the Last Round of Review and Assessment No new roads have been constructed or proposed in Croydon since the last round of Review and Assessment. London Borough of Croydon confirms that there are no new/proposed roads. 3.6 Roads with Significantly Changed Traffic Flows AADTs in the 2006 LAEI were compared with those in the most recent 2008 LAEI. Two roads were identified with traffic flows of more than 10,000 vehicles per day where the traffic flow has increased by more than 25%: B266 Brigstock Road and A232 Croydon Road. Borough-wide air quality modelling by CERC for the year 2011, using emissions 2008 LAEI, showed the predicted st percentile of 24-hour mean concentrations to be below the air quality objective 50 µg/m 3, for relevant locations on these two roads in Croydon with significantly changed traffic flows. London Borough of Croydon has assessed new/newly identified roads with significantly changed traffic flows, and concluded that it will not be necessary to proceed to a Detailed Assessment. LAQM USA

33 3.7 Bus and Coach Stations As identified in the 2006 USA, there are no open bus stations with more than 1,000 bus movements per day in Croydon. This position has not changed. London Borough of Croydon confirms that there are no relevant bus stations in the Local Authority area. LAQM USA

34 4 Other Transport Sources 4.1 Airports London Borough of Croydon confirms that there are no airports in the Local Authority area Railways (Diesel and Steam Trains) Stationary Trains Diesel trains were considered in the 2006 USA and found not to idle at locations close to relevant receptors. This position has not changed. London Borough of Croydon confirms that there are no locations where diesel or steam trains are regularly stationary for periods of 15 minutes or more, with potential for relevant exposure within 15m Moving Trains The London Borough of Croydon is not included in the list of authorities in which the criteria for assessment of moving trains is met. London Borough of Croydon confirms that there are no locations with a large number of movements of diesel locomotives, and potential long-term relevant exposure within 30m. 4.3 Ports (Shipping) There are no relevant sources in Croydon. London Borough of Croydon confirms that there are no ports or shipping that meet the specified criteria within the Local Authority area. LAQM USA

35 5 Industrial Sources 5.1 Industrial Installations New or Proposed Installations for which an Air Quality Assessment has been Carried Out London Borough of Croydon confirms that there are no new or proposed industrial installations for which planning approval has been granted within its area or nearby in a neighbouring authority Existing Installations where Emissions have Increased Substantially or New Relevant Exposure has been Introduced London Borough of Croydon confirms that there are no industrial installations with substantially increased emissions or new relevant exposure in their vicinity within its area or nearby in a neighbouring authority New or Significantly Changed Installations with No Previous Air Quality Assessment London Borough of Croydon confirms that there are no new or proposed industrial installations for which planning approval has been granted within its area or nearby in a neighbouring authority Major Fuel (Petrol) Storage Depots There are no major fuel (petrol) storage depots within the Local Authority area. 5.3 Petrol Stations The 2003 USA did not identify any petrol stations in Croydon where the necessary criteria for the assessment of petrol stations apply, and there has been no change to this position. LAQM USA

36 London Borough of Croydon confirms that there are no petrol stations meeting the specified criteria. 5.4 Poultry Farms As identified in the 2009 USA there are no poultry farms in Croydon meeting the specified criteria and this position has not changed. London Borough of Croydon confirms that there are no poultry farms meeting the specified criteria. LAQM USA

37 6 Commercial and Domestic Sources 6.1 Biomass Combustion Individual Installations Individual biomass combustion plants were assessed in the 2009 USA. There are no new 50kW to 20MW units in Croydon. London Borough of Croydon confirms that there are no new / newly identified biomass combustion plants in the Local Authority area, that have not been adequately considered in the previous round of Review and Assessment 6.2 Biomass Combustion Combined Impacts Combined impacts of biomass combustion were assessed in the 2009 USA and there is no change to this position. London Borough of Croydon confirms that there are no biomass combustion plants in the Local Authority area, that have not been adequately considered in the previous round of Review and Assessment. 6.3 Domestic Solid-Fuel Burning No areas of domestic solid-fuel burning were identified in the 2006 USA. There has been no change to this position. London Borough of Croydon confirms that there are no areas of significant domestic fuel use in the Local Authority area. LAQM USA

38 7 Fugitive or Uncontrolled Sources The following developments with planning approval were identified in the 2011 Progress Report for further consideration: 08/03849/P - 1 Wandle Road and 19 Scarbrook Road, Croydon, CR0 09/02532/P - HALF MOON PUBLIC HOUSE, 303 London Road, Croydon, CR0 3PA 09/02856/P - Land comprising The Former Propeller public house, Waylands Day Centre, Red Gates School and Waddon Infants School, Croydon 10/00034/P Thornton Road, Croydon, Thornton Heath, CR7 6BB 10/02175/P - Former Randolph and Pembroke House Site, Wellesley Road, Croydon 10/02734/P - Harris Academy Purley, Kendra Hall Road, South Croydon, CR2 6DT All these developments include a sufficient air quality assessment for dust emissions during the construction phase and / or a dust management plan in the planning application. London Borough of Croydon confirms that there are no potential sources of fugitive particulate matter emissions in the Local Authority area. LAQM USA

39 8 Conclusions and Proposed Actions 8.1 Conclusions from New Monitoring Data New monitoring data show that NO 2 concentrations continue to exceed the air quality objectives at roadside locations throughout the borough and PM 10 concentrations meet the air quality objectives at all monitoring locations. These monitoring results indicate that the existing borough-wide AQMA for the annual mean and hourly mean NO 2 objectives is still appropriate and a Detailed Assessment is not required to amend or revoke the AQMA. 8.2 Conclusions from Assessment of Sources No sources have been identified that could give rise to potential exceedences for carbon monoxide, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, lead or sulphur dioxide. No new sources or changes to existing sources have been identified that would require a Detailed Assessment. 8.3 Proposed Actions The Updating and Screening Assessment has not identified a need to proceed to a Detailed Assessment for any pollutant, or the need for any additional monitoring, or changes to the existing monitoring programme No changes are required to the existing borough-wide AQMA for annual mean and hourly average NO 2 concentrations. For all pollutants not requiring a Detailed Assessment, the LAQM guidance requires no further action to be taken other than for the London Borough of Croydon to produce annual air quality progress reports by the end of April 2013 and 2014, respectively, prior to undertaking the next Updating and Screening Assessment by the end of April LAQM USA

40 9 References 2011 Air Quality Progress Report for the London Borough of Croydon, London Borough of Croydon, March 2011 Local Air Quality Management Technical Guidance LAQM.TG(09), February 2009, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Updating and Screening Assessment for the London Borough of Croydon, CERC, May 2009 Air Quality Modelling for the London Borough of Croydon, CERC, February 2012 (Draft) Source Apportionment of the London Borough of Croydon, CERC, December 2010 LAQM USA

41 Appendix A: QA:QC Data Factor from Local Co-location Studies Figures A1 and A2 show the precision and accuracy of diffusion tube monitoring at the triplicate sites collocated with the Croydon 4 and Croydon 5 automatic monitors, respectively, for The values are calculated using Defra s LAQM spreadsheet tool 2011_AEA_DifTPAB_v04.xls. A local bias adjustment factor of 0.94 is calculated using these data. Figure A1: Diffusion tube precision and accuracy, Croydon 4 collocated LAQM USA

42 Figure A2: Diffusion tube precision and accuracy, Croydon 5 collocated Short-term to Long-term Data adjustment Table A1: Short-term to Long-term adjustment ratio for 2011 NO 2 concentrations from Croydon 4 monitoring site Site Site Type Annual Mean Period Mean Ratio LW1 (Catford) Urban Background ST3 (Carshalton) Suburban RI2 (Barnes) Suburban Average 1.08 LAQM USA