Dr. Roger D. Aines Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Transcription

1 Dr. Roger D. Aines Carbon Capture & Sequestration Public Workshop California State University Bakersfield October 1, 2010 LLNL-PRES PRES- This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract DE-AC52 AC52-07NA Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC

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3 Much of the energy we use today comes from fossil fuels

4 We extract these fuels from the earth in order to use them

5 But then we dump the resulting CO 2 into the air and the mess is catching up with us

6 1 lb (about ½ kg) of coal lights a 100W light bulb for 10 hrs That coal burns to make about 3 lbs of carbon dioxide That carbon dioxide takes up 1 cubic meter of space as a pure gas

7 Some of us don t mind the resulting mess but others of us do

8 Range of Future Predictions (Slide from Dr. Chris Field) Emissions scenarios from 2001 IPCC WG1 report

9 We can get energy that doesn t create CO 2 and we should do as much as we can

10 Solar and wind could provide about 30% of our energy

11 But today we get 50% of our electricity from fossil fuel can we still use it? We ll come back to this question

12 CO 2 Capture and Sequestration (CCS) CCS is a means of controlling emissions by putting the CO2 back underground Graphics courtesy of DOE Office of Fossil Energy and Statoil ASA

13 In Salah Gas Project, Algeria

14 CO 2 takes up much less space when it is compressed it is easy to put back underground It has the density of oil, is less viscous, and has ~400x less volume than at surface

15 Storing CO 2 underground in big caves? NO!

16 Water, oil, or CO 2 go into the space between the sand grains CO 2 is a liquid 3000 feet underground

17 Future power plants will be planned for CO 2 storage Courtesy of Hydrogen Energy

18 How do we know we can do this safely? Natural gas (CH 4, methane) often has natural CO 2 in it That CO 2 must be removed before sale it won t t burn!! In Salah Gas Project At In Salah, Algeria, BP is putting that CO 2 back underground 1 M t/yr CO 2 separated from produced gas Source: Ian Wright, BP, Jan 2005

19 Source: Ian Wright, BP, Jan 2005

20 The Sleipner platform has been putting CO 2 underground beneath the North Sea (Norway) for more than 10 years

21 Two are already under way The next five years will tell us a lot about the safety and effectiveness of underground storage

22 Salty Deep Water Saline Aquifers Oil Fields Most of the storage space Most of the people

23 3000 miles of CO 2 pipelines today

24 CO 2 is not flammable or explosive CO 2 is not a dangerous gas except in very high concentrations (> 15,000 ppm) Not to be confused with carbon monoxide (CO) We inhale and exhale CO 2 with every breath We drink carbonated (CO 2 containing) beverages We buy frozen CO 2 for cooling (dry ice) The oil industry has handled underground CO 2 for 50 years and has an excellent body of experience with it. Managing large volumes of CO 2 is a significant activity that requires good regulation and involved community participation and oversight.

25 Capture: $30 70/t CO 2 Compression $6 10/t CO 2 Storage: $3 8/t CO 2 Monitoring and Verification: $0.2 $1.0/t CO 2 Site Assessment and Planning: < $.01/t

26 Coal, or biomass can be gasified at 800ºC C creating syngas C + H 2 O H 2 + CO Adding water shifts the carbon monoxide to hydrogen H 2 + CO + H 2 O 2H 2 + CO 2 Hydrogen and CO 2 can be easily separated; the hydrogen can be burned, and CO 2 stored underground

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28 The Chinese GreenGen project is already under construction first electricity next year! (yes, they are ahead of us)

29 Postcombustion capture grabs the CO 2 from the smokestack before it is emitted

30 Total 2,276 Megawatts 350 Employees annual payroll $38 million Consumes 10 million tons of coal per year O&M Budget $97.6M Capital $52.6M 2006 Colstrip Annual CO2 Emissions - 18,255,571(Tons) Estimate to capture 90% CO2 by current available technology: $330 Million Capital $620 Million O&M (includes 625 MW energy penalty) $35/ton CO2 removed

31 Natural gas fired plants emitted 337,004 M Tonnes of CO2 in There are 5,467 Natural gas fired plants operating in the USA. Natural gas fired combined cycle plants are more efficient than older fossil fueled plants but higher gas prices works against them.

32 Drivers of Anthropogenic Emissions Factor (relative to 1990) World F Emissions (emissions) P Population (population) g Wealth = G/P = per capita GDP 0.6 h Carbon = F/G intensity of GDP Raupach et al 2007, PNAS

33 Per capita fossil fuel CO 2 emissions, 2005 World emissions: 27 billion tons CO 2 AVERAGE TODAY 1 STABILIZATION Source: IEA WEO 2007

34 Activity Amount producing 4 ton CO 2 /yr emissions a) Drive 15,000 miles/yr, 45 miles per gallon b) Fly 15,000 miles/yr c) Heat home Natural gas, average house, average climate d) Lights 300 kwh/month when all coal-power (600 kwh/month, natural-gas-power)

35 Carbon capture & storage (CCS) is central to world climate hopes: 15-50% of the solution IPCC sees CCS as providing largest single portion of CO 2 reductions this century Others seem to agree (e.g., IEA, EIA, WEC, JGCRI, EPRI, IIASA) CCS is a key part of a portfolio (nuclear, solar, wind, conservation, efficiency) ACTIONABLE SCALEABLE COST EFFECTIVE IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Summary for Policymakers as approved by the 8th Session of IPCC Working Group III, September 25th, 2005, Montreal, Canada

36 Nature has stored oil and natural gas in underground formations over geologic timeframes, i.e. millions of years Gas and pipeline companies are today storing natural gas in underground formations (>10,000 facility-years experience) Naturally occurring CO 2 reservoirs have stored CO2-rich gas underground for millions of year, including large volumes in the US (WY, CO, TX, UT, NM, MS, WV) Almost 3,000 miles of CO 2 pipelines are operate in N. America, carrying over 30 million tons of CO 2 annually Well over 100 million tons of CO 2 have already been injected into oil reservoirs for EOR as well as into deep saline aquifers (over 80 projects have been implemented worldwide) Five sequestration projects have demonstrably sequestered CO2 at injection rates ~ 1 million t CO 2 /y for years across a wide range of geological settings

37 Humans will continue to extract and burn large volumes of fossil fuels for the foreseeable future. Even as the developed world reduces its dependence on fossil fuels, the developing world will rely on them. We can dramatically reduce the impacts of fossil energy production and use with technology Efficiency Low carbon energy sources Carbon capture and sequestration for fossil fuels The joint problems of climate change, and energy development for the entire world, leave us no choice but to find every solution possible. This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE AC52 07NA27344

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39 80000 Capacity, total by source Other megawatt Renewables Water Nuclear Gas Oil Coal Low natural gas prices, and California regulations, are driving increased natural gas power generation year of initial operation Source: EIA. Joseph.Beamon@eia.doe.gov

40 California is the world s 12th largest CO2 emitter AB 32 Global Warming Solutions Act commits the state to 2000 emission levels by 2010 (11% below business as usual) 1990 levels by 2020 (25%) 80% reduction by 2050 BUT the economic news is in more pragmatic legislation: SB No more coal by wire. 40

41 California Law SB 1368 requires California utilities to purchase electricity baseload contracts that have emissions no greater than a combined cycle gas turbine plant. Effectively limits all electric producers to 1100 pounds of CO2 per megawatt hour Coal fired plants will have to sequester about 1/2 of their carbon Current contracts grandfathered 41

42 Electricity (40%) Transportation Heating, other

43 McElmo Dome: In place: 1500 MtCO 2 Production: MtCO 2 /yr Rule of thumb: 2 to 5 bbl incremental oil per tco 2 injected.

44 Pipelines and infrastructure become incentives Roger Aines LLNL 44

45 The number shown, about 3.6 trillion tons, is the mass of CO 2 that would provide as much warming ( forcing ) as is provided by all the current longlived gases (Kyoto an Montreal gases). The mass of CO 2 in the atmosphere is about 3.0 trillion tons. The number climbs 750 ton/second, or two thirds of one percent per year. June 18, Approximately 9:15 a.m.

46 Post combustion costs are still very high $60/ton CO 2 optimistically Obama administration is focused here retrofitting existing plants Pre combustion has stalled over capital cost increases, and in US, FutureGen demonstration plant delays. Gasification technology is cheap for capture, but expensive for power, and requires new coal plant construction General conclusion capture technology is not up to the job The original 1930 patent drawing for today s standard capture systems is still accurate

47 McKinsey 2009

48 IPCC, 2005 Multiple storage mechanisms work at multiple length and time scales to trap CO2 in the shallow crust. Over time, risks decrease and permanence increases

49 Natural sources e.g., CO2 domes Low cost opportunities $5 10/t Refineries, fertilizer & ethanol plants, polygeneration, cement plants, gas processing facilities. Capture technologies Post Combustion separates CO2 from N2 $40 60/t Pre combustion converts carbon to CO2 $30 40/t Oxyfired combustion $30 40/t CO2 Amine stripping, Sleipner Wabash IGCC plant, Indiana Clean Energy Systems, CA At present, all three approaches to carbon capture Roger and Aines separation LLNL appear equally viable 49

50 Coal, pet coke, or biomass can be gasified, creating syngas Wabash IGCC plant, Indiana C + H 2 OH 2 + CO Syngas or natural gas can be added to water and chemically shifted H 2 + CO + H 2 O 2H 2 + CO 2 Hydrogen and CO2 can be separated using physical sorbents (e.g., Selexol) Petcoke Gasification to Produce H 2, Kansas Hydrogen can be burned, and CO 2 sequestered This technology is well tested at industrial scale for >50 years Cost ~$25 35/ton CO 2 Roger Aines LLNL 50

51 Chemical sorbents such as amines currently present the lowest cost options for industrial applications Amine stripping Sleipner, Norway Novel sorbents, such as chilled ammonia, and novel technologies hold out the promise of substantial costs reductions Coal Fired Power Plant Flue Gas, Oklahoma This technology is well tested at industrial scale for >70 years Cost ~$30 50/ton CO 2 Roger Aines LLNL 51

52 Oxygen is separated from the air and fed into the boiler or reactor. Clean Energy Systems, CA Usually, CO 2 is recycled into the boiler to moderate temperature The product is CO 2 and steam, which can be easily removed by compression This technology is not tested commercially, but holds great promise for retro fit and new plants Proposed SaskPower project Online 2011, Saskatachewan Estimated Cost ~$25 40/ton CO 2 Roger Aines LLNL 52

53 Roger Aines LLNL Mike Haines Montana DEQ 53