Syska Hennessy Group J366. Water Conservation in Building Design WCE2015. Daniel H. Nall, PE, FAIA, FASHRAE, LEED Fellow, BEMP, HPDP Date

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1 Syska Hennessy Group J366 Water Conservation in Building Design WCE2015 Daniel H. Nall, PE, FAIA, FASHRAE, LEED Fellow, BEMP, HPDP Date

ASHRAE is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members.

2 ASHRAE is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-aia members are available on request. This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

However, any course found to be in violation of the standards of the program, or otherwise contrary to

3 Approved for: 1 WATER CONSERVATION IN BUILDING DESIGN By ASHRAE General CE hours 0 LEED-specific hours GBCI cannot guarantee that course sessions will be delivered to you as submitted to GBCI. However, any course found to be in violation of the standards of the program, or otherwise contrary to the mission of GBCI, shall be removed. Your course evaluations will help us uphold these standards. Course ID:

4 Copyright Materials This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is prohibited. Syska Hennessy Group Syska Hennessy Group 2015

5 Course Description This presentation will discuss options for water conservation and wastewater harvesting techniques. Technology for water conservation will be discussed. Utilization of on-site non-potable water resources will be discussed, and methods of capturing and treating these resources will be presented. The requirements of water consumption end-uses that can benefit from non-potable resources will be presented, along with technical issues that limit the exploitation of these resources. A case study showing a 2/3 reduction in potable water consumption through the utilization of both conservation measures and non-potable water harvesting will be presented

6 Learning Objectives At the end of the this course, participants will be able to: 1. Recognize how HVAC systems use water and how they generate non-potable water resources. 2. Integrate different strategies of water conservation for dramatic reductions in consumption. 3. Allocate different types of reclaimed water to different types of non-potable uses. 4. Overcome contamination issues to optimize re-use of harvested waste water.

7 ASHRAE WILL GIVE YOU THE WORLD This ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer is brought to you by the Society Chapter Technology Transfer Committee

Complete the Distinguished Lecturer Event Summary Critique CTTC needs your feedback to continue to improve the DL Program Distribute the DL Evaluation Form to all attendees Collect at the end of the

8 Complete the Distinguished Lecturer Event Summary Critique CTTC needs your feedback to continue to improve the DL Program Distribute the DL Evaluation Form to all attendees Collect at the end of the meeting Compile the attendee rating on the Event Summary Critique Send the completed Event Summary Critique to your CTTC RVC and ASHRAE Headquarters Forms are available at:

9 BECOME A FUTURE LEADER IN ASHRAE WRITE THE NEXT CHAPTER IN YOUR CAREER ASHRAE Members who attend their monthly chapter meetings become leaders and bring information and technology back to their job. YOU ARE NEEDED FOR: Membership Promotion Research Promotion Student Activities Chapter Technology Transfer Technical Committees Find your Place in ASHRAE! Visit

10 20/03/2016 WATER CONSERVATION IN BUILDING DESIGN

11 Presentation Outline The upcoming water crisis and the natural water cycle Water conservation opportunities in buildings Non-potable water resources in buildings and end-uses that don t require potable water Non-potable water treatment options for buildings The total dissolved solids issue for treated wastewater and methods of dealing with that issue. A successful case study for dramatic water use reduction. 20/03/

12 World Water Shortage

13 Per Capita Water Consumption 20/03/

14 The Natural Water Cycle 14

15 WATER CONSERVATION IN BUILDINGS Reduced Primary Potable Consumption Low flow Fixtures Water Sense Appliances Identify Non-Potable End Uses Flushing Irrigation Cooling Tower Make-up Exterior Housekeeping Harvest Non-potable Resources HVAC Condensate Stormwater Roof Run-off Cooling Tower Blow-down Surplus Groundwater 20/03/

Residential Low Flow Plumbing Fixtures Private Toilets

0 L/flush (typical) vs. 3 L/flush Up to 33% Savings 8.

9 L/min Up to 80% Savings Residential Shower Head Kitchen

16 Residential Low Flow Plumbing Fixtures Private Toilets (dual flush water closets) Lavatory Faucet 6.0 L/flush (typical) vs. 3 L/flush Up to 33% Savings 8.33 L/min (typical) vs. 1.9 L/min Up to 80% Savings Residential Shower Head Kitchen Faucet 9.5 L/flush (typical) vs. 7.6 L/min Up to 20% Savings 9.5 L/min (typical) vs. 6.8 L/min Up to 28% Savings 16

water flow rate Q D = Drift Flow Rate Q BD = Blow-down Flow Rate TDS B = COC * TDS MU Where: TDS B = Total Dissolved Solids in

17 Cooling Tower Blow-Down Control Q MU = Q E + Q D + Q BD Where: Q MU = Make-up water flow rate Q E = Evaporative Loss Rate Q D = Drift Flow Rate Q BD = Blow-down Flow Rate COC = Q MU / (Q D + Q BD ) Where: COC = cycles of concentration Q MU = Make-up water flow rate Q D = Drift Flow Rate Q BD = Blow-down Flow Rate TDS B = COC * TDS MU Where: TDS B = Total Dissolved Solids in Basin Water TDS MU = Total Dissolved Solids in Make-up water Measured Conductivity is roughly proportional to TDS. 20/03/

18 Irrigation Delivery and Control 20/03/

Source: US Environmental Protection Agency Office Building Water Consumption 73%

19 Water Consumption in Buildings Laboratory Water Consumption 58% Non-potable Cooling tower make-up Irrigation Single pass cooling 60% of sanitary (flushing) Source: US Environmental Protection Agency Office Building Water Consumption 73% Non-potable Cooling/heating Irrigation Single pass cooling 60% of sanitary (flushing) 19

20 Alternative Sources of Non-Potable Water Water Source Debris Suspended Solids Dissolved Inorganics Dissolved Organics Microbia City Water None Very Low Low Very Low Very Low HVAC Condensate Stormwater (Roof) Stormwater (Grade) None Very Low Very Low Very Low Very Low Low Medium Low Low Low Medium Medium Varies Varies Medium Washwater Low Low Low Medium Low CT Blowdown Low Medium Medium Low Low STP Effluent None Very Low Low Very Low Very Low Blackwater High High Medium High High 20

21 Matching Sources and Uses Water Source Primary Use Secondary Use City Water Ingestion Personal Hygiene HVAC Condensate Flushing Domestic Hygiene Stormwater (Roof) Stormwater (Grade) Washwater Flushing Irrigation Irrigation CT Make-up CT Blowdown Irrigation (R.O.?) Treated Blackwater CT Make-Up Irrigation 21

22 Criteria for Using Non-Potable Water 22

23 Greywater (Wash Water) Characteristics Typical Composition of Greywater (wash water) Parameter Unit Greywater range BOD5** mg/l TSS (Total Suspended solids)** mg/l Turbidity** NTU Fecal Coliform* MPN/100mL ph** * Residential greywater reuse study; greywater reuse survey: Data and Evaluation of results. Southern Arizona, USA. Water CASA, 2003 ** Jeppersen B, Solley D Model guidelines for domestic greywater reuse for Australia. Research Report No Urban Research Association of Australia, Brisbane City Council. 20/03/

24 Greywater Harvesting for Trickle Irrigation 20/03/

25 Using Greywater Greywater Treatment Stages Treatment Stage Purpose Technologies End Uses Preliminary Removal or particulates and grit particles Screening, settling Trickle (sub-surface) Irrigation Primary Removal of suspended solids Screening sedimentation Surface Irrigation of ornamental plants Secondary Biological treatment and removal of common biodegradable organic pollutants Percolating or trickling filter, activated sludge, anaerobic treatment, waste stabilization ponds (oxidation ponds) Cooling Tower Make-up Tertiary Removal of specific pollutants such as nitrogen or phosphorus, color, odor, and fine suspended particles Sand filtration, membrane bioreactor, reverse osmosis, chemical coagulation, activated carbon/ Flushing 20/03/

26 Criteria for Interior Usage of Recycled Water Summary of ANSI/NSF Standard 350 Effluent Criteria for Graywater Treatment Systems Parameter Class C (Commercial or Multi-Family Interior Use) Test Average Single Sample Maximum CBOD5 (mg/l) TSS (mg/l) Turbidity (NTU) 2 5 E. coli 2 (MPN/100 ml) ph (SU) NA Storage vessel disinfection NA (mg/l) 3 Color MR NA Odor Nonoffensive NA Oily film and foam Nondetectable Nondetectable 1 NA: not applicable 2 Calculated as geometric mean 3 As total chlorine; other disinfectants can be used 20/03/

06 * D = volume of storage tank A R = area of catchment roof R AA = annual average

27 Rainwater Harvesting for Interior Use DIN 1989 Tank Sizing Standard V T = lesser of.06 * A R * R AA * Y a * K RO * e F Or.06 * D = volume of storage tank A R = area of catchment roof R AA = annual average rainfall K RO = roof yield (0.4 to 0.75) e F = efficiency of the filter D = annual water consumption for targeted end use Where: V T 20/03/

28 HVAC Condensate Recovery for Interior Use Tank typically sized for 1 design day condensate production Tank may much smaller for continuous usage such at CT make-up Make-up float valve only keeps lift pump inlet submerged 20/03/

29 Community Scale Sewage Treatment Enables Capture of Effluent for Non-Potable Uses 29

30 DEWATS Decentralized Waste Water Treatment System 30

31 DEWATS Finishing Bed 31

32 The Improved Urban Water Cycle Optimal Usage of Alternative Water Sources 32

33 Recycling Treated Sewage Effluent 20/03/

34 Dissolved Solids Contamination of Building Sewage Effluent 20/03/

35 High TDS to Flushing; Rainwater/Condensate to CT 20/03/

36 High TDS to Flushing; RO/Condensate/Rainwater to CT High TDS to Flushing; 20/03/

37 Net Zero Liquid Discharge CT Water Treatment 20/03/

Comparison of 3 Water Recycling Strategies L/Year Potable Water Consumption by End-Use 35,000,000 30,000,000 25,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 5,000,000 - Base Case; No

38 Comparison of 3 Water Recycling Strategies L/Year Potable Water Consumption by End-Use 35,000,000 30,000,000 25,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 5,000,000 - Base Case; No Recovery Sewage Effluent Flushing Only Water Re-Use Strategy Sewage Effluent Flushing; Blowdown RO Misc. Potable Uses CT Make-up Flushing Water CT with Zero Liquid Discharge 20/03/

39 Case Study Godrej Headquarters LEED Platinum India Green Building Council LEED NC 39

40 Godrej Water Efficiency Measures Potable Water Use limited to Ingestion, Personal Hygiene and Food Service All Other Uses Non-Potable Non-potable Resource Reclamation HVAC Condensate Centrally collected One Million Gallon Stormwater Storage Tank Brackish Foundation Drain Effluent Collected Cooling Tower Blowdown Collected Reclaimed Water Treatment Stormwater Filtered and Chlorinated Tertiary Blackwater Treatment with MBR System CT Blowdown and Groundwater Treated with Reverse Osmosis to Remove Dissolved Solids. 40

41 Membrane Bioreactor Blackwater Treatment For Removal of Suspended or Dissolved Organic Material Effluent has Very Low BOD, Little Impact on TDS By M brannock at English Wikipedia, 41

1500 ppm TDS 11,000 gpd output at 80 ppm TDS 3,000 gpd

42 Packaged Reverse Osmosis Systems For Removal of Dissolved Solids (Inorganic Salts) 14,000 gpd input at 1500 ppm TDS 11,000 gpd output at 80 ppm TDS 3,000 gpd waste at 6,700 ppm TDS < 1.0 kwh/ per m3 water output 42 42

43 Godrej Headquarters Water Diagram 43

44 Godrej Water Efficiency Results Usage 124,740 l/day Potable from City 94,500 l/day Non Potable flushing 124,740 l/day Non Potable Cooling Tower Make-up 15,120 l/day Non Potable Irrigation 359,100 l/day Total Usage Sources 124,740 l/day Ingestion, Food Service, Personal Hygiene 177,660 l/day Blackwater Treatment 23,436 l/day Treated Foundation Drain Efluent 18,144 l/day Treated Cooling Tower Blowdown 11,340 l/day HVAC Condensate 3,780 l/day Stormwater Storage 359,100 l/day Total Supply 44

45 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Godrej Headquarters, Mumbai, India Architect Pelli, Clarke, Pelli, New York, NY, USA MEP Engineering WSP Flack + Kurtz, New York, NY, USA The engineering work described here was performed or supervised by Daniel H. Nall, PE, FAIA (currently with Syska Hennessy Group) while he was a Senior Vice President at WSP Flack + Kurtz, in New York City, NY 20/03/

46 Questions? THANK YOU! Dan Nall, P.E., FAIA, FASHRAE, LEED Fellow, BEMP, HBDP

Sulaibiya world s largest membrane water reuse project

Water Technologies & Solutions technical paper Sulaibiya world s largest membrane water reuse project background In May 2001, a consortium including Mohammed Abdulmohsin Al-Kharafi and Sons (The Kharafi