Update on alternative technologies in the RAC sector

Transcription

1 Update on alternative technologies in the RAC sector Daniel Colbourne RE PHRIDGE 9 th April 2014 Suriname

2 Introduction Focus on refrigerants Other cooling technologies (still) not at sufficient commercial scale Consideration of various alternatives (new and old) Main topics Driving forces to use lower GWP alternatives Overview of refrigerant situation Summary of pure and mixture alternatives What can be used and where Final remarks

3 Global warming potential of alternatives Refrigerant ODP (R11=1) Atmospheric lifetime (y) GWP(100) (kgco 2 kg -1 ) HCFC R HFC R134a HFC 404A HFC 407C HFC 410A

4 Current HCFC banks and consumption in A5 countries Solvents Mobile a/c Stationary a/c Solvents Fire-protect Foams Mobile a/c Stationary a/c Fire-protect Foams Comercial refrig Industrial refrig Transport refrig Comercial refrig DEMAND (for new usage and servicing) Industrial refrig Transport refrig BANK (in all existing equipment)

5 Typical leakage rates by sector Leakage rates vary widely according to equipment type Important to target sources with greatest emissions foams Average leak rate for HCFCs in A5 countries ~30% per year air conditioning industrial refrig commercial refrig transport refrig vehicle air cond 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Annual leakage rate

6 Ought to consider both direct & indirect effects CO 2 emissions from electricity use High-GWP emissions from equipment

7 Contribution to TEWI/LCCP/LCWI/etc Contribution depending on many factors Country, equipment type, efficiency, refrigerant used, etc high power station kgco2/kwh, low GWP, low leakage low power station kgco2/kwh, high GWP, high leakage electricity generation refrigerant emissions 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Total global warming CO2-eq emissions

8 Cap (CO2-eq) New regulations on HFCs Example of new EU regulation for phase-down of HFCs according to GWP 120% 100% Agreed March 2014 Proposals in other countries 80% 60% 40% equiv. sector average GWP < % 0%

9 In the past Historically, small number of refrigerant options R12, R22, R502 Environmental and efficiency issues of negligible importance Equipment and component manufacturers, contractors, service companies, etc, chose established options Matched to equipment type and application Everything was nice and easy But phase-out of CFCs and HCFCs opened up vast commercial opportunities

10 How many refrigerants? Now there are several hundred to choose from Approximately 100 fluids with R-numbers designated Hundreds of commercial blends being sold around the world R11 R134a RC318 R407B R414B R422D R433C R509A R12 R142b R400 R407C R415A R423A R434A R510A R13 R143a R401A R407D R415B R424A R435A R600 R22 R152a R401B R407E R416A R425A R436A R600a R23 R161 R401C R408A R417A R426A R436B R601 R32 R170 R402A R409A R418A R427A R437A R601a R113 RE170 R402B R409B R419A R428A R438A R717 R114 R218 R403A R410A R420A R429A R500 R744 R115 R227ea R403B R411A R421A R430A R502 R1150 R116 R236ea R404A R411B R421B R431A R503 R1234yf R123 R236fa R405A R412A R422A R432A R507A R1234ze R124 R245fa R406A R413A R422B R433A R508A R1243zf R125 R290 R407A R414A R422C R433B R508B R1270

11 Identification of different refrigerants by type

12 Pure and mixed refrigerants Refrigerants Singlecomponent Multicomponent Mixtures may be two or more (up to seven in some cases) R11 R22 R316 R125 R1234yf RE245cb RE170 R170 R1270 R717 R744 mixtures but behave as pure Azeotropic R500 R502 R503 R507A R508A R508B R509A R510A Zeotropic R407A R407B R407C R407D R407E R408A R409A R409B R410A R411A R411B The letter (R507A, R411B, etc) represent different compositions of same mixture temperature glide and/or fractionation

13 Various HC refrigerant mixtures Plus, a load of HC blends too many to mention them all! R290 R170 (ethane) 50% R % R600a R1270 R600 (n-butane) To mimic R12, R134a To mimic R22, R502 RE-170 (DME) R600a (iso-butane) 94% R % R170

14 New lower GWP refrigerant mixtures Recently, many new mixtures with medium and low GWP proposed Blends of unsaturated HFCs, HFCs and others HCs R1234ze Saturated HFCs R744 (CO2) R152a R161 R1243zf Unsaturated HFCs ( HFOs ) R32 R1234yf

15 Aspects affecting refrigerant choice PRIMARY STAGE SELECTION: FN { PROPERTIES } Environmental Safety Chemical Thermodynamic ODP flammability reactivity vapour pressure GWP toxicity adsorbtivity latent heat etc etc etc etc SECONDARY STAGE SELECTION: FN { MARKET } Availability refrigerant Costs Know-how Verbal refrigerant training reccommendation components components literature instruction etc etc etc etc

16 Reasons for mixing Pressure (matching) Efficiency (COP) Temperature glide (minimisation) Material compatibility Oil solubility/ miscibility Cooling (heating) capacity Flammability Global Warming Potential Cost (refrigerant) Toxicity Cost (system/ equipment)

17 Saturated HFCs with medium and lower GWP Fluid GWP NBP LFL (%) Safety group R C 14,4 A2L R C 7,1 A3 R152a C 4,8 A2 R C 3,8 A3 Mainly HFC-32 and HFC-152a being used in new mixtures

18 Unsaturated HFCs (and HCFCs) GWP varies from 0 to around 10 essentially negligible Main options are R1234yf and R1234ze(E); but some still undergoing R&D investigations Also unsaturated HCFCs under discussion: HCFC-1233yd, 1233zb, 1233xe, 1233xc, 1233ye, 1233yc HCFC-1233zd and HCFC-1233xf most promising

19 HC refrigerants Refrigerant Chemical or composition * Critical temp (C) NBP (C) Press at 30 C (kpa) R1150 ethylene (C 2 H 4 ) [above critical] R1270 propylene (C 3 H 6 ) R170 ethane (C 2 H 6 ) R290 propane (C 3 H 8 ) R433A R1270/R290 (30%/70%) R433B R1270/R290 (5%/95%) R433C R1270/R290 (25%/75%) R436A R290/R600a (56%/44%) R436B R290/R600a (52%/48%) R290/R600a (50%/50%) R290/R170 (94%/6%) R50 methane (CH 4 ) [above critical] R600 butane (C 4 H 10 ) R600a isobutane (C 4 H 10 ) R601 pentane (C 5 H 12 ) R601a isopentane (C 5 H 12 )

20 GWP of natural refrigerants Direct GWP (100 y) Indirect GWP (100 y) R600a R R R744 (CO2) R717 (NH3)

21 Low GWP HFC mixtures: R134a alternatives Company Name Composition Safety GWP Arkema ARM41a R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) (7/40/53) A1 943 ARM42a R1234yf/R152a/R134a 82%/11%/7% A2L 117 ARM-J8??????? A1 ~350 Deikin D4Y R-134a/R-1234yf (40/60) A1 574 Dupont XP10 R-134a/R-1234yf (44/56) A1 631 Honeywell Mexichem N13a R-134a/R-1234yf/R-1234ze(E) (42/18/40) A1 604 N13b R-134a/R-1234ze(E) (42/58) A1 604 AC5X R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) (7/40/53) A1 622 AC5 (R-444A) R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E) 12%/5%/83% A2L 92 AC6 (R-445A) R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) 6%/9%/85% A1 130 National LGA8 R1234ze(E)/R32/R152a 83%/12%/5% A2L 100

22 Low GWP HFC mixtures: R22/R404A/R407C alternatives Company Name Composition Safety GWP Arkema Deikin ARM31a R-32/R-134a/R-1234yf (28/21/51) A2L 491 ARM30a R1234yf/R32 (71/29) A2L 199 D2Y-65 R-32/R-1234yf (35/65) A2L 239 D52Y R-32/R-125/R-1234yf (15/25/60) A2L??? Dupont DR-7 R1234yf /R32 (64/36) A2L 246 Honeywell Mexichem National N20 R-32/R-125/R-134a/R-1234yf/R-1234ze(E) (12.5/12.5/31.5/13.5/30) A1 975 L40 R32/R1234ze(E)/R1234yf/R152a (40/30/20/10) A2L 285 L20 R32/R1234ze(E)/R152a (45/35/20) A2L 331 LTR4X R-32/R-125/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) (28/25/16/31) A1??? LTR6A R1234ze(E)/R32/R744 (63/30/7) A2L 206 LGA26 R1234yf/R32/R134a (51/28/21) A2L ~500 LGA29 R1234yf/R32 (65/35) A2L ~250

23 Low GWP HFC mixtures: R410A alternatives Company Name Composition Safety GWP Arkema ARM70a R32/R1234yf/R134a (50/40/10) A2L 482 GECA-Max??? A2L ~5 Deikin D2Y-60 R-32/R-1234yf (40/60) A2L 272 Dupont DR-5 R32/R1234yf (72.5/27.5) A2L 490 DR-4??? A2L 300 Honeywell L41a R32/R1234yf/R1234ze(E) (73/15/12) A2L 494 L41b R32/R1234ze(E) (73/27) A2L 494 Mexichem HPR1D R32/R1234ze(E)/R744 (60/34/6) A2L 407 National LGA40 R1234yf/R32 (60/40) A2L 300

24 Overview of alternatives with GWP <500 0 GWP ~500 All shown have been tested in AC&R systems HC-290 HC-1270 R-744 R-717 DR-5 L-41a, L-41b L-20 L-40 DR-4 DR-7 HFC-1234yf HFC-1234ze AC-5 AC-6 HFC-1233zd ARM-70a ARM-31 ARM-30a ARM-42 ARM-J8 LGA26 HPR1D LGA40 LTR6A LGA29 GECA-max ARC-1 LGA8 mature trialling in development

25 Current and feasible usage GWP DR-33 N-40 HFC-32 XP-10 N-13 DR-5 L-41 L-20 L-40 HCFC-1233zd(E) HFC-1234ze(E) HFC-1234yf HC-600a HC-290, HC-1270 R-744 R-717 Commercial refrigeration Air conds and heat pumps Domestic refrigeration C F F F Stand alone C C C L F F F F F F F F L F Condensing units L L F F F F F F F F F L F Centralised systems L C L F F F F F F L F L F Transport refrigeration C C F F F F F F F F F F Large size refrigeration C C L F F F F F F F F F F Small self contained L C F F F F F F L F F Mini-split L C F L F F F C F F Multi-split L F L F F F L F F Split (ducted) F F F F F F F L F F Ducted F L F F F F F L F F Chillers Positive displacement C C C L L F F L F L L L F F Mobile air conditioning Centrifugal L L L L Cars F F C F F Public transport F L F F

26 Possible penetration rates HFC-32 XP-10 N-13 DR-5 L-41 L-20 L-40 HCFC-1233zd(E) HFC-1234ze(E) HFC-1234yf HC-600a HC-290, HC-1270 R-744 R-717 Commercial refrigeration Air conds and heat pumps Domestic refrigeration D D D D Stand alone equipment D D D D D D D D D D D D Condensing units C C L D D D D D D D D Centralised systems [D] D [D] [D] [D] [D] [D] [D] D D [D] Transport refrigeration D C D D D D D D D D Large size refrigeration D D C L D D D D D D D Small self contained L D D D D D D D D Mini-split (non-ducted) L D C D D D D D D Multi-split L C D D D D D D Split (ducted) L L C D D D D D D Ducted L L C D D D M M D Chillers Positive displacement C C D D D D D D D D D D Mobile air conditioning Centrifugal L D D D Cars D L D D D Public transport C D D D D

27 Implications of near-term warming Rapid warming effect immediately following release Effect disguised by 100 year ITH Short term warming effect up to 3½ the GWP 100

28 GWP (kgco2eq/kg) Implications of near-term warming HCFC-22 HFC-32 HFC-134a Important to consider shorter-term warming impact of refrigerants (as well as 100-year GWP) 4000 HFC-152a HC Time horizon (y) Source: Data from IPCC AR4

29 Considerations for efficiency Preferred properties Low liquid and vapour viscosities High liquid specific heat High liquid and vapour thermal conductivities High latent heat Small temperature glide

30 COP_alt/COP_b Extensive testing ongoing 1.3 test data normalised for equal capacity Qe_alt/Qe_b Comparing R290 and R1270 against R22 in ACs

31 Extensive testing ongoing AHRI low GWP AREP programme testing various lower GWP HFC mixtures in various types of equipment

32 Extensive testing ongoing Some comparisons of R410A alternatives

33 Extensive testing ongoing Some comparisons of R410A alternatives

34 Applicability of alternatives Viable currently/in short-term Viable if obstructive standards are remedied f n system and application characteristics Not viable due to cost, safety or performance limitations (Often, gap can be closed if alternatives system concepts are used, e.g., chiller instead of piped refrigerant) NOTE: Viability proportions are approximate; they will always be subject to engineering interpretation

35 Factory sealed ACs LGMs HCs

36 Small split systems LGMs HCs

37 Larger split systems LGMs HCs CO 2

38 Ducted systems LGMs HCs CO 2

39 Multi-split systems LGMs CO 2

40 Chiller systems LGMs HCs CO 2 NH 3

41 Domestic refrigerators/freezers LGMs HCs

42 Commercial plug-in cabinets LGMs HCs CO 2

43 Condensing units LGMs HCs CO 2

44 Centralised supermarket systems LGMs HCs NH 3 CO 2

45 Larger coldstores LGMs HCs CO 2

46 Levels of difficulty Portable; Mini- Splits; Through-thewall; Window; Heat pumps (water); Chillers Commercial splits; Rooftop ducted; Ducted splits; Cabinet Commercial ducted splits; Central air handling units; Multi-split; Close control Corresponding to ease of application of alternatives Assists industry (especially SMEs) with planning/r&d Removes the it s only hassle factor Development Typically 2 4 years for majority Time

47 So what will happen? There will be many more mixtures considered Probably, eventually, narrowed down to a handful of preferred options (again)

48 Thank you for your attention!