South Coast AQMD Air Quality Studies at Santa Monica Airport
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1 South Coast AQMD Air Quality Studies at Santa Monica Airport Philip M. Fine, Ph.D. Planning and Rules Manager South Coast Air Quality Management District Airports Council International North America Environmental Affairs Committee Conference Las Vegas, NV, April 16-19, 2012
2 Air Quality Management: Who Does What U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Adopts Health- Based National Air Quality Standards Adopts tailpipe emission standards for out-of-state mobile sources (trucks, trains, buses) and instate trains Oversees State Clean Air Plans California Air Resources Board Adopts Health- Based State Air Quality Standards Adopts in-state tailpipe emission standards for cars, trucks and busses. Regulate consumer products as used by consumers versus industry Approves Local Air District Clean Air Plans Local Air Districts Monitor Air Quality; Issue Health Alerts Prepare Clean Air Plans Primary responsibility for all sources of air pollution, other than mobile sources Respond to Nuisance Complaints 2
3 SCAQMD Jurisdiction L o s A n g e l e s C o u n t y S a n B e r n a r d i n o C o u n t y South Coast Basin: 4-county region 10,000 sq. miles Almost 17 million residents Millions of gasoline vehicles O r a n g e C o u n t y R i v e r s i d e C o u n t y Hundreds of thousands of diesel vehicles Combined Ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles = nation's largest cargo gateway 3
4 Airport Environmental Regulatory Authority Federal National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Aircraft Fuels/Emissions Standards EPA/FAA State (CA) California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Environmental Impact Report (EIR) Emissions Standards for GSE/APU
5 SCAQMD s Roles CEQA Early Consultation, Review, Provide Technical Data and Other Guidance, Provide Comments Incentivize Clean Technologies Adopt Fleet Regulations for Ground Access Vehicles Shuttles and Transit Buses Conduct Community Air Monitoring Studies
6 Mobile Sources Cause 80% of Criteria Air Pollution In South Coast Federal PM2.5 Standard Deadline: 2014 Other Sources 20% On-Road 39% Off-Road 41% 6
7 MATES-III Modeled Cancer Risk 7
8 MATES-III Modeled Cancer Risk Excluding Diesel Sources 8
9 AQMD Project Overview Part of a U.S. EPA Community-Scale Air Toxics Grant Characterize air toxics levels by monitoring in communities around general aviation airports (Santa Monica and Van Nuys) MATES III type sampling (long-term exposures) Two three month sampling periods (2006, 2007) Determine potential impact of airport emissions on measured pollutant levels
10 Santa Monica Airport Runways adjacent to neighborhoods Increased Number of Private Jet Traffic 10
11 Santa Monica Airport Sampling Sites Phase I Phase II 7 6 Complete Sampling Array (Site 1, 2, 3, 4, 7) Lead Monitoring& CO (Site 5, 6) 11
12 Santa Monica Airport Sampling Sites East Tarmac Site #3 Residence Site #2 12
13 Measurements TSP Lead and Hexavalent Chromium PM10 Mass and Carbon PM2.5 Mass & Components Continuous Particle Count (ultrafine) Volatile Organic Compounds (3 x 8 hour periods) Carbonyls (acetaldehyde, etc.) Continuous Carbon Monoxide Study occurred between November 2005 and March 2007 Nominal three months at each airport in two different seasons 13
14 Summary of Findings Lead levels in communities and near runways below new federal standards, but elevated at near runway sites Airport influence on CO, PM2.5, VOC, and carbonyl levels were not distinguishable for long term exposure Ultrafine particles (measured by number concentration) significantly elevated near runways during aircraft operations 14
15 Santa Monica Airport TSP Lead (ng/m 3 ) Phase I - Apr 06 - Jul 06, Phase II - Oct 06 - Feb / */77.0* 28.6/ / / / /5.8 NEW FEDERAL STANDARD (3 month ave.) = 150 ng/m 3 Downtown LA Average 9.5/13.1 Annual Basin Average
16 Santa Monica Continuous Number Concentrations July 07, 2006 Peaks in UF number concentration correspond to aircraft take-offs 16
17 Particulate Matter 17
18 Volatile Organic Compounds 18
19 Follow-up Study September 9, 2010 to October 5, 2010 Runway closure September 19 to 24, 2010 Additional measurements of ultrafine particles and black carbon Short-term exposure Relate to aircraft activity Provide basis for recommendations 19
20 Monitoring Locations Focus on near runway locations Indoors and outdoors at residence to measure particle infiltration Site # Location 1 East Tarmac 2 Ernst Residence (Backyard) 3 Ernst Residence (Living-room) 20
21 Results Runway closure Peaks in black carbon and UFP correspond to jet aircraft Much lower levels during runway closure Indoor levels much lower
22 Results Larger aircraft emit more UFP and black carbon East Tarmac peaks about twice as high relative to residence
23 Results Last two minutes of Hold (includes run-up) generally emitted the most UFP Take-off showed similar levels at East Tarmac and at Residence
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