To efficiency and beyond

Transcription

1 AIRAH ( ACT ) presentation To efficiency and beyond

2 Key drivers impacting today s HVAC choices Greenstar rating NABERS rating Mandatory disclosure

3 Life Cycle Cost of Buildings Energy represents a significant cost 3

4 What is driving energy cost upward? Australia has not been effective at managing growth in peak electricity demand Rapidly rising ii electricity it prices reflects the need for significant ifi capital investment to meet peak demand requirements Source: Energex Large Customer Forum Presentation September 2008 Energex website

5 Without significant behavioral change, electricity prices will continue to go in one direction $

6 Chiller manufacturers have made great strides in improving chiller peak efficiency and reducing overall energy consumption COP=7 Chiller COP trend (7.0) (6.5) COP=6 COP=5 COP= Recent gains through cycle efficiency

7 The Role of Technology in Minimizing Environmental Impact Over the last 25 years: Average chiller efficiency has improved over 35% Chiller leak rate has decreased well below 2% Newheatexchanger exchanger designs + Compressor enhancements + Cycle efficiency improvements 7

8 Significant gains in full llload efficiency through h advances in heat exchanger, compressor, and cycle efficiencies The biggest gain however has been in part load efficiency with the introduction of the variable ibl speed di drive

9 GWP Chiller Carbon Footprints 1980 s CFC Chiller 2000 s NH3 Chiller 1990 s HCFC Chiller 2000 s HFC Chiller 21,050 14,660 13,600 15,970 MT CO 2 MT CO 2 MT CO 2 MT CO 2.66 KW/TR 5% Leakage CFC Hours/year.60 KW/TR 2% Leakage HCFC Hours/year.56 KW/TR 2% Leakage HFC 134a 2000 Hours/year.60 KW/TR 2% Leakage R 717 (NH3) 2000 Hours/year 35% Reduction Rd Variable speed drives have enjoyed a higher uptake in today s HFC chillers

10 Over 30 years of chiller development with advanced VSD technology Generation 5 (2010s) Generation 4 (2000s) Generation 3 (1990s) Generation 2 (1986) Generation 1 (1979) Significant Innovations in VSD technology YORK TM OptiSpeed TM VSD

11 Full Load Vs. Annual Load Chiller 58% Chiller Fans 33% 43% Fans 24% Pumps 13% Design Performance Tower 5% Pumps 22% Annual Energy Usage Tower 2% A historical focus on chiller full load efficiency [COP/EER] Increased focus today on Reduction of total plant energy Reduction of air and water transport energy Chiller part load efficiency [IPLV] 11

12 Tools used to identify the most appropriate chiller technology Constant condenser vs ARI relief Load % time entering condenser water temperature IPLV without ARI relief with ARI relief 100% % % % Constant high ambient wb climates Seasonal climates Most important What is the jobsite location and weather data?

13 ARI standardized weighting of hours at part load conditions determines the IPLV (integrated part load value) 1 IPLV = A B C D Where: A = efficiency 85 F ECWT ( 29.5C) B = 75% 75 F ECWT ( 23.9 C) C = 50% 65 F ECWT ( 18.3 C) D = 25% 65 F ECWT ( 18.3 C) Average chiller load = 58 % 13

14 How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant? YK Chiller with VSD Performance Loading has little effect on efficiency [~ 10%] 14

15 How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant? YK Chiller with VSD Performance Loading has little effect on efficiency i [~ 10%] Lift has significant effect on efficiency [~ 50%] 15

16 What is lift? Pressure 35C Condenser Refrigerant rejects heat to atmosphere Lift = Differential Pressure Metering Device Compressor Evaporator 6.7C Refrigerant absorbs heat from load Enthalpy 16

17 How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant? Chiller Energy UsageAnalogy Constant Speed Driven Chillers 17

18 How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant? Chiller Energy UsageAnalogy Constant Speed Driven Chillers Load (weight of rock) 18

19 How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant? Chiller Energy UsageAnalogy Constant Speed Driven Chillers Lift (height of mountain) Load (weight of rock) 19

20 How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant? Chiller Energy UsageAnalogy Constant Speed Driven Chillers 100% Lift ENE ERGY Load (weight of rock) (height of mountain) 0% 20

21 How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant? Chiller Energy UsageAnalogy Constant Speed Driven Chillers 100% ENE ERGY Load (weight of rock) Design Lift Lift (height of mountain) 0% 21

22 How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant? Chiller Energy UsageAnalogy Constant Speed Driven Chillers 100% Condenser Temp. ENE ERGY Load (weight of rock) Design Lift Lift (height of mountain) 0% Evaporator ato Temp. 22

23 How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant? Chiller Energy UsageAnalogy Constant Speed Driven Chillers 100% Condenser Temp. 85 F (29.5 C) ECWT ENE ERGY Load (weight of rock) 0% Evaporator a o Temp. 44 F (6.7 C) LCHWT Design Lift 23

24 How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant? Chiller Energy UsageAnalogy Constant Speed Driven Chillers Condenser Temp. 85 F (29.5 C) ECWT 70% ENE ERGY Load (weight of rock) Off De esign Lift 55 F (12.8 C) ECWT 0% Evaporator a o Temp. 44 F (6.7 C) LCHWT 24

25 How Can You Save Energy in an HVAC Central Plant? Chiller Energy Usage Analogy Variable Speed Driven Chillers Condenser Temp. 85 F (29.5 C) ECWT ENE ERGY 50% 0% Variable Speed Drive Load (weight of rock) Off De esign Lift 55 F (12.8 C) ECWT Evaporator a o Temp. 44 F (6.7 C) LCHWT 25

26 Variable Speed Drives save energy and reduce noise Constant Speed Variable Speed 2 6

27 Slow down and save energy

28 The Purpose of Variable Speed Drives Starts & stops the motor Significantly reduces inrush current to less than full load amps Corrects power factor close to unity Reduces utility electrical demand Regulates compressor speed to provide the most efficient chiller operation, reducing part load energy consumption 2 8

29 Why VSD? Comparative Energy Performance Fixed vs Variable Speed Comparison at AHRI conditions % Load ECWT LWT %SAVED % energy reduction depending upon climate

30 Low inrush current with VSD < 100% FLA 30

31 Superior power factor 0.95 power factor (std VSD) 0.98 power factor VSD with active IEEE electronic filter power factor non VSD 31

32 what power factor means total energy provided from supply 100 KW 116 KVA actual work PF = KVAR Consumed energy to generate magnetic field 100 KW 105 KVA 33 KVAR PF = KW 102 KVA 20 KVAR PF = 0.98 Use less power by 3.2% compared to std VSD and > 12% compared to fixed speed motor 32

33 Variable Speed Drives Low Voltage Liquid Cooled Unit Mounted VSD YMC² Magnetic Centrifugal YK Single Compressor 3 3

34 Variable Speed Drives Medium Voltage (MV) VSD through 6, Volts YK Single Compressor YK EP Centrifugal with Economizer 3 4

35 Variable Speed Drives Higher Voltage MV VSD from 10, to 13,800 Volts YK Single Compressor 3 5

36 What if jobsite specific conditions don t represent chiller operation at conditions i as determined by ARI IPLV vs NPLV Integrated part load value Non standard part load value ( at ARI standard dconditions) ( not at ARI standard dconditions)

37 What if specific chiller technologies allow reliable chiller operation at conditions other than those determined by ARI Entering condenser water temperature Entering condenser water temperature 29.5C 29.5C = 11.2 C = 19.5 C 18.3C = 11.4 C 10.6C = C 6.7 C 6.7C Leaving chilled water temperature Reduced lift operating range (conventional technology) Leaving chilled water temperature Low lift operating range (unique technology)

38 Why VSD? Comparative Energy Performance Fixed vs Variable Speed Comparison at AHRI conditions % Load ECWT LWT What if ambient conditions permitted minimum condenser water temperatures below those determined by ARI?

39 Why VSD? Comparative Energy Performance Fixed vs Variable Speed Comparison at AHRI conditions % Load ECWT LWT What if ambient conditions permitted minimum condenser water temperatures below those determined by ARI and the design also incorporated a chilled water reset strategy?

40 Low lift operation saves even more energy Slow down and save energy

41 York YK performance data deleted for more information contact Johnson Controls

42 New technologies YMC² Centrifugal Chillers Permanent magnet motor Active magnetic bearings Oil free system 4 2

43 YMC² YORK Magnetic Centrifugal Chillers Driveline Design Permanent Magnet Motor Permanent Magnet Motor YK Aero Section 43

44 YMC² YORK Magnetic Centrifugal Chillers Performance Improving Efficiency OptiSpeed VSD refining efficiency Permanent magnet motor with active magnetic bearings York YMC 2 performance data deleted for more information contact Johnson Controls 44

45 Th hi h t l l f l t f i The highest levels of plant performance require modern state of the art VSD chillers

46 There are many types of Variable Speed Drive Chillers SCREW CENTRIFUGAL 46

47 Design is a key component of the optimization process Maintain Measure & Verify Operating Decisions Optimize System Automate System Design Decisions Apply components effectively, optimally Select components effectively, optimally Design system infrastructure to max efficiency potential

48 Can we configure chillers differently to improve the overall efficiency of the plant? Can we further reduce demandd and Can we further reduce energy

49 Parallel chillers (conventional design) 12.5C 7C CHILLED WATER 35C 29C CONDENSER WATER 12.5C 7C CHILLED WATER 35C 29C CONDENSER WATER 35 7 = 28 x 2 = 56

50 Wide delta T low chilled water flow system design 12.5 / / / 5.0 Design delta T 5.5C 7.5C 9.5C T Difference 0 2C 4C % Flow Difference 0 2/7.5 =27% 4/9.5 = 42% Low flow chilled water systems save considerable pump energy

51 Parallel chillers (low flow design) 14.5C 5C (can include variable primary flow) CHILLED WATER 35C 29C CONDENSER WATER 14.5C 5C CHILLED WATER 35C 29C CONDENSER WATER = 60 10% more chiller energy 42% less chilled pump energy

52 Series chillers (caninclude variable primaryflow) 14.5C 9.75C 5C CHILLED WATER 35C 29C 35C 29C CONDENSER WATER = = = % chiller energy 42% less chilled pump energy

53 Series counterflow chillers (can include variable primary flow) 14.5C 9.75C 5C CHILLED WATER COOLING TOWER 35C 32C 29C = = = % less chiller energy 42% less chilled pump energy

54 Series counterflow (how it works) k) Pressure Pressure Condenser Condenser 2 Compressor Lift 2 Condenser 1 Evaporator 2 Compressor 2 Evaporator Lift 1 Evaporator 1 Compressor 1 Enthalpy Enthalpy Improvements in cycle efficiency Improvements in cycle efficiency (system design vs chiller design)

55 Variable condenser flow 35C 31.75C 28.5C Series condensers Revise delta T to address extra delta P 100% to min % design flow minimum flow (must maintain turbulence)

56 Series counterflow chillers Towers sized for 6.5 C approach Canberra design = 19C wb and 6.5 C range (can include variable primary flow) 14.5C 9.75C 5C CHILLED WATER COOLING TOWER 32C 28.75C 25.5C = % less chiller energy 42% less chilled pump energy

57 All variable speed plant..the new paradigm

58 Automation is a key component of the optimization process Maintain Its not working! Please help us Operating Decisions i Measure & Verify Optimize System Automate System We can do that! Already optimized! Design Decisions Apply components effectively, optimally Select components effectively, optimally Design system infrastructure to max efficiency potential

59 All variable speed plant key optimization functions 1. Condenser water setpoint reset / tower chiller optimization 2. Chilled water setpoint reset 3. Variable chilled water flow ( VPF) 4. Variable condenser water flow 5. System differential pressure setpoint reset 6. Energy based staging algorithms 59

60 CPO 10 Metasys based Chiller Plant Optimization The chiller manufacturer knows best how to get the most from their chiller (system). 60

61 Variable primary flow Select chillers based on tube velocity Select chillers based on tube velocity Select for good turndown range Manage rate of change

62 Project specific slides deleted for more information contact t Johnson Controls

63 Summary VSD chillers Low lift capability Variable primary flow Series counter flow Optimization system Measure & verify

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65 Question Period