Part 1: Biomes & ecosystems

Transcription

1 Science 10 Name: Part 1: Biomes & ecosystems Biomes (Chapter 3.1) are regions with similar & components (ex. BC & New Zealand are similar biomes because they are similar and they have similar wildlife) are classified based on many characteristics:, &. Distribution of Biomes & are 2 of the most important in identifying biomes. Other identifying factors include: influences both temperature &. Ex. The tropical zone has very warm temperature & high precipitation because the air holds more moisture than cooler air. is the height above sea level Higher elevations have less air & therefore less heat is retained. Windward sides of mountains are wet, leeward sides are very dry. carry & to coastal areas. Where warm currents meet land, biomes are found. 1

2 Climatographs : the average pattern of weather conditions over a period of several years. A climatograph shows the & for a location over a period of 30+ years. Climatographs show the on the left hand, on the right hand and along the (bottom) Types of adaptations (Chapter 3.2) 1. - a feature that helps an organism survive. ex. A wolf has to help it run in snow a event inside the body of an organism that allows it to survive. ex. A wolf maintains a constant body temperature a that helps an organism to survive. ex. Wolves hunt in packs to capture large prey. 2

3 Assignment: Chapter 1 key terms Read text pages: 3.1 (pages 51-59) Ecosystems (Chapter 2.1) a part of a biome in which (non-living) factors interact with (living) components Can be many hectares of land, or the size of an old log. Within an ecosystem, there are many (the natural home or environment of an, or other organism.) Abiotic Interactions in Ecosystems It is the components that allow the components to survive in an. Abiotic factors include: - produced by green plants & micro-organisms. - necessary for all life. - for growth. - required for photosynthesis. - contains water & nutrients. 3

4 Biotic Interactions in Ecosystems : all organisms that interact within an ecosystem. : all members of a certain species within an ecosystem. : all organisms within an ecosystem that have the same structure & who can reproduce with each other (and produce fertile offspring). Symbiosis (Chapter 2.3) can have many types of relationships in a population. refers to the interaction between the members of two different species. - one species benefits, one is not affected For example, the barnacles on a whale - both species benefit For example, a bee gathering nectar from a flower - one species benefits, the other is harmed For example, hookworm living in dogs Niches, Competition and Predation (page 68) : the an organism has within an ecosystem. In other words: The or of a given organism within its ecosystem : occurs when a limited resource is desired by 2 or more individuals in a niche. this limits the size & health of individual organisms, & perhaps the population. : the relationship between the eaters & the eaten. have adaptations to help them catch prey. Prey have adaptations to help avoid predators. 4

5 Eg. spines & shells, camouflage and mimicry. Biodiversity in Ecosystems (page 64) : the variety & number of different individuals & species in an ecosystem. ecosystems generally have biodiversity. Most biodiversity losses occur from the. often have a impact on biodiversity. Assignment: Read text 2.1 (pages 21-23), 2.3 (pages 30-31), part of 3.3 (page 68 only), and page 64. Types of symbiosis WS Do 1.2 Biotic Interactions WS *****QUIZ COMING***** Part 2: Energy Flow & Nutrient Cycles in Ecosystems Energy Flow in Ecosystems (Chapters 2.2 & 2.4) is the total mass of all living things in a given area. (measured in g/m 2 or kg/m 2) Organisms interact with the by: 1. from the ecosystem 2. to the ecosystem Energy Flow in Ecosystems are called because they make carbohydrates during. CO 2 + H 2 O + sunlight C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 5

6 get their energy by on producers or other consumers. break-down wastes & dead organisms, through the process of. Energy Flow & Energy Loss in Ecosystems Methods to represent moving through ecosystems: : show the flow of in an ecosystem. : represent food chains. They model the feeding in an ecosystem : show the changes in available energy from one trophic level to another in a food chain. They re also called. Food Chains Each step is a = 1st trophic level = 2nd trophic level = 3rd trophic level = 4th trophic level 6

7 Consumers in a can be classified as: 1. ( ) - obtain energy & nutrients from organisms & matter. w they have their own, separate & they feed on every trophic level. w Eg. small insects, earthworms, bacteria & fungi 2. - primary consumers w eat (producers) only w Ex. Horse eating hay 3. - secondary or tertiary consumers w Secondary consumers eat non-producers (herbivores) Eg. Frog eating a grasshopper w Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers also called top predators, top carnivores or top consumers Eg. Lions eating humans 4. - consumers that eat both plants & animals Eg. include humans and bears Food Webs Most organisms are part of many. in a food web represent the flow of. 7

8 Following the arrows leads to the top carnivore(s). Food Pyramids (Chapter 2.5) enters at the (producers), where there is a large amount of & therefore a lot of energy It takes large quantities of organisms in one tropic level to meet the energy needs of the next trophic level. of energy taken in by consumers is used in in the body, or is lost as. The amount of life an ecosystem can sustain is based on the bottom level of the, where producers capture energy from the sun. This shows the importance of maintaining large, populations at the lowest levels of the food pyramid. 8

9 Assignment: Key terms 2 Worksheet Read text 2.2 (pages 25-28), 2.4 (pages 33-36), and 2.5 (pages 39-40) Do food chains, food webs, & food pyramids WS do Energy Flow Vocab. & Energy Transfer WS Nutrient Cycles in Ecosystems (Chapter 4.1) the flow of nutrients and of the land, ocean, atmosphere and deep rock. The health of our ecosystems depends on the balance of: o The Carbon Cycle (Chapter 4.2) A. Carbon Facts: is found in all matter. Places that carbon is found are called. Short-term Stores Long-term Stores 9

10 B. How Carbon Changes Form: 1. (in plants, algae and cyanobacteria) Ø CO 2 + H 2 O + sunlight C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 2. (in cells of all living things) Ø C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + ENERGY (energy is used for etc.) 3. (rotting) done by bacteria/fungi Ø cellulose à CO 2 4. : moves CO 2 around the world Ø CO 2 sinks in cold ocean waters à flows to the warm equator and evaporates into the air. 5. : (burning, engines, volcanoes, forest fires) Ø fossil fuels + O 2 à CO 2 + H 2 O + ENERGY Ø (fossil fuels: oil, gas, natural gas, coal) C. Human Activities & CO 2 1. CO 2 in atmosphere has increased 30% in past 160 years. In the 160,000 years before that, it only increased 1-3%. 10

11 is removed from long-term storage as we mine coal & drill for oil and gas. CO 2 is also a, (traps heat in atmosphere) 2. Trees CO 2, so when they are cut down, CO 2 is into the air. Other crops don t remove as much CO 2 The Nitrogen Cycle (Chapter 4.3) A. Nitrogen Facts Makes up (muscle function). Help grow. Where Nitrogen is Found: (78% is N 2 ) Oceans Organic matter in Lakes, marshes, organisms B. How Nitrogen Changes Form: - is not usable by plants or animals, so it has to be converted to other forms. - Plants can use and 1. - Lightning changes: à - Rain washes into soil. (small amount) 11

12 - Bacteria in soil (rhizobium) & cyanobacteria in water change à (more) 2. NH 4 + (ammonium) à à NO 3 - (nitrate) 3. is sucked into plants & used for growth. Herbivores eat plants & use for making proteins &. 4. (done by denitrifying bacteria & volcanic eruptions) NO 3 - à C. Human activities affect the nitrogen cycle. The amount of nitrogen in the ecosystem has doubled in 50 years due to: 1. & sewage treatment. NO & are byproducts 2. by burning. acid rain is formed which contains nitric acid (HNO 3 ) NH 4 & NO - 3 leach into soil & waterways. huge growth in aquatic algae = These use up all CO 2 & O 2, block & produce neurotoxins which many aquatic organisms. 12

13 Assignment: Read text 4.1 (pages 83-84), 4.2 (86-90), 4.3 (pages 92-94) Do 2.2 Nitrogen Definitions & Nutrients T/F WS The Phosphorous Cycle (Chapter 4.5) A. Phosphorous Facts Phosphorous is a part of the molecule that carries in cells (ATP). Phosphorous helps root growth, stem strength and seed production. In animals, phosphorous is important for. Where Phosphorous is Found: in atmosphere, but in phosphate (PO 3 4, HPO 2 4, H 2 PO 4 ) and sediments on the. B. How Phosphorous Changes Form. 1. (à breaking down rock into smaller pieces). a) weathering: acid rain or lichens releases phosphates (PO 3-4 ) b) weathering: wind, water and freezing release the phosphates. 2. : plants suck up, then are eaten by animals. 3. : Bacteria break down organic matter & phosphorous is returned to soil. 4. : when rocks under the ground are pushed up à mountains à weathering. C. Human activities affect the Phosphorous Cycle. 1. : increases P in ecosystems quickly. 2. : turns P into ash, which runs into waterways. How Changes in Nutrient Cycles Affect Biodiversity 13

14 Any significant changes to any of these nutrients (C, H, O, N or P) can greatly impact. 1. changes à climate change & global warming. 2. Too much can allow certain plant species to out-compete other species. 3. Decreased levels of à slow growth of algae (important producers). Assignment: Read text 4.5 (pages 98-99) Assignment: do 2.2 Nutrient Cycles WS use Data Book Effect of Bioaccumulation on Ecosystems (Chapter 5.3) are valuable of environmental health because they re sensitive to chemical changes. Since the 80s the world amphibian population has declined & birth deformities have increased. This may be due to:, increased UV rays,, habitat loss, parasites &. Bioaccumulation : a slow build up of chemicals in the bodies of organisms. If bioaccumulation occurs in a, it can affect every other organism in its far reaching. Eg. bioaccumulation of PCBs in the B.C. Orcas. will affect the cycles of Orcas until at least 2030, even though they were banned in : Pollutants in Ecosystem 14

15 Chemicals like and & other insecticides are called persistent organic pollutants ( ). POPs contain, & remain in water & soil for many years, even at low levels ( ) causes nervous, immune & reproductive system disorders in animals. ppm = This is a way of expressing of substances. Just as per cent means out of a hundred, so parts per million or ppm means out of a million. also. Lead, cadmium & mercury are the most dangerous. is not considered safe at any level, it can cause anemia, nervous & reproductive system damage. is toxic to earthworms & causes many health problems in fish. causes lung diseases, cancer, nervous & immune system damage in humans (exposure to cigarette smoke). Ø enters ecosystems through burning of fossil fuels, waste incineration, mining & the manufacture of batteries. Coal burning adds 40% of the mercury released. Mercury in the brain, heart & kidneys of many animals (Fish mercury, adding risk for any organisms eating fish). Ø Reducing the effects of chemical pollution If chemicals are trapped in the soil, they cannot enter the as easily. 15

16 : micro-organisms or plants are used to help clean up, and are then removed from the ecosystem. Eg. The oil industry will often use bacteria to oil spills. Biomagnification : the consumers in each trophic level receive doses of accumulated chemicals than the one before it. Ø The bioaccumulation of PCBs begins with the of the chemicals by microscopic plants and algae. Assignment: Read 5.3 (pages ) and 5.2 (pages ) do Bioaccumulation & PCB s & the Orca WS do Heavy metals w.s ******QUIZ COMING****** Part 3: Natural and Artificial Changes in Ecosystems How Changes Occur Naturally in Ecosystems (Chapter 3.2) - process where individuals with advantages are better able to reproduce and pass along their traits. A salmon with a smaller tail may never have a chance to spawn because it can t swim to the correct location. Example: The Finches of the Galapagos Islands (off the coast of Ecuador) Finches: There are 13 species on the island All the species are descended from on the mainland. Each species has unique characteristics that allows them to thrive in their own niche, and not compete with other finches for resources. 16

17 - a form of natural selection when many different species appear from one original species. Succession (Pages 71-72) 1) Steps of a. Starts with bare rock. b. Wind carries spores of that can survive on bare rock. c. breaks down rock à soil begins to form d. make/improve soil e. other plants can grow f. animals appear g. form a (stable and change slowly) 17

18 are the first organisms to survive and reproduce. Examples: 2. Succession: when an area already has soil, but has had a like a forest or. Happens more than primary because there are already seeds, insects, worms etc., in the soil. Disturbances that Might Cause Secondary Succession (Chapter 5.1) Leads to, spread of pollutants and harmful bacteria associated with and global warming may be increasing incidents of flooding. A occurs when huge waves from large earthquakes, flood coastal areas. Most insects are helpful, but when normal conditions change, infestations can occur. Example: Mountain Pine Beetle: Usually it is not a problem it helps remove old trees, but. in our forests in BC there are a lot of old trees, the climate is warming, and the bugs are not dying in the winter. -Pine beetle has blue stain fungus in its mouthparts, which it transmits to the trees ( ). -Fungus slows down resin production on trees so the beetle can the tree more easily. Assignment: 18

19 Read text 3.2 (pages 61-65), pages 71-72, 5.1 ( ) Key Terms 3 Do Change in Ecosystem WS Do Primary and Secondary Succession WS How Humans Influence Ecosystems (Chapters 5.4) Human intrusion has caused many BC wetlands to disappear. In the past 100 years up to 70% of the wetlands in the lower Fraser Valley have been lost. are special ecosystems that contain completely soil for long periods of time. wetlands contain high, and also filter many impurities out of the water. because they hold large amounts of water, they can help prevent. Sustainability of Ecosystems Definition #1: The ability for an to maintain ecological processes. ie. the ecosystem stays Definition #2: using an ecosystem to meet their needs today without reducing the function or health of the ecosystem in the future Sustainable practices, healthy ecosystems. The Effects of Land and Resource Use All of the land around us, even in cities, was once a part of an. We use the land for things like, agriculture, industry, mining and forestry refers to the ways we obtain and use naturally occurring materials. 19

20 Most products you use every day involve the use of some natural resources in their production. Habitat Loss Humans have impacted natural over the past 150 years. because of human expansion, or fragmented. is the splitting of large habitats into many ones, resulting in disrupted natural activities for plants and animals. The Effects of Deforestation is the clearing or logging of forests for human use. some land is never reclaimed or replanted. agricultural crops that are planted are often one species = This, and leaves the crop vulnerable to pests or disease., of many plant species, are more economically and biologically diverse. is still occurring in many tropical rainforests. Deforestation results in (moving wind & water erode topsoil & leave bare land behind). : the upper layer of soil, is where most of the nutrients, water and air are found for plant growth. The Effects of Agriculture In fields left without crops, water & wind can cause. In wet areas the soil can become. 20

21 Soil particles are squeezed together This is due to farm animals or vehicles. There is no room for to enter the soil. Because of water runs off the soil instead of soaking in. causes leaching of water and nutrients., which involves removing small plugs of soil, loosens soil & can reduce run-off. Resource Exploitation: = Humans depend on resource exploitation for jobs, materials, food, shelter and energy. Exploitation can lead to habitat loss, soil degradation & contamination of water supplies. Many mining and resource exploitations require efforts. attempts to reduce environmental impacts of exploitation, and tries to restore the original (or at least functional) habitats. Overexploitation: the extraction of resources until they are. Can result in Example: passenger pigeon Food webs can be greatly affected for long periods of time especially in species (species that greatly influence the population numbers and health of an ecosystem) 21

22 Traditional Ecological Knowledge: In Aboriginal cultures it is passed down from. Assignment: This knowledge reveals what conditions were like, and also how the ecosystem and humans interact. Knowledge is found in, songs, cultural beliefs,, community laws and traditional practices. Current ecological and usage guidelines often involve this traditional knowledge from Aboriginal representatives. Traditions such as the Spring burn allow for ecological renewal., enforced in BC for over 100 years, has led to recent issues like the mountain pine beetle infestation and huge wildfire losses. Read Text 5.4 (pages ) Do Sustainability WS How Introduced Species Affect Ecosystems (pages 69-70) naturally live in an area. (aka foreign species, non-native species, exotic species or alien species). they have been introduced accidentally (& on purpose) here over the past 400 years due to immigration. Many of these species are harmless, even beneficial. Invasive Species : are introduced species that often take advantage of their new habitat. 22

23 They may have no, are aggressive, & reproduce. Eg. Purple Loosestrife, negatively impacts native species, and often reduces as a result. The Impact of Introduced Species : one species takes away resources from another. : if the is a, it may have a huge advantage, as the may have no methods to survive. : by weakening certain species, a micro-organism invading an ecosystem can drastically alter the entire ecosystem and the niches within it. : some can change the physical structure of the ecosystem by digging, burrowing, blocking sunlight or changing the chemistry of the ecosystem. Saving an Ecosystem Under Siege (This means saving an ecosystem that is not doing well) It often takes human intervention to save established ecosystems. Assignment: Example: The Garry Oak Ecosystem Recovery Team (GOERT) is trying to save several areas of the Garry Oak ecosystem in BC because Garry Oak trees are a and they may be better suited to survive in the future than Douglas fir forests. Example: Scotch broom, English ivy and other plant species are its biggest threats. Read text Do the impact of introduced invasive species WS and invasive species in BC WS 23

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