Conversion of Agricultural Drainage Ditches into Treatment Wetlands
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1 Conversion of Agricultural Drainage Ditches into Treatment Wetlands Bryan Largay Hydrologist Resource Conservation District of Monterey County Salinas, CA 2005 California Nonpoint Source Pollution Conference
2 Conversion of Agricultural Drainage Ditches into Treatment Wetlands Monterey County Growers Monterey County Landowners U C Santa Cruz Center for Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems U C Davis Granite Canyon Marine Pollution Studies Laboratory USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service
3 A New Program for Improving Water Quality The Opportunity Design Elements Barriers to Overcome
4 Program Support State Water Resources Control Board Clean Water Act Section 319(h) Grant Program Environmental Project Funds: Community Foundation for Monterey County & Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board Cooperating landowners and growers
5 Treatment Wetlands: Plants are the Catalyst
6 Constructed surface water wetland sediment trap vegetation water control structure FLOW Profile view RCD of Monterey County Conversion of Agricultural Drainage Ditches to Treatment Wetlands
7 Northern Monterey County 12 TMDL listed water bodies Diverse land use
8 Healthy food, community, environment Vegetables and fruits $3 Billion in Produce Long time residents History of partnership
9 Program Goals and Strategies Keys for performance Identify and remove barriers Demonstration projects Optimize performance Communicate findings
10 Program Water Quality Goals Nitrogen Turbidity Phosphorous Suspended sediment Pesticides Fecal coliform Water column toxicity
11 Efficacy: Fecal coliform Fecal Coliform (colonies/100 ml) 1,000,000 10, Percent Reduction Long term water quality standard (CA DHS) Data: Kadlec and Knight, Treatment Wetlands Inflow Outflow RCD of Monterey County Conversion of Agricultural Drainage Ditches to Treatment Wetlands
12 Efficacy: Pesticides & Toxicity Pesticide Reduction Toxicity Reduction chlorpyrifos 83 to 99% 90% (Dursban, Lorsban) diazinon 95% not reported methyl parathion 99% 90 to 95% azinphos-methyl 77 to 99% 90 to 99% (Guthion) endosulfan 90% not reported (Thiodan) Mixtures of Compounds not reported 40 to 90% Sources: Schulz, 2004 J. Environmental Quality, Vol. 33. Tsukano, 1986, J. Contaminant Hydrology, Vol. 1.
13 Why field ditches? Length to width ratio Close to source Minimal ecologic functions Minimize lost ground
14 Plants: Form is Function Submerged aquatic vegetation Highest surface area Maximize pesticide removal
15 Plants: Form is Function Emergent vegetation Oxygenate water Nitrify ammonium Retain phosphorous
16 Plants: Form is Function Floating vegetation Shade Marsh Pennywort Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Isolate water column Host denitrification Photo: Richard Torrens,
17 Keys to performance: Reference sites
18 Keys to performance: Reference sites Nitrate-N (mg/l) Channel Length (feet)
19 Keys to performance: Reference sites Soluble Phosphorous (mg/l) Channel Length (feet)
20 Goal: Nitrate Removal Adaptive management of oxygen Residence time to reduce nitrate 50% Model: Crites and Tchobanoglous, 1998, Small and Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems, p.445 Residence Time (days) dissolved oxygen (mg/l)
21 Goal: Nitrate Removal Adaptive management of carbon Residence time to reduce nitrate 50% Model: Crites and Tchobanoglous, 1998, Small and Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems, p.445 Residence Time (days) volatile suspended solids (mg/l)
22 Adaptive Management Physical Parameters Depth and width* Flow rate Hydroperiod* Residence time* Specific conductivity Storm hydrographs Suspended sediment Temperature Turbidity Water table elevation* Chemical Parameters Biological oxygen demand Dissolved oxygen*, diurnal Dissolved organic carbon Nitrate, ammonium, total nitrogen Ortho-phosphate, SRP, total P Organophosphate pesticides ph Suspended sediment bound pesticides Biologic Parameters Mosquito populations* Pest plant/insect presence Plant cover and type* Water toxicity
23 Barriers to adoption: Why Clean Ditches? Sedimentation Flooding Water table Weeds Pests Food safety issues Mosquitoes Increased risk of regulatory action
24 Barrier: Sedimentation & Flooding Strategy: Site selection Too Much Water Too Much Sediment
25 Barrier: Sedimentation & Flooding Strategy: Tile drainage ditches Low stormwater peaks Low sediment yield Steady flow
26 Barrier: Weeds & Pests Strategies: Native grasses Bare Banks
27 Barrier: Food Safety Issues Strategies: Plant Selection Site Specific Solutions e.g. silt fences Meet the needs of our cooperators Photo: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge
28 Barrier: Wetlands = regulation Strategies: Avoid drainages that are jurisdictional Explicit permit language Do not create high quality habitat
29 Barrier: Water quality data, Privacy Strategies: Negotiate explicit confidentiality rules Risk of regulation Finance work with other funding sources Data: Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute LOBO Program, Site: Elkhorn Slough Channel
30 Voluntary Conversion of Agricultural Drainage Ditches into Treatment Wetlands
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