The Long-Term Effects of High NH4 +/NO3 - Ratios on Wheat Growth and Nitrification in Hydroponic Culture
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1 Utah State University Hydroponics/Soilless Media Research 1999 The LongTerm Effects of High NH4 /NO3 Ratios on Wheat Growth and Nitrification in Hydroponic Culture D. J. Muhlestein Utah State University T. Hooten Utah State University J. M. Norton Utah State University Bruce Bugbee Utah State University, Follow this and additional works at: Part of the Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Muhlestein, D. J.; Hooten, T.; Norton, J. M.; and Bugbee, Bruce, "The LongTerm Effects of High NH4 /NO3 Ratios on Wheat Growth and Nitrification in Hydroponic Culture" (1999). Hydroponics/Soilless Media. Paper 6. This Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by the Research at It has been accepted for inclusion in Hydroponics/Soilless Media by an authorized administrator of For more information, please contact
2 The LongTerm Effects of High NH 4 /NO 3 Ratios on Wheat Growth and Nitrification in Hydroponic Culture D.J. Muhlestein, T. Hooten, J.M. Norton, and B. Bugbee Utah State University Plants, Soils, & Biometeorology
3 All Cells Must Maintain Charge Balance ROOT NO 3 NH 4 OH H Raises ph by 12 units Lowers ph by 12 units
4 Techniques for Alleviating NH 4 Toxicity Control rhizosphere acidity by addition of a base (Henry and Raper, 1989)
5 ROOT NO 3 NH 4 Ca 2 Ca 2 K K Favors cation uptake Inhibits cation uptake
6 Techniques for Alleviating NH 4 Toxicity Control rhizosphere acidity by addition of a base (Henry and Raper, 1989) Alleviate K deficiencies by adding excess K (Ajayi et al., 1970)
7 ROOT NO 3 NH 4 Ca 2 SO 4 2 Cl Ca 2 SO 4 2 Cl Favors cation uptake Inhibits cation uptake
8 Techniques for Alleviating NH 4 Toxicity Control rhizosphere acidity by addition of a base (Henry and Raper, 1989) Alleviate K deficiencies by adding excess K (Ajayi et al., 1970) Providing Cl (counter ion) may increase Ca 2 uptake (Koenig and Pan, 1996)
9 ROOT Carbohydrates NO 3 Assimilation in either root or leaves Must be assimilated in the root NH 4
10 Techniques for Alleviating NH 4 Toxicity Control rhizosphere acidity by addition of a base (Henry and Raper, 1989) Alleviate K deficiencies by adding excess K (Ajayi et al., 1970) Providing Cl (counter ion) may increase Ca 2 uptake (Koenig and Pan, 1996) Prevent carbohydrate deficiencies by maintaining constant temperature and light levels (Lavoie et al., 1992)
11 Objectives Determine the longterm effects of high NH 4 on growth, yield, and nutrient uptake Determine the importance of SO 2 4 vs. Cl as counterbalancing ions with NH 4 Quantify nitrification
12 Automated Nutrient Control System ph Control NH4 & Nutrient Maintenance Randomized 15% NH4 80% NH4Cl 80% (NH4)2SO4 NO3 Control
13 Total Biomass (g m 2 ) Yield (g m 2 ) Harvest Index Vegetative Biomass ns p=0.70 Yield ns p=0.99 Harvest Index p=0.04 a b b Veery10 USULine 10 Cultivar a b b 2 Replicate Trials Root Zone Treatments 15% NH 4 80% NH 4 Cl 80% (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4
14 Seed p=0.08 ns 2 Replicate Trials % Ca Root Zone Treatments Vegetative Biomass p=0.004 a a 15% NH 4 80% NH 4 Cl 80% (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 % Ca b b b b Veery10 USULine 10 Cultivar
15 Nitrification NH 4 NO 2 NO 3 Ammonium oxidizers such as Nitrosomonas Nitrite oxidizers such as Nitrobacter Microbial optimum ph Plant optimum ph 5.8
16 Nitrification in Hydroponics Padgett and Leonard reported that conversion of NH 4 to NO 3 by nitrifying organisms is a significant problem in NH 4 based solutions in hydroponics Plant Physiology (1993) Nitrification would be beneficial in NASA Advanced Life Support
17 Materials And Methods (Nitrification Study) 3 x 2 Factorial (4 Reps) ph 5.8 or 7.0 Inoculated or not inoculated Planted or not planted 15 NO 3 addition to quantify nitrification rates (isotopic dilution)
18 AIR PUMP Diatomaceous Earth
19 L 1 µmol NO 3 L 1 µmol NO ph 5.8 ph 7.0 Planted No Inoc. Planted Inoc. Unplanted Inoc. Unplanted No Inoc. Planted Inoc. Unplanted Inoc. Unplanted No Inoc. Planted No Inoc Days after Inoculation Inoculated Not Inoculated
20 Isotopic Dilution 4950 Days after Inoculation 14 NH 4 Nitrifiers 14 NO 3 15 NO 3 14 NO 3 15 NO 3
21 ph 5.8 Planted Not Planted GPR (µmol L 1 hr 1 ) GCR (µmol L 1 hr 1 ) Inoculated 9.10 (SD = 0.20) Not Inoculated 8.80 (SD = 0.38) Inoculated (SD = 2.89) Not Inoculated (SD = 3.51) (SD = 6.85) (SD = 7.92) (SD = 3.65) 6.70 (SD = 7.09) ph 7.0 Planted Not Planted Inoculated 8.66 (SD = 3.05) Not Inoculated 7.33 (SD = 0.50) Inoculated (SD = 2.34) Not Inoculated (SD = 3.69) (SD = 4.73) (SD = 11.27) (SD = 10.11) (SD = 11.80)
22 Conclusions Wheat can be grown in high NH 4 with little effect on growth and yield Counter ion had no effect on Ca 2 uptake in these studies Inoculation with nitrifying microorganisms may help alleviate high NH 4 problems
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