gasification technologies for Fluidized bed combustion and near-zero emission Edited by Fabrizio Scala Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy: Number 59

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1 Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy: Number 59 Fluidized bed technologies for near-zero emission combustion and gasification Edited by Fabrizio Scala WP WOODHEAD PUBLISHING Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi

2 Contents Contributor contact details Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy Preface xv xxi xxvii Part I Introduction to fluidization science and technology 1 1 Overview of fluidization science and fluidized bed technologies 3 M. Horio, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan 1.1 Introduction Fluidization as a fundamental phenomenon and its formulation Historical development of fluidization technology Historical development of fluidization science Conclusion and future trends Acknowledgements References Appendix: notation 40 2 Particle characterization and behavior relevant to fluidized bed combustion and gasification systems 42 D. Wang and L.-S. Fan, The Ohio State University, USA 2.1 Introduction Characterization of particles Fluid-particle interactions Particle-particle interactions Particle fluidization characteristics Particle property effects in a novel combustion system Conclusion Sources of further information and advice References 73

3 vi Contents 2.10 Appendix: nomenclature 74 3 Properties of stationary (bubbling) fluidised beds relevant to combustion and gasification systems 77 J. S. Dennis, University of Cambridge, UK 3.1 Introduction Fundamental aspects Modelling bubbling fluidised bed reactors Conclusion and future trends References Appendix: nomenclature Properties of circulating fluidized beds (CFB) relevant to combustion and gasification systems 147 J. R. Grace and C. J. Lim, University of British Columbia, Canada 4.1 Introduction Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) configurations CFB hydrodynamics Mixing in CFBs Heat transfer in CFBs Reactor modeling Conclusion References Appendix: notation Heat and mass transfer in fluidized bed combustion and gasification systems 177 F. Di Natale and R. Nigro, Universita degli Studi di Napoli 'Federico IT, Italy and F. Scala, National Research Council, Italy 5.1 Heat transfer: an introduction Surface-bed heat transfer: introduction and experimental evidence Surface-bed heat transfer modelling Gas-bed heat transfer Particle-bed heat transfer Mass transfer: an introduction Particle-bed mass transfer Gas-bed mass transfer Conclusion References Appendix: notation 252

4 Contents vii 6 Attrition phenomena relevant to fluidized bed combustion and gasification systems 254 F. Scala and R. Chirone, National Research Council, Italy and P. Salatino, University of Naples 'Federico II', Italy 6.1 Introduction Attrition mechanisms in fluidized beds Attrition of solid fuels during conversion Attrition of sorbent particles Attrition of other bed solids Attrition models Incorporation of attrition in fluidized bed models Conclusion References Appendix: notation 314 Part II Fundamentals of fluidized bed combustion and gasification Conversion of solid fuels and sorbents in fluidized bed combustion and gasification 319 F. Scala and R. Solimene, National Research Council, Italy and F. Montagnaro, University of Naples 'Federico II', Italy 7.1 Introduction Solid fuel properties in fluidized beds Fuel devolatilization and conversion of volatiles Char combustion and gasification reactions Mechanisms controlling char conversion rate Char particle temperature Calcium-based sorbents for in-situ desulphurization (ISD) Reactivation by hydration of spent calcium-based sorbents Other sorbent conversion processes in fluidized beds Conclusion Acknowledgment References Appendix: notation Conversion of liquid and gaseous fuels in fluidized bed combustion and gasification 388 M. Miccio, Universita di Salerno, Italy and F. Miccio, Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, Italy 8.1 Introduction Fuels 389

5 viii Contents 8.3 Fuel feeding Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) of gaseous fuels FBC of liquid fuels Emissions Combustion mechanism of liquid fuels Conclusion and future trends Acknowledgments References Appendix: nomenclature Pollutant emissions and their control in fluidised bed combustion and gasification 435 I. Gulyurtlu, F. Pinto, P. Abelha, H. Lopes and A. T. Crujeira, LNEG, Portugal 9.1 Introduction Emissions from fluidised bed combustion (FBC) processes Methods for controlling emissions during combustion and post-combustion Emissions from fluidised bed gasification processes Control of emissions during gasification and postgasification Deposition and environmental issues associated with residual ash Future trends References and further reading Fluidized bed reactor design and scale-up 481 T. M. Knowlton, Particulate Solid Research Inc., USA 10.1 Introduction General scale-up procedure Selecting mathematical models and fluidization regimes for bubbling and turbulent fluidized beds Selecting mathematical models and fluidization regimes for circulating fluidized beds Constructing pilot, demonstration and commercial plants Circulating fluidized bed combustor scale-up and other considerations Conclusion References Appendix: notation 521

6 Contents ix 11 Modeling of fluidized bed combustion processes 524 D. Pallares and F. Johnsson, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden 11.1 Introduction Types of modeling Semi-empirical modeling: basic sub-models Semi-empirical modeling: comprehensive models Conclusion References and further reading Appendix: nomenclature Modelling of fluidized bed gasification processes 579 A. G6mez-Barea, University of Seville, Spain 12.1 Introduction Qualitative description of the main conversion processes Types of reactor models Fluidization modelling Examples of simulations of fluidized bed gasifiers (FBGs) Conclusion References Appendix: notation Economic evaluation of circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) power generation plants 620 J. M. Wheeldon and D. Thimsen, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), USA 13.1 Introduction Economic evaluation The economic benefits of fuel flexibility Role of circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) technology in reducing C Conclusion References Appendix: abbreviations 638 Part ill Fluidized bed combustion and gasification technologies Atmospheric (non-circulating) fluidized bed (FB) combustion 641 B. Leckner, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden 14.1 Introduction 641

7 x Contents 14.2 Fluidized bed (FB) combustor principles Examples of boilers Operational aspects of FB combustion of biomass Conclusion Sources of further information and advice References Appendix: nomenclature Pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) 669 T. Shimizu, Niigata University, Japan 15.1 Introduction Basic principles, science and technology of pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) Development of combustion processes and technology Advantages and limitations of PFBC Conclusion Sources of further information and advice References Appendix: notation Circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) 701 W. Nowak and P. Mirek, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland 16.1 Introduction Basic principles of circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler process and performance Reliability and availability of CFB boilers Development strategy and challenges of CFBC technology Conclusion Sources of further information and advice References Appendix: nomenclature Fluidized bed gasification 765 U. Arena, Second University of Naples, Italy 17.1 Fluidized bed reactors for solid fuel gasification Fluidized bed gasification process Fluidized bed gasification technology Operating performance of fluidized bed gasifiers Conclusion and future trends 805

8 Contents xi 17.6 Sources of further information and advice References Measurement, monitoring and control of fluidized bed combustion and gasification 813 M. ROdisOli, T. J. Schildhauer and S. M. A. Biollaz, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Switzerland and J. University of Technology, The Netherlands R. Van Ommen, Delft 18.1 Introduction Measurement techniques Physical properties of pressure fluctuations in fluidized beds Time series analysis of pressure fluctuations in fluidized beds Industrial application of monitoring and measurement techniques Conclusion References 854 Part IV Emerging C02 capture technologies Oxy-fired fluidized bed combustion: technology, prospects and new developments 867 E. J. Anthony, Cranfield University, UK and H. Hack, Foster Wheeler North America Corp., USA 19.1 Introduction Oxy-fired circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC): research and development Gas/solid emissions Modelling, hydrodynamics and related issues Larger-scale tests and industrial plans Flue gas issues and conditioning for oxy-fuel technology Conclusion Acknowledgements References Chemical looping combustion (CLC) 895 A. Lyngfelt, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden 20.1 Introduction Basic principles of chemical looping combustion (CLC) Applications of CLC Oxygen carrier materials 904

9 xii Contents 20.5 Chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) Development of fluidized bed reactor system for CLC Advantages and limitations of CLC Future trends Conclusion Sources of further information and advice References Calcium looping for C02 capture in combustion systems J. C. Abanades, Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Spain Introduction Basic principles Development of calcium looping (CaL) fluidized bed processes Application of CaL at pilot scale Advantages and limitations Conclusion Sources of further information and advice References Appendix: notation Sorption-enhanced gasification 971 C. Pfeifer, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria, formerly Vienna University of Technology, Austria 22.1 Introduction Fundamentals of sorption-enhanced gasification Thermodynamics of sorption-enhanced gasification Limitations Literature review about research and commercial examples: experiments on a laboratory scale (<100 kw,h) Literature review about research and commercial examples: experiments on a pilot scale (&100 kwth) Literature review about research and commercial examples: experiments on an industrial scale Conclusion Sources of further information and advice References 997 Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013

10 Contents xiii Part V Other applications of fluidized bed technology Applications of fluidized bed technology in processes other than combustion and gasification 1005 F. Winter and B. Schratzer, Vienna University of Technology, Austria 23.1 Introduction Petroleum refining and chemical production Production of metals and oxides Coal preparation, power plants and waste incineration Conclusion References Appendix: abbreviations 1033 Index 1034