Environmental Science

Transcription

1 Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction Environmental Science Submitted by: Mr. Steven M. Boyer April, 2017

2 Oley Valley School District - Planned Course Instruction Cover Page Title of Planned Instruction: Environmental Science Grade 9-10 Subject area: Environmental Science Date: April 2017 Periods per week: 5 Length of period: 42 minutes Length of course: 180 days Credits: Course description: _ To introduce students to the rigors of a high school lab-based science course while addressing the Pa Standards for Environment and Ecology. Specific emphasis given to the local ecology of S.E. Pennsylvania. Text(s) and/or major resources required: Holt Environmental Science copyright 2008 Names of teacher(s) designing planned course instruction: Steven Boyer Approved by: Board Approval Date Approved by: Approved by: Course Name Environmental Science Board Curriculum Committee Chair Superintendent/Assistant Superintendent Oley Valley School District Date Date Grade Level 9-10 Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 2

3 Keystone Module Instructional Procedures Assessment Procedures (summative/formative) Unit Time Frame Title Number of days/weeks PA Common Core/Keystone Content Standard Anchor Descriptor Big Ideas Key Concepts What s the big idea? Concepts that go across grade levels. Ideas that all students should be exposed to in the grade level. Essential Questions UNDERSTAND What do students need to understand? Students will understand Unit 1: Introduction to Environmental Science Chapter 1: Science and the Environment What is Environmental science? Goals of environmental science Eligible Content KNOW What do students need to know in order to be able to understand and do? Students need to know Concepts What students should know as a result of instruction specific to grade level? What is environmental science? What is ecology? Competencies DO What students should be able to demonstrate as a result of instruction by the end of the unit? Monitored through formative and summative assessments. Students will be able to demonstrate Identify and define the 5 major fields that contribute to environmental science Terminology Vocabulary Environmental Science Ecology Agriculture Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 3

4 Many fields of study Scientists as citizens Our environment through time Our main environmental problems (resource depletion, pollution, loss of biodiversity) Short term VS long term Economics and the environment Developed VS developing countries Population and consumption (ecological footprint) Critical thinking Sustainability Chapter 2: Tools of Environmental Science Experimental method (scientific method) Correlation method Habits of a good scientist Statistics (mean, distribution, probability, sample, risk) Models (physical, graphical, conceptual, mathematical) Decision making model Hypothetical situations Chapter 3: The Dynamic Earth Geosphere (rock): compositional layers= crust, mantle, core What is meant by the term natural resource? What is meant by the term pollution? What is biodiversity? How has a loss of biodiversity impacted our environment? What does it mean when a population becomes extinct? What are our modern commons? What is a costbenefit analysis and what is it typically used for? What is a risk assessment? What percentage of the world s resources do developing countries use? What percentage of the world s population do residents of developing countries make up? What are the local population pressures Explain how each of the following periods has impacted our environment over time: Hunter- Gatherers, Industrial Revolution, Agriculture Revolution: Give an example of 3 natural resources: Define renewable and nonrenewable resources. Give an example of a renewable and a nonrenewable resource: Explain the difference between a biodegradable and a non-biodegradable pollutant: Give an example of an organism that has become extinct: Explain the tragedy of the commons. Give an example of the law of supply and demand and explain how it has impacted our environment Explain at least 3 differences between developed and developing countries. Give examples of both developed and developing countries in your explanation. Agricultural revolution Industrial revolution Natural resource Renewable resource Non-renewable resource Depletion Pollution Biodegradable pollutants Nondegradable pollutants Biodiversity Law of supply and demand Developed countries Developing countries Ecological footprint Sustainability Observation Hypothesis Prediction Experiment Variable Experimental group Control group Data Correlation Statistics Mean Distribution Probability Sample Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 4

5 Physical layers= Lithosphere (tectonic plates) asthenosphere, mesosphere, core) Plate tectonics/ earthquakes/ volcanoes Atmosphere (air) layers= troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere) Radiation/ conduction/convection/greenhouse effect Hydrosphere (water)- water cycle! (evaporation, condensation, precipitation.) Earth s oceans: ocean water, temperature zones, currents Fresh water (rivers) Ground water (aquifers) Biosphere (living things) for developing countries? What is an ecological footprint? What types of countries leave the largest ecological footprint? What is meant by the term sustainability? What is an ecosystem? What type of system is Earth? Explain why. How does density change with each layer of the Earth? Compare and contrast the inner and outer core. What is the estimated temperature of the inner core? What are tectonic plates? What often occurs at tectonic plate boundaries? What are volcanoes built from? What is magma? What is mudflow? Explain the two root causes for environmental problems. List and define the four parts of the system. List and define the 3 main layers of the Earth in order. List and define the 5 physical layers of the Earth in order Explain why tectonic plates move. Define magnitude. Define erosion. List the gases that the atmosphere is made up of and their percentages. List and define the atmosphere s four layers. List and define the three methods of heat transfer in the atmosphere. Explain convection currents. List the most abundant greenhouse gases. List and define the 3 parts of the water cycle List and define the size of each ocean from largest to smallest. List and define the 3 temperature zones of the ocean. Risk Models Conceptual model Geosphere Crust Mantle Core Lithosphere Asthenosphere Tectonic plate Erosion Atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Ozone Radiation Conduction Convection Greenhouse effect Water cycle Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Salinity Fresh water Biosphere Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 5

6 How can volcanoes affect Earth s climate? What is the atmosphere? How are gases added and removed from the atmosphere? Why is the atmosphere denser near Earth s surface? In which layer do weather conditions exist? In which layer does temperature drops as altitude increases? In which layer does temperature rise as altitude increases? What is ozone? How many oxygen atoms are in an ozone molecule? What does the ozone layer absorb? Which layer is the coldest? In which layer are the northern lights? What are ions? What is the greenhouse effect? Why do we need the greenhouse effect? Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 6

7 What does the hydrosphere include? Give specific examples. What is the water cycle? What is the world ocean? What does the world ocean help regulate? How does the equator affect the surface currents in the Pacific? What is the difference between ocean water and fresh water? What is the average salinity of ocean water by weight? What are surface currents? What are deep currents? What is a river system? What is groundwater & what is it used for? What is an aquifer? What is the biosphere? Where is the biosphere located Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 7

8 exactly & why is it near the surface? Why do organisms need sunlight? What is phytoplankton? What is obtained in the biosphere that is used by organisms? What is an open system? What is a closed system? What type of system is Earth in respect to matter? What type of system is Earth in respect to energy? What is the Eden Project? Is the Eden Project a realistic representation of our Biosphere? Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 8

9 Unit 2: Ecology Chapter 4: The Organization of Life Ecosystems Abiotic vs biotic factors Organism Species Population Community Habitat (evolution)/ adaptations 6 kingdoms (Archabacteria, Eubacteria, Fungi, Protists, Plants, Animals) Chapter 5: How Ecosystems work producers, consumers herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, decomposers photosynthesis cell respiration food chains food webs energy pyramids trophic levels carbon cycle nitrogen cycle phosphorus cycle ecological succession (primary, secondary Chapter 6: Biomes what is a biome? What is an ecosystem? What can happen to an ecosystem if one or more factors are disturbed? Are all the insects in a field part of the same population? Explain. Who was Charles Darwin? What was his major contribution to science? How does natural selection cause evolution? How do organisms develop a resistance? What is a major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms? What is the major difference between vertebrates and invertebrates? What are producers and why are they given this title? What are producers and why are they given this title? Explain why ecosystems do not have clear boundaries: Give two important components that all ecosystems need for survival: Explain the term biotic factor and give an example: Explain how energy enters and flows through and ecosystem: Place the following terms in order from smallest to largest: population, biosphere, organism, community, ecosystem Explain the term habitat and give one example: Explain Darwin s theory of natural selection: Explain the term adaptation and give one example: Explain the term coevolution and give one example: Explain the difference between natural and artificial selection: List the 6 Kingdoms of living things and provide an example of one organism for each: Describe the process of photosynthesis. Include a Ecosystem Biotic factor Abiotic factor Organism Species Population Community Habitat Natural selection Evolution Adaptation Artificial selection Resistance Archaebacteria Eubacteria Fungus Protist Gymnosperm Angiosperm Invertebrate Vertebrate Photosynthesis Producer Consumer Decomposer Cellular respiration Food chain Food web Trophic level Carbon cycle Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Nitrogen cycle Phosphorus cycle Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 9

10 Vegetation, climate, latitude, altitude Forest biomes: 1) tropical rain forests (nutrients, layers, diversity, threats) 2) temperate rain forests 3) temperate deciduous forests 4) taiga (plants/ animals) Grassland, desert, and tundra biomes: savannas (plans/ animals), temperate grasslands (plants, animals), chaparral (plants, animals, threat), deserts (plants/ animals), tundra (vegetation, animals, threats.) Chapter 7: Aquatic Ecosystems Characteristics of aquatic ecosystems 1) Freshwater ecosystems: a) Lakes b) ponds c) Freshwater wetlands (marshes, swamps) d)rivers e) streams 2) Marine (salt water) ecosystems: a) coastal wetlands (estuaries, salt marshes, mangrove swamps, rocky/sandy shores/ coral reefs) b) oceans What is a food chain? How is a food web different from a food chain? Which is more realistic and why? What is a food pyramid? What are trophic levels? How does the total energy change as you move from one trophic level to the next? Which cycle is the burning of fossil fuels is impacting? What occurs during ecological succession? What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? What is a pioneer species? What is a climax community? Should humans interfere with the process of natural succession? Why/why not? basic diagram of the chemical reaction involved: Describe the process of cellular respiration. Create a basic food chain beginning with the sun and ending with decomposers: List the three materials cycles that we discussed in class. Give one example of a species Give one example of a climax community List the 8 major biomes of the Earth that we covered in class. For each biome, state the basic climate and examples of plants that grow there. List 5 local deciduous trees: List and define the 4 groups of aquatic organisms. Give a few examples of plants & animals that live in the littoral zone. Give a few examples of plants & animals that live in the benthic zone. Explain the process of eutrophication Compare & contrast marshes & swamps. Explain how rivers are in danger. Ecological succession Primary succession Secondary succession Pioneer species Climax community Biome Climate Latitude Altitude Tropical Rain Forest Emergent Layer Canopy Epiphyte Understory Temperate Rain Forest Temperate Deciduous Forest Taiga Savanna Temperate Grassland Chaparral Desert Tundra Permafrost Wetland Plankton Nekton Benthos Littoral zone Benthic zone Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 10

11 What factors cause each of the Earth s biomes to be unique? What factors determine the climate of an area? How does the climate of an area change as altitude increases? What does the term latitude mean? At what latitude do most of the Earth s tropical rain forests occur? What is the name of our biome? Why does our biome have 4 distinct seasons? Why is the soil of our biome good for agriculture? What is a major threat to forest biomes? What could be done to minimize this threat? What is salinity? What is the difference between freshwater and marine ecosystems? Explain why some of the largest ports of the world are built on estuaries. Describe a threat to estuaries. Describe 2 threats to the oceans. Eutrophication Estuary Salt marsh Mangrove swamp Barrier island Coral reef Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 11

12 What factors determine which organisms live where? What are the two factors that types of organisms are grouped by? What type of organism produces most of the food in aquatic ecosystems? How are lakes and ponds defined? What is the littoral zone? What is the benthic zone? How are wetlands defined? What are some important environmental functions of wetlands? Where can marshes & swamps be found? What are some threats to wetland environments? How are rivers defined? What are organisms in coastal areas adapted to? Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 12

13 How are coastal wetlands defined? What are estuaries? Why are estuaries so productive? Why can estuaries support so many different marine organisms? What are salt marshes? How do salt marshes help the environment? What are mangrove swamps? How do mangrove swamps help the environment? Do more plants and animals live on rocky or sandy shores? Explain. What is a barrier island? What are coral reefs? Where do corals live? Why are coral reefs so fragile? Where is most of ocean s life concentrated and why? Is it considered productive? Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 13

14 Where do most of the nutrients in an artic ecosystem come from? Unit 3: Populations Chapter 8: Understanding Populations Population properties How populations grow Growth rate Carrying capacity Types of population regulation How species interact with each other a) Niche b) Competition c) Predation d) Parasitism e) Mutualism f) Commensalism g) Symbiosis/ co-evolution Lab: studying population growth Chapter 9: The Human Population Demography Age structure Survivorship Fertility rates Migration What is a population? What does it mean if a population has a high density? What are different ways in which a population can be dispersed? How is the growth rate of a population determined? What is reproductive potential? What factors determine a population s carrying capacity? Can a population grow beyond its carrying capacity? How is a niche different from a habitat? Explain what is meant by a negative growth rate and a zero growth rate: Explain exponential growth. Explain the following terms and give an example of each - Predation - Parasitism - Mutualism - Commensalism Explain the differences between genetic diversity, ecosystem diversity and species diversity: Identify a medicine that is obtained from plants and state its use: Identify and explain any two efforts being undertaken to preserve biodiversity: Population Density Dispersion Growth rate Reproductive potential Exponential growth Carrying capacity Niche Competition Predation Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism Symbiosis Demography Survivorship Fertility rate Migration Infrastructure Urbanization Biodiversity Gene Keystone species Ecotourism Endangered species Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 14

15 Life expectancy Problems of rapid growth A demographically diverse world Managing growth Growth is slowing Chapter 10: Biodiversity Biodiversity (uses) Biodiversity at risk (endangered/ threatened species) Human causes for risks Areas of critical biodiversity Saving species Preserving habitats and ecosystems Legal protection for species International cooperation How does symbiosis result in coevolution? What is meant by the term biodiversity? Why is the actual amount of biodiversity on Earth unknown? Which species possesses the most total numbers, many of which are still undiscovered? What is a gene? What is a major benefit of biodiversity? What is a Keystone species? What is the difference between an endangered and a threatened species? What is a mass extinction? How are humans causing species to become extinct or endangered? What is an exotic species? What is poaching? What is an endemic species? Give an example of a pathogen. Explain the difference between point and nonpoint source pollution List and explain three types of water pollution. Explain the differences between primary and secondary pollutants: Identify 5 sources of primary pollutants and their effects on the body Give both a short-term and long-term effect of air pollution on human health: Give an environmental impact of BOTH noise pollution and light pollution. Give an environmental impact of acid precipitation: Identify and explain 4 major factors that determine the climate of an area. Identify the major greenhouse gases and explain which gas has the largest impact on the Earth s climate Explain the term urbanization. Threatened species Exotic species Poaching Endemic species Germ plasm Endangered species act Habitat conservation plan Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 15

16 What areas of Earth have the most biodiversity? What is a biodiversity hotspot? When was the Endangered Species Act passed and what was its major purpose? Unit 4: Water, Air, and Land Chapter 11: Water Water cycle Surface water River systems Water sheds Ground water Aquifers Permeability Global water use Residential water use Water treatment Water conservation Solutions for the future Water pollution- point source and non-point source Principal water pollutants Water pollution and ecosystems Cleaning up water pollution Chapter 12: Air What are the three major processes involved in the water cycle? Why is freshwater a limited resource? What is surface water? Give an example. What is a watershed? What watershed is the Oley Valley a part of? How is a reservoir formed? What is groundwater? Explain the difference between a water table and an aquifer. How are the terms permeability and Surface water River system Watershed Groundwater Aquifer Porosity Permeability Recharge zone Potable Pathogen Dam Reservoir Desalination Water pollution Point-source pollution Nonpoint-source pollution Wastewater Artificial eutrophication Thermal pollution Biomagnification Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 16

17 Air pollution Primary and secondary pollutants Air, noise, and light pollution Acid precipitation Chapter 13: Atmosphere and Climate Change Climate Changes in climate Ozone Global warming Chapter 14: Land How we use land Urban land use, urban planning Land management and conservation Parks and preserves recharge zone related? What are the three major types of water usage? What is meant by the term potable? How is water moved from one location to another? What is a water conservation technique used by agriculture? What is desalination? What are the two components of wastewater and how are they treated? Why is groundwater pollution considered to be more difficult than surface water pollution? What was the purpose of the Clean Water Act? Why is it considered unsuccessful? What is air pollution? When was the Clean Air Act passed and Air pollution Primary pollutant Secondary pollutant Smog Temperature inversion Sick-building syndrome Asbestos Decibel Acid precipitation ph Acid shock Climate Latitude El Nino La Nina Ozone Layer Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Ozone hole Polar stratospheric clouds Greenhouse gases Global warming Kyoto protocol Urban Rural Ecosystem services Urbanization Infrastructure Urban sprawl Heat island Land-use planning Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 17

18 what was its primary purpose? What is the purpose of a catalytic converter? What are ZEV s? How do industries regulate air pollution? What is required for smog to form? What is a temperature inversion and what areas do they typically impact? What is sickbuilding syndrome? What is acid precipitation? Why is acid precipitation a secondary pollutant? What is climate? What causes the Earth s seasons? What is the function of the ozone layer? What are CFC s and how have they negatively impacted the ozone layer? What is the ozone hole and where is it located? Geographic information system Overgrazing Deforestation Reforestation Wilderness Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 18

19 What are some of the negative impacts of a thinning ozone layer? What was the significance of the Montreal Protocol? What is the greenhouse effect? What are 3 negative impacts caused by global warming? What was the significance of the Kyoto Protocol? What is the difference between urban land and rural land? What areas of Berks County would be considered urban? Rural? Whatis infrastructure? How is the transportation infrastructure of the United States different from that of most European countries? Is it accurate to say that the Oley Valley is facing pressure Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 19

20 from urban sprawl? If so, from where? What is land use planning? What is a geographic information system (G.I.S.)? How and why should transportation and open space be considered when doing proper land use planning? Why would a group of homes located next to a park be worth more $ than a similar group of homes that are located next to a shopping mall? Why are satellite images often used for land use planning? Unit 5: Mineral and Energy Resources Chapter 16: Mining and Mineral Resources What is alternative energy? What two things must an alternative Explain how an OTEC plant works. Show the equation to find energy efficiency. Mineral Subsurface mining Surface mining Smelting Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 20

21 Minerals and mining Chapter 17: Nonrenewable Energy Fossil fuels Energy use Nuclear energy Chapter 18: Renewable Energy Solar Energy Wind Power Biomass Hydroelectricity Alternative Energy and Conservation Chapter 19: Waste Solid Waste Solid Waste Management Recycling Hazardous Waste energy resource be to become a viable option for the future? How does a tidal power plant work? Why will tidal energy never become a major energy source? What does OTEC stand for and describe what it means. Why are OTEC plants inefficient? How can hydrogen be used as a future fuel source? Why is hydrogen difficult to use as a fuel source today? What is a fuel cell? What are the two main ways to reduce energy use? What is energy efficiency? What percentage of all commercial energy use in the United States is wasted? How do hybrid cars work? List 3 energy efficient features of hybrid cars. Describe an example of cogeneration. Describe three ways that you can conserve energy at your house. Give an example of materials that can typically be recycled Describe the two laws that the federal government enacted for dealing with hazardous waste: Describe two methods for dealing with hazardous waste disposal: Identify one superfund site within Berks County and explain what happened at this site: Subsidence Reclamation Fossil fuel Electric generator Petroleum Oil reserves Nuclear energy Nuclear fusion Nuclear fission Renewable energy Passive solar Active solar Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Alternative energy Fuel cell Energy conservation Solid waste Biodegradable Municipal solid waste Landfill Leachate Source reduction Recycling Compost Hazardous waste Deep-well injection Surface impoundment Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 21

22 What is cogeneration? What is energy conservation? What is solid waste? What is municipal solid waste? What is the difference between something that is biodegradable and something that is non-biodegradable? What happens to the majority of our solid waste? What makes up the largest percentage of our solid waste? What is a landfill? What is leachate? How is it disposed of? Besides landfills what is another method for disposing of our solid waste? What is compost and how can it be used? Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 22

23 What is hazardous waste? How is it disposed of? Unit 6: Our Health and Our Future Chapter 20: The Environment and Human Health Pollution and human health Biological hazards Chapter 21: Economics, Policy, and the Future Economics and international cooperation Environmental policies in the USA The importance of the individual How is human health impacted by pollution? How does pollution impact environmental quality? What are biological hazards? What can be done to minimize biological hazards? What are the major environmental policies in the US and what was their purpose? State specific impacts to human health that are directly caused by pollution. List causes of biological hazards and what can be done to minimize them. Know the major environmental policies that were implemented in the US. Toxicology Dose Epidemiology Risk assessment Particulates Pathogen Host Vector Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 23

24 Oley Valley School District Planned Course Instruction 24