1. The diagram below represents many species of plants and animals and their surroundings.

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1 1. The diagram below represents many species of plants and animals and their surroundings. 4. Which statement most accurately predicts what would happen in the aquarium shown below if it were tightly covered and maintained in natural light for one month? What does the diagram best represent? A) a population B) a community C) an ecosystem D) the biosphere 2. The portion of Earth in which all life exists is known as A) the climax stage B) the biosphere C) a population D) a biotic community 3. Which level of biological organization includes the greatest total number of species? A) community B) ecosystem C) population D) biosphere A) The water temperature would rapidly decrease. B) The process of respiration in the snail would decrease. C) The rate of reproduction of the fish would be affected. D) The organisms would probably survive because materials would cycle. 5. Base your answer to the following question on A pond ecosystem is represented in the diagram below. Energy for this ecosystem originally comes from A) water B) consumers C) sunlight D) plants 6. Abiotic factors that could affect the stability of an ecosystem could include A) hurricanes, packs of wolves, and temperature B) blizzards, heat waves, and swarms of grasshoppers C) droughts, floods, and heat waves D) species of fish, number of decomposers, and supply of algae

2 7. A group of organisms within a given area capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring under natural conditions is called A) an ecosystem B) a community C) a food web D) a population 8. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below shows organisms in and around a pond. Which ecological term refers to all the organisms shown in the diagram? A) heterotroph B) community C) population D) producer 9. Two species of animals with a similar appearance live in the same habitat but do not compete for food. This is because they most likely A) reproduce at different times of the year B) are the same size C) occupy different ecological niches D) are active at night 10. Competition between two species occurs when A) mold grows on a tree that has fallen in the forest B) chipmunks and squirrels eat sunflower seeds in a garden C) a crow feeds on the remains of a rabbit killed on the road D) a lion stalks, kills, and eats an antelope 11. The feeding niches of three bird species are shown in the diagram below. What is the advantage of these different feeding niches for the birds? A) less competition for food B) fewer abiotic resources for each bird species C) fewer biotic resources for each bird species D) less energy available as the birds feed higher in the tree

3 12. Researchers have reported that the number of different species of fish found in certain areas of the ocean has been greatly reduced over the past 50 years. This situation is an example of A) a loss of biodiversity B) an increase in ecological succession C) a lack of differentiation D) an increased carrying capacity 13. The diagram below represents a cycling of materials. Which row in the chart below shows the substances represented by X and Y? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) In an ecosystem, which component is not recycled? A) water B) energy C) oxygen D) carbon

4 15. An ecosystem is represented below. What would make this ecosystem self-sustaining? A) the organisms labeled A outnumber the organisms labeled B B) the organisms labeled A are equal in number to the organisms labeled B C) the type of organisms represented by B are eliminated D) materials cycle between the organisms labeled A and the organisms labeled B 16. The exchange of respiratory gases and the synthesis of organic compounds by autotrophs are processes that are directly involved in the A) maintenance of soil fertility in an ecosystem B) transfer of materials in the carbon-hydrogen-oxygen cycle C) transfer of nitrogen through a food chain D) distribution of minerals in an ecosystem 17. Which processes are involved in the water cycle? A) respiration and photosynthesis, only B) transpiration and excretion, only C) respiration, photosynthesis, evaporation, and condensation, only D) respiration, photosynthesis, transpiration, excretion, evaporation, and condensation 18. The soil on a farm can very quickly become depleted of the minerals essential to plants because harvesting of crops can interfere with the A) reproductive cycles of animals B) recycling of inorganic compounds C) flow of energy D) transport of groundwater 19. The process illustrated in the sequence below occurs constantly in the biosphere. Which type of organism is most likely represented by X? A) decomposer B) producer C) herbivore D) carnivore

5 20. Organisms from a particular ecosystem are shown below. Which statement concerning an organism in this ecosystem is correct? A) Organism 2 is heterotrophic. B) Organism 3 helps recycle materials. C) Organism 4 obtains all of its nutrients from an abiotic source. D) Organism 5 must obtain its energy from organism Puppies are often given medicine to eliminate roundworms from their intestines. These worms consume some of the food the puppies have digested. The worms and the puppies represent a relationship known as A) predator-prey B) consumer-producer C) parasite-host D) autotroph-heterotroph 22. A symbiotic relationship exists between two organisms of different species. If only one organism benefits from the relationship and the other is not harmed, the relationship is known as A) commensalism B) mutualism C) parasitism D) saprophytism

6 23. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. Which term belongs in area A? A) mutualism B) prey C) saprophytism D) host 24. A relationship between a consumer and producer is best illustrated by a A) snake eating a bird B) tree absorbing minerals C) fungus breaking down wastes D) deer eating grass 25. The removal of nearly all the predators from an ecosystem would most likely result in? A) an increase in the number of carnivore species B) a decrease in new predators migrating into the ecosystem C) a decrease in the size of decomposers D) an increase in the number of herbivores

7 26. A food web is represented below. When water used to cool machinery is returned to a river, it raises the river water temperature. This causes a sharp decline in small invertebrate populations. Based on the food web, a likely consequence of this change would be A) an increase in the number of clams B) a decrease in the number of water plants C) an increase in the number of crabs D) a decrease in the number of crayfish 27. The diagram below represents a food web. Which species would most likely be a decomposer? A) A B) B C) C D) D

8 Base your answers to questions 28 and 29 on the food web below and on your knowledge of biology. 28. A decrease in the grass population will most immediately decrease the available energy for the A) mouse B) hawk C) snake D) frog 29. Which organisms are carnivores? A) grass and trees B) mouse, rabbit, and cricket C) deer and mountain lion D) frog, snake, and hawk