The Opportunities and Challenges of Fly Ash in Turkey

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1 Welcome The Opportunities and Challenges of Fly Ash in Turkey September 1st, 2014 by Dr. Sırrı Uyanık Mehmet Topeli

2 Outline Power Generation Figures of Turkey The Importance of Coal in the Turkish Energy Mix The Utilization of Fly Ash in Turkey A Success Story: İSKEN Sugözü Power Plant Conclusion

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4 Geographical Surrounding of Turkey EU Black Sea CE & SEE Caspian Sea Sugözü PP Mediterranean Sea NA ME

5 Economical Overview TURKEY Turkey is a transcontinental Eurasian country Turkey's area occupies 783,562 km 2 which is world's 37 th largest country and more than 2 times of Germany The population is around 74 Million with an annual growth rate more than 1% Average age of the population is 29,2 and almost half of the population has age lower than 25 years old Turkey is the World's 16 th largest economy with a GDP of 772 Billion USD ( USD per capita) The GDP growth rate from 2002 to 2011 averaged 5,2% (8,5% in 2011), which made Turkey one of the fastest growing economies in the world during that period.

6 Power Generation Figures of Turkey GWh 7,2% 7,4% 8,9% 8,7% 3,6% -2,2% 7,9% 9,1% 4,4%

7 The Importance of Coal in the Turkish Energy Mix

8 Power Generation by Sources in Turkey Hard Coal 1,4% Natural Gas 43,5% Lignite 14,4% Coal 28,0% Others 0,9% Geothermal 0,4% Fuel Oil, Asphaltite 0,8% Wind 2,4% Hydraulic 24,1% Imported Coal 12,2% Hydraulic Wind Fuel Oil, Asphaltite Geothermal Others Natural Gas Hard Coal Lignite Imported Coal Total Electricity Generation in GWh

9 Kton Coal Production and Imports in Turkey Lignite production The Imported Coal amount over the years

10 The Utilization of Fly Ash in Turkey

11 The Utilization of Fly Ash in Turkey 19M tons of fly ash production which was 3% of the world total, was realized in Turkey in Only 10% of the total amount could have been used by the cement/construction industry so far. The rest was landfilled. * Yearly fly ash production in Turkey. It is expected that the amount of fly ash will increase by 30% and proportionally, approximately 25M tons of fly ash that has to be handled by 2020 There is an increasing demand for the certified ash according to EN 450.

12 Cement Industry in Turkey

13 World Cement Production Country Mtons % 1 China ,00% 2 India 247 6,68% 3 USA 74 2,00% 4 Iran 73 1,98% 5 Turkey 69 1,86% 6 Brasil 68 1,84% 7 Russia 60 1,62% TOTAL 3.700

14 Export Markets of Turkish Cement Industry

15 Environmental Classification of Fly Ash

16 Environmental Classification of Fly Ash

17 A Success Story In Environmental Management and Utilization of Fly Ash İSKEN Sugözü Power Plant

18 İSKEN Sugözü Power Plant First imported coal-fired power plant in Turkey. Built-Operate-Own model power plant. 9 Billion kwh electrical energy per year (%4). High concern over environmental protection. o Low NOx Burner o Electrostatic Precipitators o Flue Gas Desulphurization Systems ISO and OHSAS quality management certificates since September 26, 2009.

19 Contribution of İSKEN to the Market Making environmentally friendly production in world standarts while taking care of all natural sources by using modern technology and treatment systems shows the importance that İSKEN give to the quality rather than quantity. To realize that vision, * Utilization rate of ash produced by İSKEN İSKEN has a leading role in marketing of by products. First Power Plant in Turkey producing certified fly ash. Ash production is around 350K tons per year. Starting from commerical operation date up to the end of 2013, 3,5M tons of ash were produced and 3,2M tons were sent to the cement/concrete industry. * Utilization rate of gypsum produced by İSKEN

20 Fly Ash Certification of İSKEN acc. to EN Property Actual Limit Sample Daily Loss of Ignition - Category A % 1,84 < 5 A - B Fineness - Category N % 15,02 16 ± 10 A - B Weekly Free CaO % 0,113 < 2,5 B Reactive CaO % 3,62 < 10 B Chloride % 0,01 < 0,1 B SO3 % 0,29 < 3 B Monthly Alkalis % 2,08 < 5 B Total SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3 % 87,28 > 70 B Activity Index (28days) % 75,75 > 75 C Activity Index (90days) % 89,05 > 85 C Particle Density kg/m ± 200 C

21 Conclusion

22 Conclusion The coal consumption in Turkey is incresaing. Moreover, all local coal will be exploited by (STRATEGY DOCUMENT 2009). Accordingly there will be more fly ash produced that has to be recycled or properly landfilled. There is always an increasing demand for the certified fly ash. However the most of the fly ash produced is calcareous type and upto now there is limited usage or uncontrolled landfilling. Therefore new areas should be found, in order increase the utilization rate of the calcerous fly ash as well. The beneficial usage of CCPs can be an opportunity for the Turkish economy, otherwise it will be an environmental challange.

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