AIR POLLUTION IN PORTS AND ITS EFFECT ON CARGO OPERATION (ALEX HARBOUR AS CASE OF STUDY)

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1 International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET) Volume 6, Issue 9, Sep 215, pp , Article ID: IJARET_6_9_3 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication AIR POLLUTION IN PORTS AND ITS EFFECT ON CARGO OPERATION (ALEX HARBOUR AS CASE OF STUDY) Tamer Elgohary Civil Engineering Dept., Canadian international college, New Cairo, Egypt Moussa S. El-Bisy Civil Engineering Dept., Higher Technological Institute, 1th of Ramadan City, Egypt ABSTRACT Harbor labor health and their efforts rate is one of the major factors that affect on cargo operation and its development plans, Labors health can be affected by many factors such as oxygen lake in surrounding atmosphere due to air pollution which cause many health problems such as respiratory system diseases and the weakness of their mutation system. All the previous lead us to the conclusion that we should control these factors before establishing any harbor development plans by investigating the surrounding atmosphere and establishing assessment technique and monitoring system to avoid its serious negative effects. This research aimed to find the relation between sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and suspended particulate matter existing in air and Alex harbor labors efforts rate in order to find the exact recommendations for avoiding such problem and to construct reliable monitoring system for it. Key words: Air Pollution, Ports, Cargo Operation, Alex Harbor, Dekhila Port. Cite this Article: Tamer Elgohary and Moussa S. El-Bisy. Air Pollution In Ports and Its Effect On Cargo Operation (Alex Harbour As Case of Study). International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 6(9), 215, pp INTRODUCTION The dry air of Egypt and the prevailing inactive winds almost the year increase the air pollution due the lake of precipitation occurrence. Also the surrounding desert which contribute almost 9% of Egypt surface area increase the air content of dust. The increasing of development plans, industrial projects and road vehicles leads to the increasing of air pollution due to the different gases emissions, Air pollution affect 14

2 Air Pollution In Ports and Its Effect On Cargo Operation (Alex Harbour As Case of Study) on people health and on work rate in negative way. Many diseases were recorded due to air pollution such as respiratory system diseases, heart problems and lung cancer. A comprehensive study was achieved to correlate the relation between harbor labor effort rate and the air pollution different elements such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and suspended particulate matter ( Alex harbor as case of study). To understand which air pollution source has the most significant effect on labor effort rate and cargo operation. So in order to achieve that we have first to study each source of air pollution sources individually to find its serious effect on health and labor effort rate in form of cargo operation progress. Air pollutants in Egypt are monitored by the National Network for Monitoring Air Pollutants (NNMAP). NNMAP has 54 stations covering most of the regions exposed to air pollution hazards to monitor Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Particulate Matter PM1 as shown in fig (1). The network was initially established in 1999 to cope with the progressive increase in the sources of pollution[1].ministry of State for Environmental Affairs regularly upgrades NNMAP within the framework of a comprehensive system, observing international standards of air pollutant monitoring systems and published the stations records data in annual reports[2], Through these records and by the help of Alexandria port statistics data we could find the relation between air pollution sources and labor harbor effort rate in form of cargo operation progress. Figure 1 National Network for Monitoring Air Pollutants (Delta region) 15 editor@iaeme.com

3 Tamer Elgohary and Moussa S. El-Bisy 2. TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION SOURCES 2.1. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Short term exposure to high level of sulfur dioxide cause health problems. Long term exposure to high level of sulfur dioxide cause lung function changes. Short term exposure to low level of sulfur dioxide affect on animal ability to breathe Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Combustion of liquid petroleum fuel under high temperature cause the formation of nitrogen dioxide. Low level of nitrogen dioxide can cause eyes irritation, lungs problems, shortness of breath and nausea. Exposure to high level of nitrogen dioxide can cause rapid buning, spasms, reducing of oxygenation of body tissues and building up fluids in lung to cause death at the end, it also burns shin and eyes carbon monoxide (CO) Fuel burning in viechles engines, power stations, factories emissions and burning of rice straws. The high level of carbon monoxide in air can cause body to replace oxygen in red blood cells by carbon monoxide and at the end cause death. Exposing to low level of carbon mono oxide can cause headache, dizziness, weakness, upset stomach, vomiting, confusion and chest pain Suspended particulate matter (MP1) Suspended particulate matter (MP1) is caused by air dust which come from surrounding dessert. It also can be caused by burning of fossil fuel, factories emissions and rice straws burning. Suspended particulate matter( MP1) have the ability to penetrate deep into lungs and blood causing permanent DNA mutation, lung cancer and heart attacks. Ambient Air Quality Limit values as given by Law no.4 for Egypt (1994) compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guideline values is shown in Table (1). 3. DEFICIENCY OF OXYGEN The oxygen deficiency affect on human body in very negative way such as increasing levels of hemoglobin as a result of oxygen poor blood. This can thicken the blood and impair its ability to flow easily. Figure 2 O2 Deficit and its effect on muscles 16 editor@iaeme.com

Air Pollution In Ports and Its Effect On Cargo Operation (Alex Harbour As Case of Study) The arteries that carry blood from the heart into the lungs sense low oxygen levels and constrict to direct

4 Air Pollution In Ports and Its Effect On Cargo Operation (Alex Harbour As Case of Study) The arteries that carry blood from the heart into the lungs sense low oxygen levels and constrict to direct blood to more normal areas of the lung. This causes pressure in the pulmonary arteries to rise. The heart responds by dilating and contracting ineffectively, eventually causing the heart to fail. A common warning sign of this condition is edema or swelling of the legs [3]. The effect of oxygen deficit in air on muscles efforts can be shown in fig (2). Table 1 Ambient Air Quality Limit values as given by Law no.4 for Egypt (1994) compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guideline values. Pollutant Averaging Maximum Limit Value time WHO Egypt Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 ) 1 hour 5 (1 min) hours Year 5 6 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) 1 hour hours - 15 Year 4-5 Ozone (O 3 ) 1 hour hours Carbon Monoxide (CO) 1 hour hours 1 1 Black Smoke (BS) 24 hours 5 15 Year - 6 Total Suspended Particles (TSP) 24 hours - 23 Year - 9 Particles <1 ppm (PM1) 24 hours 7 7 Lead (Pb) Year.5-1, Alex harbor description Figure 3 Alexandia port map 17 editor@iaeme.com

5 Tamer Elgohary and Moussa S. El-Bisy The City of Alexandria is located at the west end of the River Nile between the Mediterranean Sea and Mariot Lake. It is considered the second most important city and the main port in Egypt, it handles over three quarters of Egypt s foreign trade. Alexandria port consists of two harbors (East and west) separated by a T-shaped peninsula. The East harbor is shallow and is not used in navigation. The West harbor is used for commercial shipping. The harbor is formed by two converging breakwaters. Alex Harbour as shown in Fig(3) is consists of two ports which are Alexandria Port and El-Dekheila Port, Alexandria Port water Surface is of 6.8 km 2 and its Land Surface is of 16 km 2, It consists of 67 Berths of total length 16 m. and its depths ranges from m which cover hinter land of 165 m 2 including administrative buildings & stores. El-Dekheila Port water Surface is of 2.74 km 2 and its Land Surface is of 3.5 km 2, It consists of 14 Berths of total length 72 m. and its depths ranges from 1-2 m which cover hinter land of 35 m 2 including administrative buildings & external area[4] Port operation data Port Traffic during 1/1/214 to 3/6/214, Ships and cargo traffic in Alexandria and El Dekhila ports 214 can be shown from table (2) to table (3) and from fig (4) to fig (6) [5]. a. Types of Ships Ports different types of ships passing through it can be shown from table (2). Type of the ship Table2 Types of ships Arrival The Ratio of arrival to %the total Gen. Cargo ships without containers Dry Bulk ships Liquid Bulk ships Container ships Ferries 27 9 Cruises 1 Others 93 4 Total editor@iaeme.com

6 Air Pollution In Ports and Its Effect On Cargo Operation (Alex Harbour As Case of Study) Arrival, RORO, 27 Arrival, Cruises, 1 Arrival, Gen. Cargo ships with out containers, 599 Arrival, Container ships, 793 Arrival, Dry Bulk ships, 343 Arrival, Liquid Bulk Gen. Cargo ships with out containers ships, 291 Dry Bulk ships Liquid Bulk ships RORO Container ships Cruises Figure 4 Ship types in Alex harbor during 1/1/214 to 3/6/214 b. Handled cargo Handled cargo during 1/1/214 to 3/6/214 that can be shown in table (3) and in fig (5). TABLE 3 Handled cargo during 1/1/214 to 3/6/214 Item Imp. Exp. Total Ratio of the total Gen. Cargo Dry Bulk cargo Liquid Bulk cargo Total of non containerized cargo Non containerized general cargo Total Non containerized cargo Dry Bulk cargo Liquid Bulk cargo Total of non containerized cargo Non containerized general cargo TOTAL Total Imp. Exp. Figure 5 Handled cargo in Alex port 19 editor@iaeme.com

SO2 Tamer Elgohary and Moussa S. El-Bisy 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Imp. Exp. Total Local Transit Total 3 25 2 15 1 5 Figure 6 Containers Traffic in El Dekhila port 3.3. Containers Traffic Handled containers in Alexandria and El Dekhila ports during 1/1/214 to 3/6/214 show in table (4) and in fig (6).

7 SO2 Tamer Elgohary and Moussa S. El-Bisy Imp. Exp. Total Local Transit Total Figure 6 Containers Traffic in El Dekhila port 3.3. Containers Traffic Handled containers in Alexandria and El Dekhila ports during 1/1/214 to 3/6/214 show in table (4) and in fig (6). Table 4 Handled containers in Alexandria and El Dekhila ports during 1/1/214 to 3/6/214 Item Imp. Exp. Total Ratio of the Total % Local Transit Total Relations between labor harbor efforts and air pollution Relations between labor harbor efforts and air pollution during 1/1/214 to 3/6/214 can be shown from fig (7) to fig (14) Ton/day Figure 7 Relation between SO2 and daily handling rate in Alex port 2 editor@iaeme.com

8 NO2 NO2 SO2 Air Pollution In Ports and Its Effect On Cargo Operation (Alex Harbour As Case of Study) ton/day Figure 8 Relation between SO2 and daily handling rate in Dekhila port Ton/day Figure 9 Relation between NO2 and daily handling rate in Alex port Ton/day Figure 1 Relation between SO2 and daily handling rate in Dekhila port 21 editor@iaeme.com

9 Co MP1 MP1 Tamer Elgohary and Moussa S. El-Bisy Ton/day Figure 11 Relation between MP1 and daily handling rate in Alex port Ton/day Figure 12 Relation between MP1 and daily handling rate in Dekhila port Ton/day Figure 13 Relation between CO and daily handling rate in Alex port 22 editor@iaeme.com

10 CO Air Pollution In Ports and Its Effect On Cargo Operation (Alex Harbour As Case of Study) handling rate ( ton/day) Figure 14 Relation between CO and daily handling rate in Dekhila port 4. RESULT ANALYSIS As shown from fig (7) to fig (8) the rate of handling for both Alexandria and Dekhila harbor is decreasing with the increasing of SO2 due the reason that Acute effects of SO2 to high levels can possibly burn the skin and eyes and may result in permanent eye damage. High levels may also cause pulmonary edema pulmonary edema (when the lungs fill up with fluid). This is a true medical emergency since oxygen cannot get through the fluid so the person may die. S2 can also cause the airway passages in the lung to narrow resulting in wheezing, chest tightness, or breathing problems." SO2 has caused severe airways obstruction, hypoxemia (insufficient oxygenation of the blood). As shown from fig (9) to fig (1) the rate of handling for both Alexandria and Dekhila harbor is decreasing with the increasing of NO2 due the reason that The nitrogen gas dissolves slightly in the blood and circulates around the body harmlessly. Under pressure however the amount dissolved nitrogen increases. If the decompression is slow and careful, the dissolved nitrogen comes out of the body fluids and can be removed through the lungs, but, if decompression is too rapid, the 'bends' causes great pain and even death. This decompression sickness is caused by bubbles of nitrogen rapidly coming out of solution in the bloodstream, That cause injury and death by depriving the body of oxygen. As shown from fig (11) to fig (12) the rate of MP1 for both Alexandria and Dekhila harbor is increasing with the increasing of hand ling rate due the reason that one of the main sources of MP1 in harbor air is the dust and the minute particles which is come out from cargo and shipment handling inside ports and the reversible effects of MP1 on health is long term effects not short one so its effects on health will take years to be significant. As shown from fig (13) to fig (14) the rate of handling for both Alexandria and Dekhila harbor is decreasing with the increasing of CO due the reason that CO2 is 24 times more soluble than O2 in water. Thus, the oxygen content of blood in the presence of carbon monoxide is much lower editor@iaeme.com

11 Tamer Elgohary and Moussa S. El-Bisy 5. CONCLUSIONS It was noticed that in both Alexandria port and Dekhila port the following facts: 1. MP 1 is increased with daily handling rate and that because of the fact that MP 1 is caused by mostly the cargo dust, its effect on labor health is taking much time longer to be noticed in their performance. 2. Daily handling rate is decreased with the increasing of CO, SO2 and No2 and that is due to the following reasons: Humans breathe nitrogen in and out of their lungs all the time, without any serious side effects. The nitrogen gas dissolves slightly in the blood and circulates around the body harmlessly. Under pressure however the amount dissolved nitrogen increases. If the decompression is slow and careful, the dissolved nitrogen comes out of the body fluids and can be removed through the lungs, but, if decompression is too rapid, the 'bends' causes great pain and even death. This decompression sickness is caused by bubbles of nitrogen rapidly coming out of solution in the bloodstream, That cause injury and death by depriving the body of oxygen. b- Acute effects of S2 to high levels can possibly burn the skin and eyes and may result in permanent eye damage. High levels may also cause pulmonary edema pulmonary edema (when the lungs fill up with fluid). This is a true medical emergency since oxygen cannot get through the fluid so the person may die.s2 can also cause the airway passages in the lung to narrow resulting in wheezing, chest tightness, or breathing problems." SO2 has caused severe airways obstruction, hypoxemia (insufficient oxygenation of the blood). CO2 is 24 times more soluble than O2 in water. Thus, the oxygen content of blood in the presence of carbon monoxide is much lower. 6. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Decreasing the percentage of sulfur dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen dioxide, suspended solids, leads and black smoke in Alexandria port air. 2. Constructing monitoring system inside Alexandria port to detect any air composition changes and to give recommendations to avoid such problem. 3. Establishing especial legislations and rules for ports to give more control of ship engines fuel combustion. 4. Activate the environmental Law no.4 for Egypt (1994) to control surrounding urban and industrial area emissions which contribute in ports air pollution. 5. Create strong medical insurance system in order to cover all labors in all port sectors to provide annual a comprehensive health examination which will give good a alert for any common Epidemiological phenomena. 6. A study of water pollution effect on labor health and also on cargo handling operation inside Alexandria port. 7. A study of soil pollution effect on food chain and on labor health which will give significant reflect on cargo handling operation inside Alexandria port editor@iaeme.com

12 Air Pollution In Ports and Its Effect On Cargo Operation (Alex Harbour As Case of Study) REFRENCES [1] Air Quality Monitoring Report, 214, Environmental Monitoring Center of MOHD. [2] Air quality Monitoring Report, 214, Environmental Information and Monitory Program-Environment Quality Sector. [3] Weber R. E., Fago A. (24). Functional adaptation and its molecular basis in vertebrate hemoglobins, neuroglobins and cytoglobins. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 144, /j.resp [4] Alexandria Port Authority website- [5] K. Raghava Rao, Monika Vallabhaneni, Srikanth Narayanaraju, Rajendra Kumar Jonnalagadda and Sunilkumar Kanaparthi, Energy Efficient Intrusion Detection System For WSN, International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering &Technology, 5(5), 214, pp [6] Alexandria Port Authority General Department of Information Center report-operation status report 214. [7] Dr. Lakshminarayanachari. K. Time Dependent Two Dimensional Mathematical Model of Air Pollution Due To Area Source with Settling Velocity and Transformation Processes of Primary and Secondary Pollutants. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 4(6), 213, pp [8] S. Paliwala, H.Chandra and A. Tripathi, Investigation and Analysis of Air Pollution Emitted From Thermal Power Plants: A Critical Review, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology, 3(2), 212, pp editor@iaeme.com

Major Air Pollutants

Major Air Pollutants 1 Particulate Matter Particulate refers to all substances that are not gases. It can be suspended droplets / solid particles / mixture of two. Size: 100 µm to 0.1 µm and less. Particulates