Decentralized Wastewater Systems
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1 Decentralized Wastewater Systems Decentralized and Traditional Wastewater Treatment Systems Mark Gross, Ph.D., P.E. Training Manager Orenco Systems, Inc. Decentralized Overview 3/3/2010 #1
2 Some Aspects of Decentralized Wastewater Decentralized compared to Centralized Systems What is Decentralized? Collection, Treatment, and Dispersal at or near the location where the wastewater is generated Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #2
3 Decentralized compared to Centralized Systems Collection Treatment Dispersal Decentralized Overview 3/3/2010 #3
4 Alternative Sewers: Alternative to What? Great Lakes Mississippi i i i River Board Standards Traditional Gravity Sewers Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #4
5 Traditional Gravity Sewers Minimum pipe diameter is 8 nominal Minimum slope is 0.4% ( ft per 100 feet) Design so slope would result in 2 feet per second velocity if the pipe were flowing full Manholes at every change of horizontal direction Manholes at every intersection of sewer mains Manholes at every change of slope Manholes at every change of pipe size Minimum manhole spacing is 400 feet for pipe diameters of 15 inches or less Allowable leakage for new construction is 800 gallons per day for 8 pipe pp under 2 feet of hydrostatic head. Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #5
6 Traditional Gravity Sewers, Cont d. Lift pumps are designed to handle 3 diameter solids Force mains must be at least 4 in diameter Minimum pump flow must be approximately 80 gpm to maintain 2 ft per second velocity Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #6
7 Orenco Effluent Sewer Collection Technology Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #7
8 Orenco Effluent Sewer Two Possibilities for On-Lot Equipment Septic Tank Effluent Pumping Septic Tank Effluent Gravity Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #8
9 Standard Configuration Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #9
10 Small Communities Hebo, Oregon 60,000 gpd peak flow STEG collection 12 AX100 pods Uses UV disinfection and directly discharges to the nearby river Start-up: 1/2003 Average effluent characteristics BOD 5 : 7 mg/l TSS: 5 mg/l Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #10
11 Bethel Heights, Arkansas System Implementation Phase I Treatment Component AdvanTex Treatment System 30,000 gal/day design flow 85+ EDU capacity 6 AdvanTex AX100 pods Capacity for 27 additional AX100s Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #11
12 Bethel Heights, Arkansas System Implementation Phase I Dispersal Component Sb Subsurface Di Drip Dispersal System 9,000 gal dose tank 50,788 SF drip field Average hydraulic loading rate of 0.24 gal/day/ft /f 2 Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #12
13 Advantages to Residents Frees Residents from Maintenance Collection systems are less expensive They pay a sewer bill Maintenance handled by utility Installation is less disruptive Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #13
14 Advantages to Developers Cost Lowers land cost by allowing use of land outside urban growth boundaries Permits more lots per acre compared with individual septic 60 to 80 lots in the space of 20 lots Reduces cost of decentralized collection and treatment to as little as $10,000/home Allows developers to defer capital outlay, saving interest Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #14
15 Advantages to Utilities Creates Opportunities to Develop... A new and profitable revenue stream A way to capture additional customers for other utility services A method for reducing load to existing wastewater system Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #15
16 Environmental Considerations 60 homes with treatment compared to 20 homes on septic systems 8 times less BOD load 1.4 times less nitrogen load 33 times less fecal coliform load PLUS the treatment system is managed and monitored dfor compliance. Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #16
17 Technology Collection System Less expensive than gravity sewer No manholes, no lift stations Can go up and down hills On-lot components not constructed until home is built Largely immune to I&I and leakage Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #17
18 Technology Collection System Effluent sewers Interceptor tank Pump package (for STEP) Small diameter sewers Typical gravity sewer. Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #18
19 Technology Collection System Gravity sewer construction. Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #19
20 Conventional Centralized Systems Gravity Sewer minimum 8 diameter GLUMRB Recommended Standards for Wastewater Facilities Typically Activated Sludge treatment Nutrient removal is by Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) Typical Discharge to surface water under an NPDES permit Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #20
21 Collection System Conventional Decentralized Collection System is minimum 8 diameter gravity sewer laid on a minimum 0.4 ft/100 ft grade with manholes located at all changes in alignment and at a minimum spacing of 400 feet Collection System can usually be 2 to 4 diameter sewer laid at constant depth similar to water line with cleanouts and isolation valves Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #21
22 Conventional Decentralized Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #22
23 Pumping System Conventional Decentralized Submersible lift station with large solid handling pumps and control panels with SCADA systems and radio frequency transmitters to a central location. Individual home pumps p as needed and generally with 115VAC motors. Easy to lift by one person. Remote monitoring can be done over the web through telephone modems Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #23
24 Conventional Decentralized Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #24
25 Treatment Conventional Decentralized Activated Sludge with Biological Nutrient Removal. Sensitive process easily upset. Large tanks and processes concentrated in one location. Large, concentrated discharge to a stream Media Filters, Extended aeration activated sludge, or SBR s. Can be located at several sites and operated tdunder a single RME. Can serve a single small watershed and have dispersed discharges (possibly to soil) or reuse for irrigation. Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #25
26 Traditional Treatment Activated sludge Recommended Standards for Wastewater Facilities (2004 Ed.) process requires close attention and competent operating supervision, including routine laboratory control. aka. Full time oversight/operation. process requires major energy usage to meet aeration demands. aka. High power costs. Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #26
27 Conventional Decentralized Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #27
28 Discharge/Dispersal Conventional Decentralized Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #28
29 Some Considerations Infiltration and Inflow (I/I) Textbook value is 30,000 gpd/mile of sewer and house connections. Phosphorus removal - it can be as expensive to remove phosphorus as the rest of the treatment plant for the other components Infiltration and Inflow need watertight tanks and fittings. The pressure sewer is as tight as waterline Soil has a strong affinity for phosphorus, and the phosphorus is used by plants. Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #29
30 Sewer Overflows Collapsed Tanks Infiltration/Inflow Inadequate Tanks Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #30
31 The typical sewer bill is around $40 - $50 per home per month Should include: Debt retirement O & M costs (about $15/home-month) Equipment replacement (sinking fund) Decentralized Overview 3/3/2010 #31
32 Some Words about tanks Watertight, watertight, Water tight, WATER TIGHT Tanks, connections, penetrations, riser connections Structurally sound These systems are installed because the soil is not conducive to dense developments with traditional septic systems In the south, that usually means high seasonal water tables that can be at or above tank penetrations, and maybe up to the tops of the risers. Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #32
33 Some more Tanks stuff Test the tanks IN THE HOLE, and on the yard This also allows a test of the connections Work out the material specifications to connect the riser to the tank Has it been successfully done before in high seasonal water tables? What type of adhesive or weld is used to make the connection to the tank? How do you join PVC to polyethylene? How do you join PVC to fiberglass? Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #33
34 Tank Stuff Work out the connection from the tank discharge line to the sewer main flexible, water tight, and durable. Just because it s concrete and stout doesn t mean it is water tight Just because it s fiberglass and watertight doesn t mean that it s structurally sound Just because it s polyethylene and flexible doesn t mean that it s either - % regrind Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #34
35 A concrete tank that came from a manufacturer Whose tanks are certified by the Department of Health as watertight Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #35
36 Fiberglass Tank Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #36
37 Polyethylene tank Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #37
38 Management of Decentralized Systems Rural Water Districts/Authorities Sewer Improvement Districts Private PSC-regulated utilities Other Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #38
39 Big Equipment = Big Cost Traffic Control Maintaining Gravity Sewers Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #39
40 Maintaining Effluent Sewer Small equipment = small costs Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #40
41 Glide, Oregon STEP system Average of 218 hours per year for service calls 800 Equivalent Dwelling Units Average of 0.27 hours per year per equivalent dwelling unit Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #41
42 Some factors to consider when implementing a successful decentralized project Develop D l good standards d and specifications This may mean research into equipment performance Research into costs both capital costs, and long-term maintenance costs (life-cycle costs) Hold H the line on the specifications i Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #42
43 Try to standardize on one equipment package Fewer parts and pieces to inventory Repairs and maintenance are easier Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #43
44 Solutions for Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Orenco Systems, Inc. Decentralized overview 3/3/2010 #44
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