Achieving Energy Savings in Europe through the Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD)

Transcription

1 Page 1/14 Achieving Energy Savings in Europe through the Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD) Dr. Zoltan Magyar Vice-president University of Pecs, Hungary 1. Introduction Since the last century the way of life has completely changed due to the technical and economic development. Significant signs of this process can be observed in building sector, e.g. new technologies of insulation, heating and cooling systems. However, it has led to increasing energy demand, which must be provided to ensure the required comfort level of people. According the survey of International Energy Agency [1], 34,1% of the total primary energy required by European countries. 41% of the energy demand in the European Union was applied in the building sector against 28% industrial purpose. Heating 41% Computers 27% Cooling 5% Ventilation 5% Lighting 4% Equipment 18% Figure 1. Breakdown of energy use in the building sector (EEBD, Electronic Energy Buildings Directive) Needs of the primary energy had made the European countries the most energy importer since oil became the basic energy source. Therefore the European Union highly had been depended on import and got affected elementally by adverse cases such as oil crisis in 1970s as well. Nevertheless this shocking crisis had important conclusion, the EU s leadership and governments paid more attention for improving energy saving technologies and renewable energy sources. First of all they focused on the building sector partly due to the above mentioned percentages on the other hand the fact should be considered that the occupants (over 820 million people in 2002) are considerably responsible for efficient end-using. It is also important factor that many buildings are hundreds years old, otherwise there is strong growth in new buildings. However there are many with good thermal parameters due to the improved insulation and new type of windows, large number of apartment buildings involved affordable flats are being build in poor quality.

2 Page 2/14 On 1 st of May, 2004, the 15 original European Union Member States were joined by 10 new Members. This makes the EU the second largest economy after the United States. (Final energy consumption in the EU-25 increased by about 8 % in ). Also in the last century environmental problems primary air pollution became capital aspect too, and it is highly connected to energy use, through combustion products. Today, urban pollution is bringing a new chorus of calls for action, and municipal governments have become new partners in finding solutions. And the global concern about climate change has forced action, through the yet to be ratified Kyoto Protocol (1997), to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, as well as other greenhouses gases [2]. The protocol commits 38 industrialised countries to cut their emissions of greenhouse gases in to levels that are 5.2 % below 1990 levels. Current projections show that many Western European countries will not meet their Kyoto targets, while most Central European countries probably will. In Eastern European countries, which often have rich energy sources, the link between energy efficiency strategies and environmental issues is not a well-established policy concern as yet (OECD, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2004). Considering that fossil fuels (especially gas and oil) are expected to remain the largest energy source in Europe for the next 30 years, the energy consumption and its environmental effects might be said one of the most important emergency cases nowadays. Figure 2. Total energy consumption for the enlarged European Union by fuel type [5] Thanks to the above described reasons, the EU labours energy efficiency policies and programmes, having leader part. This tend is indicated by raising support for renewable energy sources. Governments seem to recognise that renewable energy is a much less mature industry with a greater need for technological and market support to enable full commercial development (Total subsidies (excluding external costs) are estimated to be about EUR 29 billion a year.)

3 Page 3/14 Solid fluel Oil and gas Nuclear Renewables On-budget >6.4 >0.2 >1.0 >0.6 Off-budget >6.6 >8.5 >1.2 >4.7 Total >13.0 >8.7 >2.2 >5.3 Table 1. Estimates of total energy subsidies in 2001, EU-15, billion euros [4] Renewable energy [%] 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 EU-15 pre-2004 EU-10 new members 0, Figure 3. Share of renewable energy in total energy consumption [6] 2. Directive 2002/91/EC The European Commission's Action Plan on Energy Efficiency (2000) indicated the need for specific measures in the building sector. In response, the European Commission (EC) published the proposed Directive on The Energy Performance of Buildings (EPBD) in May The European Parliament and Council signed the agreed text of the Directive at Energy Council on 25 November Upon its publication in the EU Official Journal on 4 January 2003, the Directive became European Law. The Directive could be handled as a declaration about necessity of energy savings and use of renewable energy sources. In respect of the 10 EU countries, cost-effective savings potential of around 22% of present consumption (building structure, heating, hot water supply, air conditioning, ventilation and lighting) in buildings can be realised by 2010, payback time is shorter than 8 years. (Efforts could result more than 14 billion euro savings by 2010 for the Member States.) The Directive must be implemented by Member States no later than thirty-six months after it has come into force i.e. by 4 January The objective of the Directive is to promote the improvement of the energy performance of buildings within the Community [3], focussing on follows: Calculation, monitoring and controlling of energy performance of buildings, with respect to existing (after major renovation) and new buildings. Energy certification. Regular inspection of boilers and air conditioning systems.

4 Page 4/14 Main technical Articles: Principles how to calculate the energy consumption of buildings (Article 3) Performance based maximum values of energy consumption for buildings (Article 4) Considering more economical systems in case of new buildings; required measurements (Article 5) Improvement of the energy efficiency of the renovated buildings (Article 6) Energy performance certificate for all buildings (Article 7) Inspection of boilers (Article 8) Inspection of air conditioning systems (Article 9) It is specially mentioned the rising number of air-conditioning systems in European countries. Energy demand of these appliances can generate serious problems in supply systems during the cooling season. Figure 4. Cooled area in Europe (SAVE study EECCAC) (RAC = room air conditioning; VRF = Variable refrigerant flow) Nevertheless highlighted questions are the CO 2 emission, which should be included in energy certification, and the indoor climate environment. The occupants part in the energy use should not be neglected. Higher comfort levels, reflected in increased demand for space heating and cooling, have also contributed to higher final energy consumption. The Directive must be implemented by Member States no later than thirty-six months after it has come into force i.e. by 4 January There is an additional 3-year period to allow Member States to apply the provisions of Articles 7, 8 and 9 in case of lack of qualified and/or accredited experts. 3. Calculation method of energy performance of buildings The energy performance of buildings should be calculated on the basis of a methodology, which may be differentiated at regional level, that includes, in addition to thermal insulation other factors that play an increasingly important role such as heating and air conditioning installations, application of renewable energy sources and design of the building [3].

5 Page 5/14 Each Member State has to work out its own methodology to calculate the energy performance of buildings based on the general framework. It enables each Member State to meet the Directive individual capability and circumstances (standards and norms). Calculation methods should be prepared with respect to follows: Building envelope (including air tightness) Heating and domestic hot water Air conditioning installations Ventilation Lighting Location and orientation of the building Passive solar systems and solar protection Natural ventilation Design values of indoor climate It could be carried out in three basic ways: Computer simulation (with accepted programs) Detailed calculation (by hand or computer) Simplified calculation (by hand or computer) Certainly computer simulation methods ensure more parameters (changing in time) taking into consider, however these should be based on detailed calculation according the standards and norms. At the end of calculation process energy performance of buildings could be evaluated using integrated energy performance E p [kwh/m 2 a]. The calculated EP value should be compared with the standard given in diagrams for different type of buildings such as: Residential buildings (houses, flats or other sort of accommodation) Office buildings Educational buildings Hospitals Hotels and restaurants Sport facilities etc. The assumed integrated energy performance should not exceed the standard value given in diagrams separately.

6 Page 6/14 Figure 5. Integrated energy performance for offices (Hungarian calculation method) Evaluation of energy performance should be applied any kind of energy consuming buildings, except for: officially protected buildings and monuments, buildings used for religious purposes, temporary or temporary used buildings, buildings with less than 50m 2 useful area. 4. Energy Performance Certificate (Article 7) According the regulation of the Directive certification should be carried out for: new buildings with a total useful area over 1000m 2, existing buildings undergo major (cost is higher than 25% of value of building), public authority buildings, frequently visited public buildings, in case of selling or hire. The Energy Performance Certificate shall be available when building is sold or rented, not older than ten years, shall include reference values, should give also advise how to improve energy efficiency, shall be visible in public buildings, indoor climate target values may be included. The detailed form depends on the Member States. It is not specified exactly what does frequently visited or public authority buildings mean. The form of Certification is not regulated either. Therefore are there differences between applied certification documents of Member States. Primary energy demand data (measured and/or calculated compared with reference values) might be subdivided according the

7 Page 7/14 installed system (heating, cooling, lighting..etc.) as well as completed by carbon dioxide emission data. Common form is to use a scale to indicate the energy demand; usually A is given to the most energy efficient buildings. 5. Concept for standardization related to the EPBD European standards are being written by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), which are intended to support the EPBD. CEN/BT WG 173 Energy Performance of Buildings Project Group was set up to co-ordinate the CEN work concerning the EPBD and EC standardisation Mandate 343. CEN established an EPBD-Project group the co-operating CEN committees (TC): TC 89 Thermal performance of buildings and building components TC 156 Ventilation for buildings TC 169 Light and lighting TC 228 Heating systems in buildings TC 247 Building automation, controls and building management In the M343-EN-2004 mandate, which asked CEN to cooperate, 31 work items are listed. These must be developed to support the Directive. One of the main tasks of CEN group was to create an umbrella document to present a clear overview of all work items, standards and their relation as well as main definitions. This paper describes the European standards (ENs) that are intended to support the EPBD by providing the calculation methods and associated material to obtain the overall energy performance of a building [7].

8 Page 8/14 Energy Performance of Buildings Methodology for calculating energy performance Article 3 Energy certification of buildings Article 7 -- WI-1 Ways of expressing energy performance Article 4 -- WI-3 New buildings Article 5 Indoor Environment WI 31 Existing buildings Article 6 Energy use for space heating and cooling - Simplified method WI-14/15 Energy use for space heating and cooling - General criteria and validation procedures WI-17 Application of measured energy (temperature) use WI-4 Heating system energy requirements WI-7/8/9/10 (26) Cooling system energy requirements WI-12 (26) Ventilation system energy requirements WI-18/1920/21/25 Energy requirements for lighting WI-13 Domestic hot water energy requirem. WI-11 Temperatur calculations WI 27,28 Follow calculation method for new buildings Overall energy use, primary energy, CO 2 emissions WI-2 Building automation WI 22 Heating systems (incl.boilers) Article 8 -- WI-5 Inspections Air conditioning (incl Ventilation) Article 9 WI-6/30 Figure 6. Concept for standardization related to the EPBD The calculation procedure for assessing the overall energy performance of buildings is based on the characteristics of the building and its installed equipment, as listed in the Annex to the EPBD. Regarding indoor environmental standards, adaptation of CEN CR 1752 Ventilation for buildings Design Criteria for the indoor environment) has new aspects came to light. Indoor environmental categories could help the designers and owners (users) to realise energy savings by avoiding unnecessary high requirements. It is also important to highlight, which is set out in the Directive too, indoor climate environment should not be underplayed by energy savings intention. 6. Inspection status in 2005 Several surveys have been carried out in order to estimate the expected situation of the Directive in The main consequence was that most of the EU Members States probably will need the three year extension, whereas some of them will have serious difficulties with implementation.

9 Page 9/14 Country 13 Country 12 Country 11 Country 10 Country 9 Country 8 Country 7 Approval of the schemes Certification AC Boilers Country 26 Country 25 Country 24 Country 23 Country 22 Country 21 Country 20 Approval of the schemes Certification AC Boilers Country 6 Country 19 Country 5 Country 18 Country 4 Country 17 Country 3 Country 16 Country 2 Country 15 Country 1 Country Figure 7. Perspectives for legal approval of national schemes (EPBD CA) Country 13 Country 12 Start of Inspections / Advise / CE Training Country 26 Country 25 Start of Inspections / Advise / CE Training Country 11 Country 10 Country 9 Certification AC Boilers Country 24 Country 23 Country 22 Certification AC Boilers Country 8 Country 21 Country 7 Country 20 Country 6 Country 19 Country 5 Country 18 Country 4 Country 17 Country 3 Country 16 Country 2 Country 15 Country 1 Country Figure 8. Start of Inspections / Advice / Training (CE) (EPBD CA) Belgium Denmark Status of Building Codes before Implementation of Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings New minimum requirements for thermal insulation, heating energy, standard ventilation will be adopted in 2006 for Wallonia. On April 30, 2004, the Flemish Parliament approved the decree on the Energy Performance of Buildings. A first order for establishing the requirements on the Energy Performance and the Indoor Climate of buildings have been approved by the Flemish Government in March A new law on Energy Savings in Buildings was approved in June it will require energy labelling of all public buildings every five years, regular energy labelling of all large buildings (over 1000 m 2 gross area) for trade and services as well as for apartment blocks. For building and apartments for sale or rent, the energy label is only valid 5 years. Energy labelling includes inspection, certification and advising.

10 Page 10/14 Germany Greece Hungary On 1 February 2002, the new Energy Conservation Ordinance came into force which aims at reducing the amount of energy consumed in heating, climate control, and hot-water provision in new buildings by roughly 25 to 30 per cent. It unifies the previously separate thermal insulation and the heating installation ordinances. The Energy Conservation Ordinance also encourages energy efficiency improvements in existing buildings. The Ordinance requires that all boilers installed before October 1978 must be replaced. The joint Ministerial Decision of August 1998 provides for the replacement of the old Thermal Insulation Regulation with the issue of minimum energy efficiency standards for new buildings and the establishment of a new integrated energy study for the energy requirements of new buildings. New regulations were drafted but have not been approved. There is a committee to oversee the implementation of the EPBD. A conference is to be held in the autumn of 2005 to exchange ideas and provide information. The Hungarian Insulation Standard MSZ regulates buildings walls, floors, doors and windows, and defines the k insulation ratio. This standard has been in force since The government made the standards voluntary in The architect has to include in his report a statement that the design of the building is correct in this respect. Table 2. Status of Building Codes in July, 2005 [2] 7. The Berlaymont building The certification of Berlamont building could be called one of the first experiment to evaluate the different methods of Member States. It was carried out in 2004, the participants were: Austria, France, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal. The Berlamont building was built in 1960s as the headquarters of the European Commission, containing over m 2 floor area on 16 levels. In 1991 a decision was made to carry on a full-scale renovation. In 1995 as a part of the renovation energy saving technologies were used, as follows: double façade: solar heat gain reduce by 89%, intelligent lighting system: 8W/m 2, gas-fired cogeneration station provide electricity and heat simultaneously, ice storage system, building Management system, using rainwater to flush toilets and in watering plants system. The participants were asked to use their own calculation method, standards and certification process; they were helped by a Belgian consultant company COMASE SA, which provided the necessary input data abut the building. Moreover they had to handle the building as it is located in their own country related the outdoor conditions. Certainly it caused some difficulties for Portuguese experts, who decided to replace the building to Lisbon. Considering summer case, when the indoor gains are significant, outdoor climate does not represent an important effect, this was assumed to be an acceptable simplification. COMASE SA was asked to collect the final results as well. The final report was released in July, However the applied methods were different, each expert evaluated the building divided into more or less zones. The results can be seen in Table 3.

11 Page 11/14 Austria France Germany Netherlands Poland Portugal Number of zones 19 (144) Net energy [kwh/m2,year] 127,1 120,38 129,7 139,5 Final energy [kwh/m2,year] 198,2 182,69 170,9 155,6 Primary energy [kwh/m2,year] , MJ/year 223, kgep/year Heating 63,12 65,31 35,8 1,1 Cooling 13,24 12,72 30,1 506 AC moisture/humidifying 7,39 2,68 7,4 (include cooling) Ventilation (mechanical) 16,55 12,12 5,9 (include heating and cooling) Lighting 18,19 18,69 13,4 14,5 Domestic hot water 8,57 8,86 8,7 - Solar Energy n.a. - Cogeneration Net energy [kwh/m2,year] (included in primary energy (included in primary energy Equipment (if included) n.a. 74,7 34,7 Pumps and fans 4,6 23,2 27,2 Lifts and Parking 5,57 3,3 11,4 Table 3. Results of calculation methods The Berlaymont building [8] Member States tested a number of different methods (e.g. simplified versus detailed; old versus revised method, etc.) to calculate the energy performance of the Berlaymont Building and delivered their energy certificates and reports to the Commission in November-December The final certification results are listed in Table 4. Some country gave detailed primary energy data, according the energy demand of systems e.g. ventilation, hot water, cooling and heating. Only Poland and Portugal assumed the CO 2 emission too. Also two countries Germany and France not used a scale, instead compared the results with reference data. Country Scale Energy data CO 2 data Austria C detailed no France Compared with a new reference building: 8% better not detailed no Germany 208 kwh/m 2 a (average building with AC: 400 kwh/m 2 a) detailed Netherlands A detailed no Poland B not 41 detailed kg/m 2 a Portugal A not detailed Table 4. Energy certification of Berlaymont building no 7416 ton/a

12 Page 12/14 Main conclusion based on survey: The most problematic is the input data collection in case of existing buildings. It is also the most expensive part. Some countries do not provide adequate reference buildings or national survey to support certification process. In order to make the methods comparable it is recommended to use the same shoe-box office model. Therefore the Berlaymont building was a good exercise for EU Members to see the problematic parts and it also helped to understand how important it to share the knowledge and experiences is. 8. After 4 th of January, 2006 At 4th of January, 2006 ten countries (3 full, 7 partly) were able to comply with the first provision: Germany, Italy, Portugal, Austria, Denmark, Belgium, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, and Slovakia. However all of them required more or less extension as regards Articles 7, 8 and 9. The 31 CEN standard connected to the Directive will be bring out continuously, up to To support the implementation in the other Member states, it has been established several projects such as SAVE projects, Intelligent Energy Europe program and EPBD Buildings platform. Figure 9. Timetable for EPBD activities [9] In accordance Table 2. some example for state of certification are listed in Table 5. Belgium Denmark Status of Energy Certification of Buildings There is currently no requirement. Discussions are underway as to the use of energy certificates for public buildings. From 1997, a new energy-labelling scheme for large and small buildings took effect. In June 2005 new energy requirements for the building regulations of small houses and for the general building regulations were published. These fulfil requirements for articles 3,4, 5 and 6 of the EPBD. The new requirements come

13 Page 13/14 into force January 1, All new building havae to be labelled to ensure fulfilment of the requirements. France Germany Greece Hungary Netherlands Portugal The law for energy certificates was adopted in Further laws for implementation are being discussed in parliament. It is expected that the energy certificates at the point of sale of the dwelling will come into force in mid-2006, with the certificate for rentals in Certification is required for existing buildings only if large renovation is undertaken Framework Ministerial Decision. Regulations are being prepared. After June 2006, no building can be commissioned without a building certificate. From January 1, 2007, the certificate is compulsory at point of sale. This date may be delayed for small buildings for social reasons. All building owners will have to produce an Energy Performance Certificate that is no more than 10 years old, at the construction, sale or rent of a building. There are special arrangements for houses built since Specific legislation to approve a certification programme under preparation. Every non-residential building will be required to display the energy certificate. Table 5. Status of Energy Certification of Buildings [2] Conclusions In the European Union, as well as in other parts of the world, energy saving projects has gained more importance. Thanks to the fact that the EU is highly depended on energy import, but also with respect to environmental reasons. Up to 2010 expected cut down of energy demand is more than 20%. In case of most of the Member States it could be realized by concerted action. The 2002/91/EC Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (EPBD) composed the necessity, target and main steps of this. However the Member States should be carried out the detailed development, they are helped by several programs and projects. CEN has been also asked to support by standards the Directive. The European Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings poses significant challenges for most of the EU Members States. After the first deadline, 4 th of January, 2006, only a few countries were able to implement the Directive, but all of them need more or less extension as regards: Article 7: Energy Performance certificate Article 8: Inspection of boilers Article 9: Inspection of air-conditioning systems. In the other Member States the implementation is also in process and going to be finished after a short delay. Probably the Directive will be extend after middle of 2006 in order to realise more energy savings and less emission of carbon-dioxide and other greenhouse gases. In this way the target of Kyoto protocol might be fulfilled as well.

14 Page 14/14 References [1] IEA - Key World Energy Statistics 2005 [2] EuroAce - Towards energy efficient buildings in Europe, Final report, 2004 with updated Annexes July 2005 (European Alliance of Companies for Energy Efficiency in Buildings) [3] Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings [4] EEA Briefing No 2/2004 [5] EEA Signals 2004 [6] Eurostat EEA state and outlook 2005 [7] CEN/BT WG 173 EPBD N 04rev Version 2, 14 th July, 2004 Umbrella document [8] Energy Certification of Berlaymont Summary report on project results, July [9] EPBD Buildings Platform Proposal coordinated by INIVE EEIG (International Network for Information on Ventilation and Energy Performance)