Onsite Systems, Soils, and Climate Change Jennifer Cooper University of Rhode Island
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1 Onsite Systems, Soils, and Climate Change Jennifer Cooper University of Rhode Island
2 Overview OWTS technologies Wastewater renovation Climate change Initial results Next step
3 New England Pop. NE US = 55 million 3% of population rely on OWTS 16.5 million could be affected by climate change effects on OWTS just in NE US
4 Coastal Population 39% of US population reside in coastal shoreline counties
5 The Problems Microorganisms: Bacteria Viruses Protozoan Worms Nutrients-N&P: Eutrophication Fresh P Coastal N Anoxia BOD: Low O 2 /Anoxia O 2 O O 2 2 O O 2 2
6 Soil Drainfield Treatment Microorganisms: Predation Adsorption/ filtration Nutrients: Phosphorus Fe/Al hydroxides Adsorption/ precipitation Nitrogen Nitrification Denitrification BOD: Microbial degradation
7 Conventional System 1. Primary Treatment 2. Drainfield WATER TABLE 4. Controls - timers 3. Shallow Drainfield Advanced System 2. Secondary treatment 1. Primary treatment
8 Conventional Advanced 2 3 cm 15 2 cm ~6 cm 17 cm 17 cm 76 cm Water Table Pipe and Stone (P&S) Water Table Pressurized Shallow Narrow Drainfield (PSND) Water Table Geomat (GEO)
9 Intact Soil Mesocosms
10 Intact Soil Mesocosms Gas flux STE or SFE Soil pore gas Water Samples
11 Technology Differences P&S Septic tank effluent Deeper placement of infiltrative area Social dosing Relies heavily on soil Pre-treated sand filter effluent Shallow placement of infiltrative area Timed dosing controls Less reliance on soil SND GEO P&S SND GEO
12 Climate Change Sea Level Rise
13 Increased Precipitation 1-11% 6-7% Source : Consortium for Climate Risk in the Urban Northeast
14 Climate Change - Temperature ⁰C 1.8 2⁰C Source : Consortium for Climate Risk in the Urban Northeast
15 Climate change Expected Results Property/Process Volume Strength Oxygen Respiration Nitrification (?) (?) Denitrification (?) (?) Xenobiotic degradation S oxidation P retention Pathogen removal
16 Soil Moisture Content cm PSND GEO.8.7 P&S Moisture (m 3 /m 3 ) cm -75cm -3cm Moisture (m 3 /m 3 ) cm -75cm -3cm -45cm -6cm Moisture (m 3 /m 3 ) cm -3cm Time (hours) Time (hrs) Time (hrs) P&S: Variable moisture, levels overall lower SND/GEO: Constant moisture, levels overall higher
17 Soil Moisture Content Dissolved O 2 (mg/l) Input Output DO 2 Dissolved CH 4 -C (µg/l) Input Output CH 4 Dissolved N 2 O-N (µg/l) Input Output N 2 O P&S SND GEO.1 P&S SND GEO 1 P&S SND GEO SND/GEO DO 2 significantly higher than P&S (diffusion > microbial consumption) Higher diss. CH 4 in P&S inputs (BOD 5 ) Higher diss. N 2 O in SND/GEO inputs (nitrification)
18 Soil and Water ph SFE PSND PSND SFE GEO GEO STE P&S P&S ph ph ph Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Feb 3. Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Feb 2. Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Feb
19 Depth (cm) O 2 CH 4 N 2 O 3 P&S 3 P&S 3 P&S Gas Phase O 2, CH 4, N 2 O SND CH 4 (ul/l) SND N 2 O (ul/l) SND O 2 significantly higher in SND/GEO Depth (cm) CH 4 in SND/GEO at atm levels Depth (cm) GEO 15 CH4 (ul/l) GEO 15 N2O (ul/l) GEO X higher N 2 O production in SND/GEO (in-situ prod.) O 2 (x1 3 ppm v ) CH 4 (ppm v ) N 2 O (ppm v )
20 BOD 5, Fecal Coliform and Total P Removed Within the drainfield, complete removal of BOD 5, fecal coliform bacteria, and total P. BOD 5 Microbial consumption by C-limited soil community BOD 5 (mg/l) SFE PSND PSND Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec BOD 5 (mg/l) SFE GEO GEO Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec BOD 5 (mg/l) STE P&S P&S Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Fecal coliform Bacteria/E. coli Filtration, absorption, low ph, release of toxic Al compounds Total P Low ph, retention by Al/Fe oxides
21 Gas Flux Gas Flux (µg C or N/hr/m 2 ) P&S SND GEO No CH 4 Flux, (oxidized to CO 2 ) Significantly higher N 2 O flux in SND/GEO (in-situ prod.) N 2 O not a major N loss pathway CH 4 N 2 O
22 Total N Removal % TN Removed Total Nitrogen Removal P&S: 12% SND: 4.8% GEO: 5.4% Microbial biomass and N 2 production P&S SND GEO
23 Total N Removal Mechanisms % Water Filled Pore Space -2 C:N Ratio Depth (cm) Temp. saturation STE DO ~ mg/l PSND GEO P&S Denitrification SND/GEO P&S Req. denit..7:1 1.:1 1.2: % Water in pore space SND/GEO: C limited, more O 2, denitrification unlikely P&S: more C, periodically anaerobic
24 Next Step - Climate change Current: WT Temp 2 C Climate Change: WT up 3cm Temp 24 C
25 Questions? Funding: URI Sea Grant RI Agricultural Experiment Station Research Team: Jose Amador NRS Tom Boving GEO George Loomis NRS & NEOWTC Dave Kalen NRS & NEOWTC Ivan Morales Ph.D. student Ethan Sneesby B.S. student Contact:
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