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1 BENCH-SCALE TREATABILITY STUDY REPORT BIOGENESIS SM SEDIMENT WASHING TECHNOLOGY NamDong Retardation Basin Incheon City, South Korea October 15, 2008 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

2 Abstract BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc. and KleanEnviAsia ltd. performed a bench-scale treatability study of the BioGenesis SM Sediment Washing Technology on sediment from the NamDong Retardation Basin located in city of Incheon, South Korea. The BioGenesis SM Sediment Washing Technology is a patented low-temperature decontamination process, which uses impact forces and proprietary chemicals to remove organic and inorganic contaminants from coarse and fine-grained sediment particles. The NamDong Retardation Basin collects storm water runoff from an industrial area in the south of Incheon city for settling prior to discharging the storm water to the West Sea. According to estimates made by the city of Incheon, the NamDong Retardation Basin contains approximately 702,000 cubic meters (m 3 ) of sediment contaminated with heavy metals and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). Under the current environmental regulations in South Korea, the sediment will require treatment prior to disposition and/or reuse. BioGenesis and KleanEnviAsia cooperated to perform the bench-scale study for the city of Incheon. Bench-scale equipment was transported from the United States to South Korea where it was assembled and tested at KleanEnviAsia s facilities in the city of Daejeon, South Korea. Analytical results of samples collected during the bench testing showed that the BioGenesis SM Sediment Washing Technology can successfully decontaminate sediment from the NamDong Retardation Basin to meet the South Korean regulatory criteria. ii BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

3 Section TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 INTRODUCTION PROJECT DESCRIPTION BIOGENESIS SM SEDIMENT WASHING TECHNOLOGY BENCH-SCALE TESTING COLLECTION OF UNTREATED SEDIMENT SAMPLES BENCH-SCALE EQUIPMENT SETUP PROCESS OPTIMIZATION TESTING DISCUSSION OF RESULTS CONCLUSIONS APPENDIX A TREATABILITY STUDY PHOTOGRAPHS FIGURES and TABLES Page Figure 1 NamDong Retardation Basin... 2 Figure 2 BioGenesis SM Sediment Washing Process... 4 Figure 3 Sediment Sample Locations Figure 4 - Bench-Scale Equipment Setup Figure 5 Comparisons of Average Results for Contaminants of Concern Low Levels Figure 6 Comparisons of Average Results for Contaminants of Concern High Levels Table 1 NamDong Retardation Basin Sediment Samples... 3 Table 2 Initial Untreated Sediment Characterization Results Table 3 Treated Sediment Sample Results iii BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

4 1 INTRODUCTION Presented in this Treatability Study Report are the results of a bench-scale treatability test of the BioGenesis SM Sediment Washing Technology on sediment samples from the NamDong Retardation Basin in Incheon City, South Korea. The work described in this Report was conducted by BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc. (BioGenesis) and KleanEnviAsia, Ltd during July and August 2008 in Daejeon, South Korea. The treatability study report is divided into 6 sections. The introduction is included in Section 1. A discussion of the NamDong Retardation Basin project is presented in Section 2. An overview of the BioGenesis SM Sediment Washing Technology is provided in Section 3. Section 4 contains a discussion of the bench-testing procedures. A discussion of the results is provided in Section 5, and the conclusions are presented in Section 6. 1 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

2 Project Description The NamDong Retardation Basin, shown in Figure 1, is located in an industrial area in the southern portion of Incheon City in South Korea.

5 2 Project Description The NamDong Retardation Basin, shown in Figure 1, is located in an industrial area in the southern portion of Incheon City in South Korea. The basin, which has a surface area of approximately 614,000 m 2, accepts storm water runoff from the industrial area and provides settling of sediment and debris prior to discharge of the storm water to the West Sea. Figure 1 NamDong Retardation Basin Based on a study performed by the city of Incheon, there is approximately 702,000 cubic meters (m 3 ) of contaminated sediment currently contained in the NamDong Retardation Basin. The sediment will be removed by Incheon City in order to provide storage capacity back to the basin. Under current South Korean environmental regulations, the contaminated sediment will need to be treated prior to disposition and/or re-use. Presented in Table 1 is a summary of the analytical 2 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

6 results for samples collected from the basin by Incheon City in 2007 compared to the South Korean industrial and residential criteria. Table 1 NamDong Retardation Basin Sediment Samples Contaminant Regulatory Criteria (mg/kg) Sample Results (mg/kg) Residential Industrial No. 1-1 No. 1-2 Cadmium Copper Arsenic Mercury Lead Chromium Zinc , , Nickel Fluorine Organic Phosphorous ND ND Cyanide ND ND Phenol 4 20 ND ND Oils BTEX - 80 ND ND TPH 500 2,000 11, , Trichloroethylene 8 40 ND ND Tetrachloroethylene 4 24 ND ND ph Note: ND = not detected Bold indicates concentrations above the criteria A review of this table shows the sediment exceeds the South Korean regulatory criteria for heavy metals, cadmium, copper, mercury, and nickel. The concentrations of zinc in the NamDong Retardation Basin sediment exceed the South Korean regulatory criteria by an order of magnitude. In addition, the concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the NamDong sediment exceed the regulatory criteria by an order of magnitude. 3 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

3 BioGenesis SM Sediment Washing Technology The BioGenesis SM Sediment Washing Technology is a patented low temperature decontamination process, which uses impact forces and a proprietary blend of

7 3 BioGenesis SM Sediment Washing Technology The BioGenesis SM Sediment Washing Technology is a patented low temperature decontamination process, which uses impact forces and a proprietary blend of chemicals to remove organic and inorganic contamination from soil and sediment particles. The technology, which was patented by BioGenesis in December 2001, is designed to decontaminate both coarsegrained (sand-sized) and fine-grained (silt- and clay-sized) particles, by isolating individual particles and removing contaminants and naturally occurring organic material adsorbed to the particles. The result of the BioGenesis SM process is decontaminated sediment that can be used as a fill material or as a raw material in the production of topsoil or other construction grade products. A general schematic of the BioGenesis SM Sediment Washing Process is illustrated in Figure 2. Figure 2 BioGenesis SM Sediment Washing Process 4 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

A description of the individual processing steps of the BioGenesis SM Technology and examples of the full-scale equipment follows: Sediment Washing 1.

25 mm (1/4 inch) in size using a shaker screen. The oversized material is rinsed on top of the screen and can be sorted and potentially recycled or disposed of appropriately.

8 A description of the individual processing steps of the BioGenesis SM Technology and examples of the full-scale equipment follows: Sediment Washing 1. Sediment Preparation The initial step in the BioGenesis SM Sediment Washing Process involves screening the sediment to remove any rocks and debris greater than 6.25 mm (1/4 inch) in size using a shaker screen. The oversized material is rinsed on top of the screen and can be sorted and potentially recycled or disposed of appropriately. The material that passes through the 6.25-mm screen is then stored for processing through the Chemical Addition and Mixing, Application of Collision Forces, Organic Contaminant Oxidation, and Solid/Liquid Separation processing steps. Typical screening operations are illustrated in the following photographs. Photograph 1 Typical Screening Plant Photograph 2 Typical Screening Plant 2. Chemical Addition and Preprocessing The sediment stored in Sediment Preparation step is mixed with proprietary specialty chemicals, such as surfactants, chelants and defoamers, to decrease the affinity among the contaminants, sediment particles, and naturally occurring organic material. The sediment slurry with the washing chemicals is then pumped to the BioGenesis TM Preprocessor unit, which uses physical forces applied through high-pressure water (up to 10,000 psi) to disaggregate the sediment particles from each other and from the naturally occurring organic material. The result at the end 5 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

of the Preprocessing step is that the naturally occurring organic material has been separated from the sediment particles, the clumped sediment particles have been disaggregated in the

Full-scale preprocessor skids are presented in the following photographs.

Application of Collision Impact Forces The core-processing step of the BioGenesis SM Sediment Washing Technology is the Application of Collision Impact Forces.

9 of the Preprocessing step is that the naturally occurring organic material has been separated from the sediment particles, the clumped sediment particles have been disaggregated in the sediment slurry, and the washing chemicals and sediment particles have been thoroughly mixed in preparation for the next processing steps. Full-scale preprocessor skids are presented in the following photographs. Photograph 4 High Pressure Water Pump Photograph 3 Full-scale Preprocessor Skid Photograph 5 Full-scale Preprocessor 3. Application of Collision Impact Forces The core-processing step of the BioGenesis SM Sediment Washing Technology is the Application of Collision Impact Forces. The sediment slurry from the Chemical Addition and Preprocessing step is pumped to the BioGenesis TM Collision Chamber where high-pressure water (up to 10,000 psi) from a second high pressure pump is used to create impact forces to strip the biofilm layer and adsorbed contaminants from the individual solid/sediment particles. After the BioGenesis TM Collision Chamber, contamination that was adsorbed to the individual 6 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

solid particles, as well as the naturally occurring organic material and biofilm, has been transferred to the aqueous phase.

Photograph 6 Full-Scale Collision Chamber Photograph 8 Full-Scale Collision Chamber Control Panel Photograph 7 Full-Scale Collision Chamber 4.

using enhanced oxidation. Hydrogen peroxide, a strong oxidizing agent, is added to the sediment slurry upstream of the Cavitation/Oxidation unit.

10 solid particles, as well as the naturally occurring organic material and biofilm, has been transferred to the aqueous phase. Examples of full-scale Collision Chamber skids are presented in the following photographs. Photograph 6 Full-Scale Collision Chamber Photograph 8 Full-Scale Collision Chamber Control Panel Photograph 7 Full-Scale Collision Chamber 4. Organic Contaminant Oxidation Next, the sediment slurry is pumped to the BioGenesis TM Cavitation/Oxidation unit where organic contaminants are destroyed using enhanced oxidation. Hydrogen peroxide, a strong oxidizing agent, is added to the sediment slurry upstream of the Cavitation/Oxidation unit. Cavitation, created within the BioGenesis TM Cavitation/Oxidation unit, occurs when air bubbles that are created in the slurry implode. The implosion of the air bubbles enhances the ability of hydrogen peroxide to oxidize organic molecules. 7 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

Immediately after the Organic Contaminant Oxidation step, the slurry consists of: Washed sediment particles; Residual organic materials in the aqueous phase that may still contain some organic and

$Solid/Liquid Separation Following the Organic Contaminant Oxidation step, the soil/sediment slurry is ready for Liquid/Solid Separation, which results in a treated solid fraction and a liquid$

11 Immediately after the Organic Contaminant Oxidation step, the slurry consists of: Washed sediment particles; Residual organic materials in the aqueous phase that may still contain some organic and inorganic contaminants; and Water that contains the un-oxidized organic contaminants desorbed from the soil/sediment solids and any remaining naturally occurring organic material. Photographs of full-scale cavitation/oxidation units are presented here. Photograph 9 Full-Scale Cavitation/Oxidation Unit Photograph 10 Full-Scale Cavitation/Oxidation Unit 5. Solid/Liquid Separation Following the Organic Contaminant Oxidation step, the soil/sediment slurry is ready for Liquid/Solid Separation, which results in a treated solid fraction and a liquid fraction that contains residual un-oxidized organic contaminants, naturally occurring organic material, chelated metals, and residual fine-grained soil/sediment particles. Unless liquid/solid separation is performed shortly after the Organic Contaminant Oxidation step, the contaminant partitioning process will reinitiate between the treated solids and any remaining contaminants in the liquid. This means that any un-oxidized organic contaminants, which are suspended in the liquid fraction, are candidates to be re-adsorbed/scavenged onto the cleaned solid particles. 8 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

$The Solid/Liquid Separation step includes several separation devices operated in series to remove different fractions of solids in decreasing order of grain sizes.$ is used to remove fine silt and clay. The treated sediment solids separated from the aqueous phase are then stockpiled prior to re-use or final disposition.

is used to remove fine silt and clay. The treated sediment solids separated from the aqueous phase are then stockpiled prior to re-use or final disposition.

Photograph 11 Full-Scale Cyclones Photograph 13 Full-Scale Soil/Liquid Separation Equipment Photograph 12 Full-Scale Centrifuge 6.

12 The Solid/Liquid Separation step includes several separation devices operated in series to remove different fractions of solids in decreasing order of grain sizes. First a scalping screen is used to remove the fine sand, then hydrocyclones in combination with a shaker screen are used to remove medium and coarse silt, and finally a centrifuge is used to remove fine silt and clay. The treated sediment solids separated from the aqueous phase are then stockpiled prior to re-use or final disposition. Examples of full-scale Solid/Liquid Separation equipment are provided below. Photograph 11 Full-Scale Cyclones Photograph 13 Full-Scale Soil/Liquid Separation Equipment Photograph 12 Full-Scale Centrifuge 6. Wastewater Treatment The wastewater from the solid/liquids separation step contains residual un-oxidized organic contaminants, chelated metals, naturally occurring organic material, and residual fine-grained sediment particles. In a full-scale system, standard wastewater treatment processes are used to remove the contaminants from the wastewater 9 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

to meet the applicable permit requirements prior to discharge to a local publicly owned

Photographs of typical full-scale wastewater treatment equipment are provided below.

bed Pressure Filters Photograph 17 Carbon Polishing Units 7.

some of the physical characteristics of the untreated soil/sediment (i.e., grain size distribution, mineralogy, etc.

13 to meet the applicable permit requirements prior to discharge to a local publicly owned treatment works or to a surface water body. Photographs of typical full-scale wastewater treatment equipment are provided below. Photograph 15 Full-Scale Clarifier Photograph 14 Full-Scale Filter Press Photograph 16 Sand bed Pressure Filters Photograph 17 Carbon Polishing Units 7. Re-use of Treated Solids The treated solids from the Solid/Liquid Separation step retains some of the physical characteristics of the untreated soil/sediment (i.e., grain size distribution, mineralogy, etc.) without the naturally occurring organic material and contaminants. Depending on the concentrations of residual contaminants in the treated 10 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

Photographs of a manufactured soil made from decontaminated sediment are

14 soil/sediment, this material may be suitable for re-use in a manufactured soil or other appropriate use. Photographs of a manufactured soil made from decontaminated sediment are presented below. Photograph 18 Grass Growing in Manufactured Soil Photograph 19 Manufactured Soil from Sediment 11 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

4 Bench-Scale Testing The bench-scale treatability testing of the BioGenesis SM Sediment Washing Technology was conducted in the summer of 2008, in Daejeon, South Korea.

15 4 Bench-Scale Testing The bench-scale treatability testing of the BioGenesis SM Sediment Washing Technology was conducted in the summer of 2008, in Daejeon, South Korea. The activities performed during the treatability study are discussed in the following subsections. The results of the bench-scale treatability study are discussed in Section 5 of this report. 4.1 Collection of Untreated Sediment Samples On July 28, 2008, KleanEnviAsia, Ltd. collected samples of the sediments in the NamDong Retardation Basin using an excavator. The locations of the samples are illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 3 Sediment Sample Locations The two samples were each collected in 55-gallon drums, and transported to the testing facility in Daejeon, South Korea. Subsamples were collected from the drums to provide a preliminary indication of the chemical and physical characteristics of the material. The analytical results for these initial samples are summarized in Table BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

16 Contaminant Table 2 Initial Untreated Sediment Characterization Results Regulatory Criteria (mg/kg) Residential Industrial NOR (A-1) Sample Results (mg/kg) NOR (A-2) NOR (A-2) Cadmium Copper Arsenic Mercury Lead Chromium Zinc Nickel ND Fluorine Organic Phosphorous ND ND ND Cyanide Phenol Oils BTEX - 80 ND ND ND TPH 500 2, Trichloroethylene 8 40 ND ND ND Tetrachloroethylene 4 24 ND ND ND Polychlorinated Biphenyls % Clay (< mm) % - 20% % Silt ( mm) % - 52% % Sand ( mm) % - 28% Note: ND = not detected Bold indicates concentrations above the criteria A comparison of the analytical results from the samples collected of the material delivered to the project site (see Table 2) to the sample results from the characterization samples collected by the city of Incheon (see Table 1) shows the material delivered to the site had lower levels of most heavy metals with a few exceptions. The concentrations of arsenic and lead were higher in the material delivered to the project site. The concentrations of hexavalent chromium were significantly higher in the material delivered to the site, and concentrations of zinc and nickel were significantly lower in the material delivered to the site. The concentrations of cyanide and phenols were higher in the material delivered to the project site. The concentrations of total 13 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

17 petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were lower in the material delivered to the site, but still above the regulatory criteria. All of this data indicates that the sediment in the NamDong Retardation Basin is heterogeneous or not uniform. This is understandable given the source of storm water runoff from the industrial area. 4.2 Bench-Scale Equipment Setup Bench-scale testing was conducted by BioGenesis and KleanEnviAsia at KleanEnviAsia s facilities in Daejeon, South Korea between July 30 and August 12, The bench-scale equipment was designed by BioGenesis to perform tests on a limited volume of material (typically 15 to 30 liters) for each run. It was shipped from the United States to South Korea for the demonstration project. The bench-scale testing equipment consisted of the following equipment: six processing tanks, feed pump, pre-processor, hydrocyclones, 10,000 psi water blaster, collision chamber, cavitation/oxidation unit, shaker screen, and centrifuge. The bench-scale system is operated in batch mode with each processing step operated in a continuous mode. For example, in the Application of Collision Forces step, the entire batch is pumped through the BioGenesis TM Collision Chamber and into a holding tank. Then the entire batch is pumped through the BioGenesis TM Cavitation/Oxidation unit in the Organic Contamination Oxidation step. This operational mode allows the individual processing steps to 14 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

18 emulate full-scale operations without requiring a significant amount of material to operate the entire bench-scale system continuously. Presented in Figure 4 is a photograph of the equipment setup for the bench testing. Additional photographs are included in Appendix A. Figure 4 - Bench-Scale Equipment Setup 4.3 Process Optimization Testing A total of eight (8) process optimization test runs were conducted to test the different chemical formulations in the bench-scale equipment on the sediment from the NamDong Retardation Basin. Each process optimization test run was conducted using 20 to 30 liters of sediment and varying amounts of water and washing chemicals. Samples were collected of the treated material during the optimization test runs and analyzed by Chungra University for select metals and TPH. The results of the process optimization test runs were used by BioGenesis to optimize the sediment washing process prior to conducting the final validation test run. The data collected during the process optimization test runs were not used to evaluate the effectiveness of the BioGenesis SM process. 15 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

19 5 Discussion of Results On August 12, 2008 a final test run was conducted on the sediment from the NamDong Retardation Basin. Based on a review of the preliminary results for the samples of the material delivered to the site, sample location A-2, which had the highest concentration of TPH and similar concentrations of other compounds of concern, was selected for the final test run. For the final test run (Run 12), 22 liters of untreated sediment were processed through the BioGenesis SM Sediment Washing Process. Water was added to the untreated sediment and mixed to create a slurry. In order to protect the pump and equipment from debris, twigs, roots, etc. present in the material, the slurry was screened using a 6.35 mm screen. The material recovered on the screen (>6.35 mm) was plastic and debris with some organic matter, and amounted to less than 0.5% by weight of the starting material. It was rinsed on the screen to make sure all the sediment was removed. The slurry from the underflow of the 6.35 mm screen was processed through the Chemical Addition and Preprocessing, Application of Collision Forces, and Organic Contaminant Oxidation steps. The cleaned solids were then separated from the aqueous phase in the Solid/Liquid Separation step. This step consisted of a mm shaker screen followed by hydrocyclones over a mm shaker screen and a centrifuge. The recovered solids from each unit were recombined, and a representative sample of the treated sediment was collected for analysis. The results for the treated sediment sample are presented in Table 3. The analytical results of the treated sediment showed all the contaminants of concern were reduced below the regulatory criteria. Nickel, hexavalent chromium, and cyanide were the only compounds detected above the residential regulatory criteria. Based on BioGenesis years of field experience with full-scale sediment washing equipment, these compounds can be treated in a full-scale facility to meet the residential regulatory criteria, if required. This can be accomplished by adjusting the washing chemicals and residence times due to the nature of these compounds. In addition, an increase in decontamination efficiency is typically observed using 16 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

20 full-scale equipment due to the nature of process design improvements and an increase in collision impact efficiencies generated by full-scale machinery that cannot be achieved at bench scale. Contaminant Table 3 Treated Sediment Sample Results Regulatory Criteria (mg/kg) Sample Results (mg/kg) Residential Industrial N R12-S05 Cadmium Copper Arsenic Mercury Lead Chromium Zinc Nickel Fluorine Organic Phosphorous ND Cyanide Phenol Oils BTEX TPH 500 2, Trichloroethylene 8 40 ND Tetrachloroethylene 4 24 ND Polychlorinated Biphenyls Note: ND = not detected Bold indicates concentrations above the criteria Presented in Figures 5 and 6 are graphical comparisons of the average concentrations of the contaminants of concern from the samples collected of the NamDong Retardation Basin sediment. Presented in Figure 5 is a plot of the low level contaminants, and in Figure 6 is a plot of the high level contaminants. 17 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

21 Figure 5 Comparisons of Average Results for Contaminants of Concern Low Levels Reviewing Figures 5 and 6 show a drastic decrease in concentrations in the sediment from the NamDong Retardation Basin following treatment using the BioGenesis SM Sediment Washing Technology. In some cases, the analytical results for the samples collected by the city of Incheon are different than the results for the samples from the material delivered to the project site, however the analytical results for the treated material are consistently significantly lower than the results of the samples from the untreated sediment. 18 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

22 Figure 6 Comparisons of Average Results for Contaminants of Concern High Levels 19 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

23 6 Conclusions Based on the results of the bench-scale treatability study, the BioGenesis SM Sediment Washing Technology can successfully decontaminate the sediment from the NamDong Retardation Basin to meet the regulatory criteria. Results from the internal optimization test runs and independently tested validation runs showed consistent and comparable positive results. Further, BioGenesis' years experience indicate that washing efficiency can be expected to increase somewhat at full-scale due to the nature of process design improvements at full-scale and an increase in collision impact efficiencies generated by full-scale that can not be achieved bench scale. The excellent decontamination results support a decision to move forward. The BioGenesis SM Sediment Washing Technology can efficiently and effectively decontaminate the NamDong Retardation Basin sediment and BioGenesis is prepared to proceed with the design and construction of a full-scale facility. 20 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.

24 Treatability Study Photographs BioGenesis Sediment Washing Technology Bench-Scale Treatability Study NamDong Retardation Basin Incheon City, South Korea July/August

25 3

26 4 Delivery of NamDong Retardation Basin Sediment

27 Equipment Construction 5

28 6 Equipment Construction

29 Water Blaster Pump and Equipment Construction 7

30 8

31 Screening 9

32 10 Washing Chemical Addition

33 Processing 11

34 12 Solids Recovery

Appendix C. Chemical Extraction Bench-Scale Study Evaluation

Appendix C. Chemical Extraction Bench-Scale Study Evaluation Appendix C Chemical Extraction Bench-Scale Appendix C Chemical Extraction Bench-Scale Response to EPA Interim Comments on CMS Report Appendix C Chemical Extraction Bench-Scale Housatonic River Rest of