Pilot Study: NACE division 37, recycling

Transcription

1 European Commission EUROSTAT Doc. WASTE/WG/32/5.3.5 (2004) Original in EN, available only in EN Point of the agenda Pilot Study: NACE division 37, recycling SCB - Statistics Sweden Meeting of the Working Group "Statistics of the Environment" Sub-Group "Waste" Joint Eurostat/EFTA group Meeting of 29 and 30 March 2004 BECH Building Room Ampère

2 Sweden Pilot study on the methodology for the collection of data on generation and treatment in division 37, of the NACE Rev. 1, Recycling. Pilot study on the methodology for the collection of stati stics in class 37 Objectives 1. To shed light on the problems that arise when producing statistics for the sector. 2. To propose the most suitable methodology or combination of methodologies adjusted to WSR Pilot study on the methodology for the collection of stati stics in class 37 WASTE/WG/32/5.3.5 (2004) P. 2

3 Simplified picture of the whole process of recycling Companies /Individuals -Excl. NACE 37 Inflow (Sweden): hazardous / non-hazardous Inflow (import): hazardous / non-hazardous Facility NACE 37 Preparation of collected/received to recycling e.g. By mechanical sorting and other tretament Recyclable secondary raw material Generated secondary hazardous / non-hazardous Generated primary hazardous / non-hazardous e.g. Household Landfill Incineration Biological treatment Pilot study on the methodology for the collection of stati stics in class 37 Description of division 37 of the NACE in Sweden NACE Recycling of metal and scrap NACE Recycling of nonmetal and scrap Pilot study on the methodology for the collection of stati stics in class 37 WASTE/WG/32/5.3.5 (2004) P. 3

4 Existing methods of data production in Sweden 1. Surveys (total surveys or sample surveys). 2. Environmental reports or equivalent. 3. Waste factors (where estimates of quantities are calculated with the help of other statistics). 4. Administrative systems (where, for example, transported or treated quantities of are registered). 5. Collecting data from trade associations, etc. 6. Various combinations of these methods. Pilot study on the methodology for the collection of stati stics in class 37 Facts about the survey NACE NACE NACE 37 Size classes Populat. Response Resp. rate Populat. Response Resp. rate Populat. Response Resp. rate % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Total % % % Pilot study on the methodology for the collection of stati stics in class 37 WASTE/WG/32/5.3.5 (2004) P. 4

5 Statisticals results Generated for treatment (sorting, fragmenting etc.) at facilities 45% % 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 25% 10% 10% 6% 8% Metal Paper and cardboard Sorting residues Combustion Glass Other 10% 5% 0% Pilot study on the methodology for the collection of stati stics in class 37 Statisticals results Waste sent away and disposed of at facilities t o n Waste quantity sent away Waste quantity disposed of at Individual working site Total quantity of disposed of 0 NACE NACE NACE 37 NACE Pilot study on the methodology for the collection of stati stics in class 37 WASTE/WG/32/5.3.5 (2004) P. 5

6 Problems 1. Waste definition 2. Recovery 3. EWC-stat codes 4. Response frequency and response units 5. Register Pilot study on the methodology for the collection of stati stics in class 37 Proposals 1. Environmental reports should be used to obtain documentation for statistics. 2. The definition of should be clear and be given a correct interpretation. 3. The Swedish Business Register (FDB) should be frequently updated. 4. Enterprises/facilities should be informed of the importance of h aving information on types: Low/ EWC -stat 5. A study should be carried out in order to produce the necessary data through factors. Pilot study on the methodology for the collection of stati stics in class 37 WASTE/WG/32/5.3.5 (2004) P. 6

7 December 2003 Pilot study on the methodology for the collection of data on generation and treatment in division 37, of the NACE Rev. 1, Recycling. By Jan Grünberger and Jean-Pierre Ntezimana Statistics Sweden, Environmental Statistics 1

8 Table of Contents 1 SUMMARY INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND AIM SOME DEFINITIONS AND BASIC STATISTICAL CLASSIFICATIONS WORKING METHOD AND CONTENT DESCRIPTION OF DIVISION 37 OF THE NACE INTRODUCTION NACE 37.1 RECYCLING OF METAL WASTE AND SCRAP NACE 37.2 RECYCLING OF NON-METAL WASTE AND SCRAP POSSIBLE METHODS OF PRODUCING STATISTICS ON WASTE FROM NACE EXISTING METHODS OF DATA PRODUCTION IN SWEDEN METHODS EVALUATED IN THIS STUDY FACTS ABOUT THE SURVEY SCOPE AND POPULATION METHOD QUALITY STATISTICAL RESULTS PROBLEMS, CONCLUSIONS AND PROPOSALS INTRODUCTION WASTE DEFINITION RECOVERY DOUBLE COUNTING EWC-STAT CODES RESPONSE FREQUENCY AND RESPONSE UNITS REGISTER METHODS OF DATA PRODUCTION APPENDIX...27 APPENDIX 1. GENERATED WASTE UNDER 2002 (TONS)...27 APPENDIX 2. RECOVERY AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE: INCINERATION - R 1 (TONS)...28 APPENDIX 3. DISPOSAL (OTHER THAN INCINERATION) D1+ D3 + D4 + D5 + D12 (TONS)...28 APPENDIX 4. GENERAL INFORMATION ON SWEDISH BUSINESS REGISTER LITERATURE AND REFERENCES

9 1 Summary The total amount of, both hazardous and non-hazardous, that generates within the NACE 37 sector, recovery of scrap and metal and non-metal, amounts to approximately 2.5 million tons according to this survey, of which 1.5 million tons is from facilities 1 engaged in recovery of metal scrap and (NACE 37100) and 1 million tons is from facilities engaged in recovery of non-metal scrap and (NACE 37200). The summary of questionnaire responses also shows that approximately 337,000 tons of the generated was disposed of at individual facilities, of which 334,500 tons of (approximately 99%) went into landfills and 2,500 tons of (approximately 1%) was burnt with energy extraction. The aim of the survey was, among other things, to shed light on which method could be used in future to obtain data on the generated and treated within the NACE 37 sector. A survey was therefore carried out to find out if this method could provide quality data on generated and treated within the sector and if it was possible to provide statistics divided by type. The report is based on information obtained from literature, articles within the subject field and from a survey aimed at enterprises or facilities classified as belonging to NACE 37 in the Swedish Business Register (FDB) of Statistiska Centralbyrån (SCB - Statistics Sweden). In total, the population consists of 250 facilities. 164 of these received information. However, many of the facilities that did not submit information were small, with less than ten employees. The survey responses showed that approximately 34% of the facilities that formed part of the population had been given the wrong sector code. The conclusion to be drawn from this is that updating of FDB is poor, e.g. changed activities do not always lead to a changed code for sector affiliation. The pilot study also showed that data collected by trade associations could be used for checks, as well as to obtain certain primary data. With regard mainly to costs and simplicity, together with the requirements for international reporting of statistics on, information on generated and treated should, in the first instance, be obtained in future through: data used in environmental reports produced by most enterprises/facilities associated with the sector data from environmental reports being complemented by surveys for enterprises or facilities that do not issue environmental reports. 1 Local unit or kind-of-activity unit 3

10 2 Introduction 2.1 Background Introduction In November 2002, a new EU regulation was passed regarding statistics. According to this, each EU member country is obliged to report information on statistics for the majority of NACE sectors, including NACE 37. This sector refers to recovery of and scrap. Previously, Sweden was not able to produce any statistics for enterprises classified within this activity, despite an attempt being made in 1998 in connection with a survey of treatment of. The responses received at that time were not of a quality that could form the basis for publication of statistics on industrial treatment of the sector NACE 37. In 2003, SCB was granted funds from the EU and Naturvårdsverket (the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency) to assess in more detail the problems that arise in producing statistics about the sector and to try and produce statistics for the sector EU regulation on statistics The regulation requires statistics on generated to be issued for all activities within NACE A- Q. There are also requirements for generated to be reported by sector and type (division as per EWC-stat), whereby the NACE 37 sector must publish separate statistics. In addition to statistics on generated, statistics must be published on recovery and disposal of according to type. This does not require division of this data by sector. 2.2 Aim The primary aim of the survey was to shed light on the problems that arise when producing statistics for the sector. This was to be done in connection with a survey, the aim of which was to collect information for statistics on the generated and treated within the NACE 37 sector. Another aim of the survey was to provide proposals for how to draw up a list of enterprises for any future surveys of the sector. The framework of the project also included scope to discuss in more detail the possibility of basing statistics for the sector on a method other than surveys. 2.3 Some definitions and basic statistical classifications Below is a short review of the current definitions of, some basic statistical classifications that are significant to the formulation of national statistics and definitions used in this report Current national definition of Sweden has adopted the EU s definition of since the Miljöbalken (1998:808) (the Swedish Environmental Code) came into force. This defines as follows: 4

11 any object, material or substance included in a category and which the owner disposes of or intends to or is obliged to dispose of. The categories are specified in Renhållningsförordningen (1998:902) (the Refuse and Disposal Ordinance). Waste also includes resources/secondary raw materials for recovery and reuse. The definition does not take into consideration whether an object, material or substance has any market value List of Waste The List of Waste( Amanded European Waste Catalogue - EWC) is a list of types compiled by the EU s member states. It constitutes a standard classification which will make statistics in the sector comparable between member countries Substance-based catalogue (EWC-Stat) When reporting data to Eurostat as per the EU regulation on statistics, classification known as EWC-Stat (a substance-based catalogue) will be applied. EWC-Stat is currently divided into three levels: sections, groups and classes. Waste types in List of Waste are grouped with reference to the sub-categories hazardous and non-hazardous and aggregated into a number of classes. These classes in turn are aggregated into a number of groups. Finally, the groups are currently aggregated into 13 sections. In the regulation of statistics, a conversion table from LoW 2 to EWC-Stat has been enclosed as appendix III Waste treatment types An internationally established standard for classification (i.e. categorisation) of treatment types governs the formulation of statistics on treated quantities. The treatment types are divided into two main groups: disposal and recovery measures. The main groups comprise 15 and 13 treatment types respectively Secondary raw material (Non-official definition. The definition is used for this survey) Raw materials previously used in products and obtained through sorting, fragmentation, cleansing, crushing, etc. and which are suitable for further refining or other use Secondary (or treatment residues) (OECD-definition. The definition is used for this survey) Waste generated from a treatment that is known as treatment operation. Includes residual material that arises as a result of recovery and disposal operations or other treatment, such as incineration or composting residues Generated (Non-official definition. The definition is used for this survey) Both secondary (see above) and internally generated, e.g. household Received/collected quantities of All collected (purchased or received in any other way) including imported quantities. 2 List of 5

12 3 Working method and content This report is based on information obtained from literature, articles, oral contacts within the subject field and from the survey directed at facilities classified as NACE 37 in the Swedish Business Register (FDB). The basis of the report is a comprehensive dispatch of surveys plus inspection, quality reporting and compilation of the information required for national and international reporting. These activities have been carried out by SCB. The report is divided into the following chapters: Chapter 2 describes purpose, background and some definitions. Chapter 4 describes the type of facilities/enterprises included in NACE 37. Chapter 5 describes existing methods for producing statistics in Sweden, and an analysis is carried out of the most suitable method for data production concerning from the NACE 37 sector. Chapter 6 describes the results of the survey undertaken for facilities. A report on the method and results is also included here. Chapter 7 contains problems, conclusions and proposals for future work within the field. 4 Description of division 37 of the NACE 4.1 Introduction It is necessary to be conscious about that the facilities in NACE 37 only describes a part of the recycling industry and that it is facilities which are dealing with preparation for recycling and that it is just facilities with that activity as a main activity. The division NACE 37 includes: processing of and scrap and other articles, whether used or not, into secondary raw material. A transformation process is required, either mechanical or chemical. Typical is that in terms of commodities, input consist of and scrap, the input being sorted or unsorted but normally unfit for further direct use in an industrial process whereas the output is made fit for direct use in an industrial manufacturing process. The resulting secondary raw material is to be considered as an intermediate good, with a value but is not a final new product. This division excludes: manufacture of new final products from (whether or not self-manufactured) secondary raw material, see NACE 14 to NACE 36 wholesale of and scrap, including collecting, sorting, separating, stripping of used goods such as cars in order to obtain reusable parts, (re)packing, storage and delivery, but without a real transformation process, see NACE 50, 51, 52 6

13 wholesale or retail sale of second-hand goods, see NACE 50, 51, treatment of, not for further use in an industrial manufacturing process, but with the aim of disposal, see NACE 90 treatment of, not for further use in an industrial manufacturing process, but with the aim of disposal, see NACE 90 Figure Simplified picture of the whole process of recycling Companies / Individuals Excl. NACE 37 Inflow(Sweden) :hazardous / non-hazardous Inflow(import) :hazardous / nonhazardous Facility NACE 37 Preparation of collected/received to recycling e.g. by mechanical sorting and other treatment Recyclable secondary raw material Generated secondary hazardous / non-hazardous Generated primary hazardous / non-hazardous e.g. household In Sweden the NACE 37 is divided into two classes: 37.1 Recycling of metal and scrap 37.2 Recycling of non-metal and scrap Landfill Incineration Biological treatment 4.2 NACE 37.1 Recycling of metal and scrap This class includes: processing of metal and scrap and of metal articles into secondary raw material. Examples for mechanical or chemical transformation processes are: 7

14 mechanical crushing of metal such as used cars, washing machines, bikes, etc. with subsequent sorting and separation mechanical reduction of large iron pieces such as railway wagons shredding of metal, end of life vehicles, etc. other methods of mechanical treatment such as cutting, pressing to reduce the volume This class excludes: manufacture of new final metals or new final metal products from (whether or not selfmanufactured) secondary metal raw materials, see NACE 27 or 28 car dismantling sites, demolition of machinery, computers in order to obtain reusable parts etc., including trade in second-hand spare parts, see NACE 50, 51, 52 disposal of used goods such as refrigerators to eliminate harmful, see NACE NACE 37.2 Recycling of non-metal and scrap This class includes: processing of non-metal and scrap and of non-metal articles into secondary raw material. Examples for transformation processes are: reclaiming of rubber such as used tyres to produce secondary raw material sorting and pelleting of plastics to produce secondary raw material for tubes, flower pots, pallets and the like processing (cleaning, melting, grinding) of plastic or rubber to granulates reclaiming of chemicals from chemical crushing, cleaning and sorting of glass crushing, cleaning and sorting of other such as demolition to obtain secondary raw material mechanical crushing and grinding of from the construction and demolition of buildings (including wood), asphalt processing of used cooking oils and fats into secondary raw materials for pet food or feed for farm animals processing of other food and food residual substances into secondary raw material This class excludes: production of new final products from (whether or not self-manufactured) secondary raw material such as spinning of yarn from garnetted stock or making pulp from paper or retreading tyres should be classified in the appropriate class of manufacturing, see NACE 14 to 36 treatment of food residual substances to manufacture food products, see NACE 15 treatment of slaughter to produce animal feeds, see NACE 15.7 reprocessing of nuclear fuels and treatment of radioactive nuclear, see NACE manufacture of compost, see NACE wholesale in non-metal and scrap, including collecting, sorting, packing, dealing, etc., but without a real transformation process, see NACE wholesale or retail sale in second-hand goods, see NACE 50, 51,

15 incineration, dumping, burying, etc. of, see NACE 90 treatment and disposal of transition radioactive from hospitals, etc., see NACE 90 treatment and disposal of toxic, contaminated, see NACE 90 disposal of food, beverages and tobacco, see NACE 90 treatment by composting plants with the aim of disposal and a resulting byproduct (compost), see NACE Possible methods of producing statistics on from NACE Existing methods of data production in Sweden In theory, there are several alternative methods for achieving the goal of producing statistics for the generated and treated by the sector. The following methods could be used Obtaining data from surveys (total surveys or sample surveys) Data collected from various obligatory reports, e.g. environmental reports or equivalent Utilising factors (where estimates of quantities are calculated with the help of other statistics) Obtaining data from administrative systems, where, for example, consignemented or treated quantities of are registered Collecting existing statistical data from trade associations, etc. Various combinations of these methods Surveys Surveys, where a questionnaire is sent out to relevant organisations and enterprises, may be total or are generally based on random selection. A total survey includes all organisations, enterprises or individuals within the group to be studied. A sample survey covers a selection of the enterprises, organisations and individuals within the group to be studied. Surveys involve difficulties, for instance, in terms of the number of questions, types of question and, possibly, major survey costs. They also involve disadvantages for individual respondents, a so-called burden of supplying information. In addition, this has a bearing on non-response, which is another problem with surveys. It is actually difficult to know if the non-response is representative of the whole survey group or is a special group that would otherwise have answered differently from the average. Various obligatory reports can be used to produce statistics: Environmental reports In Sweden, environmental reports on activities subject to authorisation must be produced annually according to Miljöbalken (the Environmental Code.) These can include information on generated or treated. 9

16 Notes 42 of the Swedish regulation stipulates that anyone operating activities involving interim storage, recycling or disposal of must keep notes on the treated. These notes must be submitted to the supervisory authority on request. This material could be used for statistics. Waste factors Waste factors are based on the quantity estimated using a different statistical variable that is easier to measure or which is produced in other statistics. It is usual to try to use production statistics and the like. Studies have been carried out concerning factors, primarily based on SCB s industrial surveys of 1993 and The results showed that there were weak links between quantities and other statistical variables. Foreign studies on factors have also shown that using factors is an unreliable method. Administrative systems Administrative systems are based on some form of sector player, e.g. producer, treator, sender of consignement, haulier or recipient of consignement, reporting data to a system. The information flow can be controlled using voluntary agreements with players or with the support of legislation. One requirement for an administrative system is to use the existing information flows and reporting plus documentation that already takes place or will take place as per existing legislation as much as possible. This ensures a minimum of additional work and costs for respondents. One possible information flow that the system could be based on may be environmental reports, obligatory notes or the like. 5.2 Methods evaluated in this study Surveys In order to obtain data on the sector in question, as early as the planning stage a survey was considered best able to provide statistics for the area and throw light on the problems of reporting statistics for the sector. The number of facilities included in the sector as per the Swedish Business Register and which received code NACE 37 as their primary activity totalled around 250. It is therefore possible to carry out a survey of facilities to cover the entire population. Environmental reports Environmental reports must be produced every year by the enterprises that operate activities requiring authorisation. These enterprises are classified as A and B facilities as per the ordinance on environmentally-hazardous activities and health protection 3. Of the responses to the survey submitted, it is clear that many facilities/enterprises with more than 5 employees submit environmental reports, but data on is currently not reported consistently in these reports. There is a project ongoing in Sweden to make it possible to use environmental reports for statistical purposes in the future. 3 SFS no.:1998:899, Ordinance (1998:899) on environmentally-hazardous activities and health protection. 10

17 Waste factors In order to utilise factors as auxiliary variables, fractions must be created. This in turn requires statistical information, preferably in the form of a time series. This is not available for the sector, which is why this method is currently not relevant. Administrative systems A general all-embracing administrative system based, in part, on information on consignement notes has not yet been developed in Sweden. This means that such data cannot be used at present and data collected in this way would probably have little information to provide on the sector. Collecting existing statistical data from trade associations, etc. The method of using statistics from trade associations has not proved to be suitable at present. Facilities involved in dismantling cars are often members of the Sveriges Bilskrotares Riksförbund (SBR - Swedish Car Recyclers Association) trade association. In total, over 700 facilities are members of this trade association, but only around 40 of these have been assigned NACE code 37 in FDB. This makes the use of sector statistics less practicable. However, the information that NACE 37 car dismantling facilities submit to the trade association can be used to estimate in general terms secondary generated at dismantling facilities. All enterprises manufacturing, importing or selling packaging or pre-packed goods are responsible for collecting and recovery of the packaging. In Sweden, five material enterprises have been founded to get this to function in practice. These include Plastkretsen, which is responsible for collecting and recovery of empty plastic packaging and wrapping. The statistics produced by Plastkretsen 4 are based on consignement notes from hauliers (contractors). The quantity reported refers to plastic which is sorted from a larger quantity of containing different types of. This means that, without certain changes to Plastkretsen s system, the information on generated for NACE 37 facilities could not be used to meet EU requirements. It is probably not possible to produce information on recovery measures either. Conclusion Based on the above and the starting points for the project mentioned above, a survey was carried out for facilities engaged in recovery of products and scrap. We therefore needed to have access to a relevant population. Enterprises/facilities that primarily work in environmental services, e.g. treatment of, are listed in the enterprise database under SNI (NACE) codes 37100/200, 51570, and 90. The Swedish enterprise database uses SNI for corresponding sector coding within NACE, sometimes with additions. For facilities in the sector concerned, and 37200, certain central information, e.g. the number of employees, can be obtained from the enterprise database (see appendix 4). 4 Material company handling collection of plastic packaging 11

18 6 Facts about the survey 6.1 Scope and population The survey was based on information from facilities classified as recovery facilities. The quantities of reported refer, in the main, to secondary i.e. from that has already been generated at other locations, i.e. enterprises or facilities that are not part of NACE 37, and that must undergo one or more processes (see figure 4.1.1) before it is finally recycled or disposed of through landfilling, treatment by incineration or biologic treatment. The collection of information has covered all facilities where the main activity is within the and scrap recovery business (NACE 37) and that were registered in the Swedish Business Register (FDB) by mid March The population in this report comprises 250 facilities active during The survey has been carried out as a total survey with postal surveys sent to each facility. 6.2 Method Data collection The information has been collected using postal questionnaires to the facilities that were registered as active in the Swedish Business Register (FDB) in March of the measurement year. All enterprises were included in the population. Before the survey was carried out, a test survey of 10 enterprises was carried out. Some responsible persons were interviewed directly, while others only answered a postal questionnaire. The aim was to facilitate the formulation of the final questionnaire. The issues dealt with in the test questionnaire were: the quantity of that originates and is treated within or outside the facility the degree of difficulty of producing information whether SCB has succeeded in expressing itself clearly and intelligibly on the form, etc. The results of the test questionnaire were a huge help in designing the form to avoid any misunderstandings for respondents. Checks and additions to the material in the large-scale survey have been undertaken by means of a large number of telephone and letter contacts with respondents at the facilities, various sectorspecific recovery reports from car dismantling enterprises and others and extracts of information from websites Estimate method and enumeration procedure The quantity of is reported by EWC-stat code. 12

19 The reported information includes estimates of non-response and over application. For each facility that has not supplied information on the quantity of, the values are imputed, i.e. each facility is assigned an estimated value. The imputing has been done by first adding up the total quantity of within each stratum (see table below) from the facilities that have supplied information. The total is then divided by the number of facilities that have responded and multiplied by the total number of facilities in each stratum (see formula under Enumeration procedure). The model is known as imputing as per the mean value method. Table Size classes Group Size I 0 II 1 5 III 6 10 IV V VI Quality Non-response Non-response reported in the survey refer only to complete facilities. In total, the population comprises approximately 250 facilities and, of these, 164 have supplied responses. 48 of those that responded appeared to be incorrectly classified. Many of the facilities that did not supply information are small, i.e. less than ten employees. These facilities are estimated to correspond to around 665,000 tons (26.2%) of the total generated and around 135,000 ton (25.2%) of the total treated. Table Response rate in percent by size classes NACE NACE NACE 37 Size classes Population Response Response rate Population Response Response rate Population Response Response rate % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Total % % % Reasons for the refusal to participate that emerged when contacting facilities included factors such as not having enough time to answer, not being interested, not being able to estimate quantities or only having small quantities of. Many did not answer the questionnaire as it was voluntary. Another reason for non-response cases may be that the questionnaire did not reach 13

20 the right person. Partial non-response (one or more questions not answered) may have occurred. It is difficult to estimate how large the partial non-response is in terms of quantity of information. A blank answer in an individual box may mean that the quantity is zero or that the information has not been submitted although it does exist, i.e. a partial non-response. In the calculations, however, it is assumed that a blank answer in a box means the quantity is zero Enumeration procedure The enumeration means that the non-response within a stratum is assumed to correspond to the same quantities as the number of respondents on average. Within a stratum, enumeration proceeds as follows: Ý i = ( y ih /n is ) N i where Ý i = estimated total for type Y in stratum in y ih = quantity of type Y specified by object h in stratum in (h goes from 1 to n is ) n is N i = number of objects responding in stratum in = total number of objects in stratum in Table above shows the total number of objects and the number of objects responding for each stratum. The top left-hand corner of this table and how these figures, in stratum number 1, correspond to the designations above are shown below. NACE Size N i n is Coverage Under-coverage means that it was not possible to investigate all facilities desired. In this survey, there may have been some under-coverage, but this could not be estimated. Over-coverage means that facilities were investigated that should not be included in the population, e.g. incorrect classifications. Over-coverage is estimated to be a total of 85 out of 250 facilities, i.e. 34%. Overcoverage is estimated as per the same principles as non-response. 14

21 6.4 Statistical results Introduction The results of the survey are reported in accordance with the structure of the questionnaire, i.e. received/collected to the facility, generated for treatment at the facility and, finally, disposed of within the facility and/or sent outside the facility. The report concluded with a report on imports and exports of within the sector Received/collected for facilities during 2002 The total quantity of collected or received, according to this survey, amounts to approximately 2.5 million tons. This includes both hazardous and non-hazardous. This quantity consists mainly of around 1 million tons metal, 500,000 tons paper and cardboard ; this represents approximately 42% and 23% of the total quantity of collected. Waste from combustion also makes up a large proportion (around 11%) of the total quantity of collected. This originates mainly from steel treatment in the steel industry Generated quantities The total quantity of, both hazardous and non-hazardous, that generated 5 within NACE 37, amounts to approximately 2.5 million tons, according to this survey, of which 1.5 million tons is from facilities engaged in recovery of scrap and metal (NACE 37100) and 1 million tons is from facilities engaged in recovery of non-metal scrap and (NACE 37200). This quantity differs slightly from the reported quantity of received/collected, as it does not contain all quantities of received/collected at facilities but reused immediately in products after treatment e.g. sorting. Figure shows the distribution in percent of the total quantity of generated non-hazardous or hazardous by NACE group. The facilities classified with the main activity of recovery of scrap and metal (NACE 37100) generate approximately 20% of the total generated quantity of hazardous. It consists mainly of hazardous metal and mineral. 5 See definition in

22 Figur 6.4.1: Generated non-hazardous and hazardous, distributed by group NACE NACE Hazardous Non-hazardous NACE % 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Percent Of the total and scrap quantity generated within NACE 37 during 2002, metal and paper accounts for approximately 66%. The quantities of metal generated within the sector come mainly from car scraping facilities, while paper and cardboard comes from enterprises that prepare paper for recovery. Waste from combustion, which amounts to approximately 245,000 tons, originates from facilities that extract metal from slag. This slag has originated from steel process. Figure below the total quantity of arisen is shown, distributed by type of. Figure Generated for treatment (sorting, fragmenting etc.) at facilities % 8% 10% 10% 41% Metal Paper and cardboard Sorting residues Combustion Glass Other 25% Total 2.5 million tons Analysis of treatment methods The survey shows that the quantities of that originate within the sector are mainly sent to industries that recycle or facilities that treat, for example, through landfilling or 16

23 combustion. This corresponds to 78% within NACE 37100; 98% within NACE 37200, which represents 87% for the whole sector. The explanation may be that enterprises within the sector have preparation for recovery of as their main activity and are therefore not set up to treat. Hazardous that requires special treatment may also arise. Figure Waste sent away and disposed of at facilities t o n Waste quantity sent away Waste quantity disp osed of at Individual working site Total quantity of disposed o 0 NACE NACE NACE 37 NACE The summary of survey responses shows that approximately 337,000 tons of has been disposed of on site at the individual facility, of which 334,500 tons of (approximately 99%) has been landfilled and 2,500 tons of (approximately 1%) has been burnt with energy extraction. Of the 334,500 tons landfilled, around 245,000 tons is slag (approximately 73%) from steel industry process producing stainless steel. Figure Landfilled quantities by type 12% 0% 15% Combustion Sorting residues Mixed and undifferienated material Oil 73% Total 334,500 tons of Recovery of recoverable (secondary raw material) According to this survey, the total recoverable (secondary raw material) amounted to approximately 1.8 million tons during This corresponds to 72% of the total arisen during Some respondents among car scrapping firms may have misunderstood the definition 17

24 of secondary raw material (recoverable ) and have therefore not given any figures. The reported figure is therefore underestimated. For this reason, the information below is unreliable. Figure Quantity of recovered "secondary raw material" % 0% 1% 31% 55% Metal Glass Cardboard, paper and paperboard Wood Batteries and accumulators Other 9% Total 1.8 million tons Import/export The total quantity of imported to recovery facilities in Sweden during 2002, according to this survey, amounts to approximately 39,000 tons. Metal dominates at approximately 34,000 tons. Other imported from abroad to recovery facilities is exhausted chemical catalysts (approximately 500 tons), glass (approximately 500 tons), solidified, stabilised and vitrified (approximately 1,500 tons), paper and cardboard (approximately 500 tons) and scrapped equipment (approximately 500 tons). This survey has also provided responses on how much from NACE 37 was exported during The results show that it amounted to approximately 56,000 tons. Exported quantities are dominated by oil (approximately 21,000 tons), paper and cardboard (approximately tons) and mineral (approximately 11,000 tons). The figure below shows imported/exported quantities against purchased/collected and sent quantities of to external treators. Figure Import/export and purchased/sent away (tons) 55,000 39,000 2,304,000 2,571,000 Export Quantity of sent away to external processors Import Submitted/collected to working site ,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 Waste quantity in tons 18

25 7 Problems, conclusions and proposals 7.1 Introduction Thanks to the survey carried out, it is now possible to study in more details the problems that arise when preparing statistics for the sector. We have identified a number of factors that need to be dealt with in order to be able to provide good quality statistics in the future. In addition, the EU court has issued various judgements during 2003 that affect the interpretation of the definition of and how to view the concept of recovery (see below). In the following section, there is a review of problems that we have become aware of. Furthermore, some conclusions are given and proposals outlined as to how future surveys can achieve reliable statistics. Two issues have arisen first and foremost in connection with processing the questionnaires: whether work taking place within the sector to deal with means that both secondary and industrial recoverable (secondary raw material) is generated. At what stage should the industrial recoverable be considered as having changed from secondary to secondary raw material whether sorting, fusion, grinding, etc., i.e. a process that involves preparation for recovery, also involves that material recovery taking place within NACE 37 facilities and how the quantities prepared for recovery are to be reported as per the requirements of the statistics regulation. 7.2 Waste definition Identified difficulties The definition of, according to the EU framework directive, is that is: any object, material or substance included in a category and which the owner wants to dispose of or intends to or is obliged to dispose of and is included in the categories according to the appendix (LoW codes). The definition means, among other things, that if a product is sold on for use within the same area of use as previously, it is not to be considered as. The and scrap recovery industry, together with the NACE sector, is special in that they deal with and, in practice, prepare the dealt with (the material) for recovery or disposal. One of the problems particularly notable in the project now completed is the question of when ceases to be. The problem has been accentuated by the EU court touching on this issue in the Mayer Perry case, which means that the interpretation of the concepts of both and recovery has been influenced. This means that statistics on generated and that is recycled may be based on different definitions depending on whether the statistics are based on information from before or after the pronouncement in the Mayer Perry case. The EU court decision in the Mayer Perry case (case C-444/00 Mayer Perry Recycling v. Environmental Agency) resulted in clarifications of how interpretation of material utilisation of packaging is to be undertaken in accordance with the council s directive 75/442/EEG of 15 19

26 July The conclusion was as follows: Packaging ceases to be only when it has been converted into a new product or a new material with characteristics similar to the material the derives from. This would mean that the end user, not the re-processor, should be considered as the recycler. If the statement is generalised to other than packaging, this means that all the sorted or treated by pre-processors of intended for recovery or other treatment must be considered to be secondary on the assumption that the is to be converted into a new material or new product with characteristics similar to the material the derives from. The sorted material prepared or in any other way considered to be usable for recovery should thus be regarded as secondary in connection with the sorting or other preparation measure carried out on at NACE 37 facilities. On the other hand, the recoverable should be considered as secondary raw material when being used by the end user. This also applies if it is known by the facility classified as NACE 37 that the sorted is used for the manufacturing industry to manufacture a product. It is thus the end user who must be regarded as the recycler and not the party reprocessing the material for recovery. As previously mentioned, one of the problems in planning the survey now completed was to clarify what is to be counted as generated for NACE 37. A test survey showed that those responsible for the facilities had very different concepts of when the ceased to be and, in many cases, the respondents did not consider that any had arisen, but that the material that originated during treating and which was not disposed of was secondary raw material. In addition, the majority of those that responded to the questionnaire considered that they were engaged in the recovery of Conclusions and proposals If the flow of is to be followed through statistics, particular attention must be paid to avoiding double counting of the. It can be shown that for facilities within NACE 37 and NACE 51.57, relatively small quantities of primary, such as kitchen, etc. arise. The main quantities that arise consist of secondary. This has characteristics that make it possible to use for recovery, and it thus could be a secondary raw material. The latter is something that is desirable for use while the is something you want to dispose of. The question that arises is then if the facilities expect to use the secondary raw material in their process, which ought not to be the case. It is probably instead a material one would wish to dispose of and which is covered by the list. This would then mean that the material should still be designated by a concept that includes the term. Our suggestion is thus recoverable. In a final statement from the KOM commission (2003) 301, the need for a good interpretation of the definition of is discussed on pages The commission is prepared to hold a debate on the definition and, among other things, to discuss alternative definitions and the possibility of developing objective criteria for when certain products become or when the recovery of certain is concluded. The analysis now completed shows the need for clarification. This needs to happen quickly, as it will affect the statistics produced as per the statistics regulation to a great extent. Furthermore, it can be confirmed that the Mayer Perry judgement has an effect on the description of the process at the facilities to be classified as NACE 37. A review is necessary of NACE s application of the concept, where the text is adapted to the judgement, meaning that end users in many cases must be counted as recyclers and the facilities that treat the, i.e. the majority of NACE 37 facilities, should be 20

27 designated as preparers of for recovery. If the judgement applies generally, the concept of secondary raw materials should also be revised and, where relevant, specified as, for instance, industrial recoverable. 7.3 Recovery Identified problems In accordance with the statistics regulation Annex II section 8 (2), quantities that undergo any of the measures described in the framework directive 75/442 EEG annex II B excluding measures R12 and R13, must be reported with statistics relation to type of. A total figure for all sectors must be specified without any division into sectors. With reference to sector 37, it can be confirmed that the R codes in the current statistics regulation are difficult to apply to describe measures for this sector. For reporting of recycled quantities from fragmentation and other measures such as shredding, melting, etc. it is necessary for the measurement codes for recovery in the framework directive, R-12 and R 13, to be included in the regulation. There is no suitable R code for sorting. Few facilities (enterprises) within the sector carry out any final recovery, although several have both sorting activities and other forms of preparation work. Sorting takes place at a number of facilities that only carry out this work. The is then sent on for further preparation work. SCB s survey illustrates the quantities dealt with at the facilities in order for the to be suitable for recovery or to facilitate further processing of the material in any other way. However, the survey was not designed to distinguish between facilities that only sort from facilities that carry out other preparation measures. Those responsible for NACE 37 facilities have very different concepts of when the treated becomes recoverable secondary raw materials. Through complementary inquiries during preparation of the questionnaire, it has been possible to achieve some uniformity. However, as 99% of the treated material is sent off to another facility, it is not possible to assess the actual material ultimately recovered based on this information. This is best done in the manufacturing industries that receive the recoverable to be used as raw material for a particular treatment. It is important to confirm whether the measures that the is subject to lead to recovery or disposal. The reason for this is, for example, that there are different licence requirements for recovery and disposal in Sweden. It is more difficult to obtain licences for disposal than for recovery. In Sweden, there is also a tax on landfilling, which is not the case when the is to be recycled Conclusions and proposals With reference to the interpretation of what should be reported as recovery, the EU court has issued judgements in two cases (C-458/00 and C-228/00) in addition to the Mayer Perry case which will be important for statistics in the future. The judgements established how that is burnt should be regarded. The judgements mean that, if the is sent to a combustion facility specifically set up for burning, this is said to have been disposed of. These quantities must be reported under disposal measure D1 in section 8(2) of the statistics 21

28 regulation. If, on the other hand, the object of the facility is to generate energy and it replaces other fuel with, recovery takes place at the facility and is thus a measure for recovery The statistics regulation means that quantities of must be combined for measures that can lead to recovery (besides energy recovery). The latter is reported separately under combustion (see above). During the course of work, it has become clear that it is difficult to interpret how activities that take place within NACE 37 are to be reported. This primarily applies to sorting, but also other elements included in the chain of procedures that take place for the treatment of in NACE 37. It is not obvious that these preparatory measures for recovery are to be seen as part of material recovery and thus categorised under any R procedure. Clarification of this would be desirable in any future handbook associated with the statistics regulation. It is also important that the study DG Env has launched on the definition of R and D operations takes into account the ability of statistics to show information as per the needs that exist and formulate rules, etc. that make it easy to interpret the various concepts that occur in connection with recovery. The starting point for the project has been to produce statistics on, among other things, the recovery that takes place in the NACE 37 sector, which, according to the current heading, includes recycling. In order to better clarify which activities are included within this heading, the current heading should be designated preparation for recovery of and scrap. Facilities that are mainly engaged in recovery activities that cannot be regarded as preparation for recovery must be assigned an individual code. A change to this could occur in connection with revision of NACE 2002, which is intended for In order to gain a total picture of the quantity of recoverable that is actually used as secondary raw material and recycled, all sectors need to be investigated where recovery may occur, regardless of the fact that the regulation does not require reporting of recovery divided into different sectors. It is probably small quantities that disappear at the final recovery, and it would probably be possible to estimate this information by means of questions to some enterprises that use recoverable as secondary raw material. In the long term it will also be possible to estimate treated from certain sectors based on a model. 7.4 Double counting Identified problems Double counting may occur, above all, when total generated quantities of are to be reported for the whole country. For facilities belonging to sector 37 and 51570, secondary is generated. The primary of the same type has been generated within a different sector and is reported there. 22