Proliferation Potential and Safeguards Challenges of Pyroprocesses
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1 Proliferation Potential and Safeguards Challenges of Pyroprocesses M. Hori, S. Li, M. Pellechi International Atomic Energy Agency International Atomic Energy Agency
2 Contents Background Development of concept and technology to meet future safeguards needs of pyroprocessing facilities Proliferation potential and safeguards challenges Summary 2
3 Advanced Nuclear Fuel Cycle The nuclear industry has continued to evolve technologically in the area of advanced reactors and other advanced fuel cycle facilities With regard to recycling spent fuel, pyroprocesses have undergone a resurgence of interest in the last decade or so
4 Long Term Strategic Plan Strategy 2 Coping with the Workload Nuclear reactors and other nuclear fuel cycle facilities are designed and constructed with safeguards implementation in mind. Strategy 3 Safeguarding Advanced and Innovative Nuclear Fuel Cycles Improve preparedness to safeguard Generation III reactors, other advanced reactor types, and innovative fuel cycle facilities (Generation IV). 4
5 Long-Term R&D Plan Ability to safeguard new types of facility. 3.1 Develop generic safeguards approaches for: Pyroprocessing plants Other new reprocessing technologies Laser enrichment plants Other new enrichment technologies Small modular and/or Gen IV reactors Department of Safeguards Long-Term R&D Plan, (STR- 375) 5
6 MSSP tasks ROK C Support for Development of a Safeguards Approach for a Pyroprocessing Plant Study, Assess Field Test of Safeguards Measures and Equipment at Pyroprocessing Facilities in ROK 12/CCA-002 Implement Test, Demonstrate effective and JNT C efficient Trilateral Safeguards and Security safeguards Working Group (SSWG) under the USA/ROK Joint Fuel Cycle Study (JFCS) Document 10/CCA-005 Contribution to a Safeguards Technical Report on Pyroprocessing (EC, France, Japan, ROK) 6
7 Targets of Activities Develop effective safeguards concept and approach for the State with pyroprocessing capability Develop and demonstrate technology to improve effectiveness and efficiency Facilitate Safeguards By Design (SBD) Effective and efficient safeguards implementation No 24 hours shift inspection No On-Site Laboratory
8 Proliferation Potential Pyroprocess has lower proliferation potential compared with PUREX process Require longer time for a State to establish a production scale facility Pyroprocessing technology is under development Relevant literature is not widely available Limited capability in separating Pu, additional chemical separation activity is required for further separation of Pu Less flexibility in changing product purity and throughput High dose of U/TRU product requires additional radiation shielding Challenges include: small footprint, allow processing of spent fuels with short cooling time, essential equipment is not presently under export control
9 Safeguards Challenges Less safeguards experience Larger measurement uncertainties of feed, product, waste and in-process material, Sampling procedures, destructive analysis and non-destructive analysis for feed, product, waste and in-process materials are not yet established Process parameters are not well established Signature and indicators of the physical model need to be updated 9
10 Typical Technical Objectives Objective 1: Timely detection of the diversion of declared nuclear material Objective 2: Timely detection of the misuse of the facility to produce undeclared product from undeclared feed Objective 3: Timely detection of the misuse of the facility to produce product at Pu concentrations higher than declared, in particular relatively pure Pu 10
11 Safeguards Measures/Activities (1) Technical Objective 1: Detection of diversion Material accountancy evaluation (new type of product, sipper/receiver difference, in-process and hold-up, waste, near real time accountancy) Material accountancy verification (sampling and destructive assay, in-situ measurement, nondestructive assay) Containment and surveillance (C/S), process monitoring 11
12 Safeguards Measures/Activities (2) Technical Objective 2, 3: Detection of misuse Material accountancy, process monitoring Design information verification (DIV), other strategic point (OSP) activities (evaluation of off-normal operations and indicators), environmental sampling 12
13 Summary R&D activities related to the study and development of generic safeguards approach, test and demonstrate safeguards technologies and documentation of a technical report are being performed or planned under MSSPs Preliminary assessment of the proliferation potential of pyroprocessing technology, a study on generic technical objectives and applicable safeguards measures/activities for pyroprocessing facilities were performed Safeguards challenges to be addressed have been identified to guide the direction and focus of the R&D activities. Improve preparedness Meet future safeguards needs
14 Backup
15 Pyroprocesses and PUREX Type Process Products Effective waste disposal Effective recycle PUREX Separate U and TRU/FP U for recycle TRU/FP for disposal Separate U, U/TRU/FP, FP U for recycle U/TRU/FP for recycle FP for disposal Separate U, Pu, FP/TRU U for recycle Pu for recycle FP/TRU for disposal U ingot TRU/FP U ingot U/TRU/FP ingot FP U oxide U/Pu oxide FP/TRU (vitrified) TRU: TRans Uranium FP: Fission Product
16 Comparison of Processes U oxide PUREX Pyro Waste Disposal Decladding Decladding U separation U,Pu separation Decontamination Purification Conversion Pu Nitrate Pu separation U/Pu oxide FP/TRU (vitrified) U ingot TRU/FP Pyro Recycle Decladding U separation U/TRU separation Pu separation Pu Metal U ingot U/TRU/ FP ingot FP
17 Composition of Spent Fuel and Ingots Spent Fuel FP: 5.7% TRU: 1.4% U: 92.9% Ingot (Waste disposal) Ingot (recycle and long term storage) PWR spent fuel with 4.5 wt% initial enrichment, 10-year cooling time, and 55 GWd/MTU burn-up 85.4% of TRU is Pu
18 Comparison of Material Attractiveness Material Form and ease of processing Radiation and heat Volume Spent fuel assembly Dissolver solution U/TRU/FP ingot (Pyro waste disposal) U/TRU/FP ingot (Pyro recycle) U/Pu oxide (PUREX) Assembly/oxide Difficult Nitrate solution Easy Ingot Easy Ingot Easy Oxide powder Easy 1 1 <1 1 <1 7/ /100 2/100 1/ /100
19 Example of Frequency of Inventory Verification of Pyroprocess Product Material State without Broader Conclusion 12 U/Pu oxide (PUREX) U/Pu oxide (PUREX) State with Broader Conclusion 12 U/TRU/FP ingot (Pyro recycle) U/TRU/FP ingot (Pyro recycle) 4 U/TRU/FP ingot (Pyro waste disposal) U/TRU/FP ingot (Pyro waste disposal) Spent fuel assembly Spent fuel assembly 4 1
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