Coupled Control of Land Use and Topography on Suspended Sediment Dynamics in an Agriculture- Forest Dominated Watershed, Hokkaido, Japan.
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1 SOIL'S ROLE IN RESTORING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES March 6-9, 201, Sacramento, CA Coupled Control of Land Use and Topography on Suspended Sediment Dynamics in an Agriculture- Forest Dominated Watershed, Hokkaido, Japan. C. Wang 1, R. Hatano 1 R. Jiang 2, K. Kuramochi 1, A. Hayakawa 3 1 Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan 2 College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China 3 Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
2 INTRODUCTION Suspended sediment (SS) transport from land to watercourse is an immense problem that has threatened soil and water conservation in the world (Alexandrov et al., 2003). Influence of land use and topography on SS dynamics and yields at different spatial and temporal scales have been reported (Bakker et al., 200, Casali et al., 2010 and Tang et al., 2011). Understanding the dynamics of SS transfer is essential in controlling soil erosion and in implementing appropriate mitigation practices (Heathwaite et al., 2005).
3 2 3 OBJECTIVES (1) Assess land use and topography influence on surface runoff and lateral flow response to precipitation. (2) Assess influence of land use and topography on SS yield. (3) Assess effects of land use, topography and hydrological processes on sediment dynamics in streams. Soil erosion SS dynamics Land use & Topography 1 Hydrology
4 MATERIAL & METHODS Study site Shibetsu River Watershed (SRW), Hokkaido, Japan
5 MATERIAL & METHODS Study site SRW DEM AW FW SRW FW AW Rain gauge Area ( km 2 ) SRW and two sub-basins FW and AW Land use Land Use Forest Pasture Slope Urban Slope >
6 SSC MATERIAL & METHODS Sampling Stream water table (H) Stream discharge (Q) Calibrated H-Q equations Water samples Automatic sampler (high frequency for flood events) SS concentration (SSC) 0.7μm Glass Microfiber filters. Continuous SSC Q dynamics Wavelet during Transform flood (CWT) events To characterize the temporal variability Hysteretic loop: of rainfall and runoff events. Interval between the SSC and Q peaks. Wavelet Coherence (WTC) (1) Clockwise (C): SSC>Q To clarify relationship between rainfall (2) Anticlockwise (A): Q>SSC and runoffs. (3) -shaped (): Several peaks in SSC Matlab-software package (WTC-R15) C A Q
7 RESULTS & DISCUSSION Rainfall events Characteristics of rainfall events Snowmelt events (April) (May) Rainfall events Total rainfall (mm) Maximum intensity (mm/h) Jul Aug Sep Aug Sep July Characteristics of the rainfall events
8 AW streamflow (m 3 /s) FW streamflow (m 3 /s) RESULTS & DISCUSSION Hydrograph of flood events Land use and topography influence on surface runoff and lateral flow response to precipitation? 0.30 AW FW Response of surface runoff and lateral flow to rainfall in AW was similar with FW.
9 AW streamflow (m 3 /s) FW streamflow (m 3 /s) AW streamflow (m 3 /s) FW streamflow (m 3 /s) AW streamflow (m 3 /s) FW streamflow (m 3 /s) AW streamflow (m 3 /s) FW streamflow (m 3 /s) RESULTS & DISCUSSION 1.0 AW FW AW Hydrograph of flood events FW Response of surface runoff and lateral flow to rainfall was faster in AW than FW AW FW AW FW Response of surface runoff and lateral flow to rainfall was more variable in AW than FW
10 SRW streamflow (m 3 /s) AW streamflow (m 3 /s) FW streamflow (m 3 /s) Precipitation (mm) Precipitation (mm) Precipitation (mm) RESULTS & DISCUSSION Precipitation and streamflow Original time series of CWT and WTC SRW Streamflow 100 AW Streamflow 100 Precipitation FW Streamflow Precipitation Precipitation /1/1 0 03/12/23 0/12/13 05/12/ 06/11/25 07/11/ 0/11/ /1/1 03/1/1 03/12/23 03/12/23 0/12/13 0/12/13 05/12/ 05/12/ 06/11/25 06/11/25 07/11/ 07/11/ 0/11/6 0/11/6 Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) Wavelet Coherence (WTC)
11 Period (days) Period (days) RESULTS & DISCUSSION CWT: Variability of rainfall and streamflow Rainfall /2 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/6 SRWQ SRWQ /2 6 1/2 1/ 12 1/ 1/ / 1/ 1/ / 1/6 1/ /6 runoff and lateral flow AFWQ Time: Daily rainfall Low period spectrum represents high rainfall events. SRW daily streamflow Low period spectrum represents surface
12 Period (days) Period (days) RESULTS & DISCUSSION CWT: Variability of rainfall and streamflow FWQ /2 1/ 12 1/ 256 1/ 1/ 512 1/6 Response of surface runoff and lateral flow to rainfall was more variable in AW than FW. AWQ /2 1/ 12 1/ 256 1/ 1/ 512 1/ Time: FW daily streamflow AW daily streamflow
13 Period Period Time lag (days) RESULTS & DISCUSSION WTC: Time-lag between rainfall and Q WTC: Rainfall-AWQ Rainfall-FWQ Rainfall-SRWQ FW AW SRW Period (days) WTC: Time-lag between Q and rainfall (1) Time-lag in SRW (675 km 2 ) was similar with FW (71.3km 2 ), indicating catchment size was not the dominant factor controlling the time-lag. (2) Results of WTC showed that response of surface runoff and lateral flow to rainfall was faster in AW than FW.
14 RESULTS & DISCUSSION Characteristics of snowmelt events Influence of land use on soil erosion? Mean and maximum SSC were higher in AW than FW, soil erosion was more serious in pasture land (plant cover). Snowmelt events 1-29 April May 2006 AW FW SRW AW FW SRW Flood duration (h) Total water yield (mm/h) Q m (m 3 /s) Q max (m 3 /s) SSC m (mg/l) SSC max (mg/l) SS yield (kg/h/km 2 ) Q m : mean discharge; Q max : maximum discharge SSC m : mean SSC; SSC max : maximum SSC
15 RESULTS & DISCUSSION Characteristics of snowmelt events Influence of land use on SS yield? May, snowmelt water recharge stream as groundwater, more water yield in FW resulted in more SS yield. Snowmelt events 1-29 April May 2006 AW FW SRW AW FW SRW Flood duration (h) Total water yield (mm/h) Q m (m 3 /s) Q max (m 3 /s) SSC m (mg/l) SSC max (mg/l) SS yield (kg/h/km 2 ) Q m : mean discharge; Q max : maximum discharge SSC m : mean SSC; SSC max : maximum SSC Flood events
16 RESULTS & DISCUSSION Characteristics of flood events Influence of land use on soil erosion? Mean and maximum SSC were higher in AW than FW due to the land cover, grazing or harvest. Flood events Jul Aug Sep 2003 AW FW SRW AW FW SRW AW FW SRW Flood duration(h) Total water yield (mm/h) Q m (m 3 /s) Q max (m 3 /s) SSC m (mg/l) SSC max (mg/l) SS yield (kg/h/km 2 )
17 RESULTS & DISCUSSION Characteristics of flood events Flood events Aug Sep July 2007 AW FW SRW AW FW SRW AW FW SRW Flood duration(h) Total water yield (mm/h) Q m (m 3 /s) Q max (m 3 /s) SSC m (mg/l) SSC max (mg/l) SS yield (kg/h/km 2 ) SS yield in AW was higher than FW. August, 200, more water yield in FW resulted in more SS yield.
18 RESULTS & DISCUSSION SSC Q dynamics Hysteretic loops during flood events Flood events AW FW SRW : SSC peak before and after Q peak Jul 2003 A C C: SSC peak before Q peak -10 Aug 2003 A C C A: SSC peak after Q peak 9-11 Sep 2003 A Aug 200 C : Complex shaped hysteresis; 7-9 Sep 200 A C C C: Clockwise shaped hysteresis; 22-2 July 2007 C C A: Anti-clock wise shaped hysteresis (1) Earlier sediment supply from pasture land due to (a) Its faster response of streamflow to precipitation as the A or hysteresis happened in AW and FW, most flood results of measured hydrograph and WTC showed. events were characterized with C hysteresis at SRW. (b) Pasture land located nearer to SRW compared with forest. (2) Higher sediment concentration and SS yield from pasture land.
19 CONCLUSIONS (1) Response of surface runoff and lateral flow to rainfall was faster and more variable in AW than FW during flood events. (2) During snowmelt and flood events, soil erosion was more serious in agriculture land due to the plant cover and management practices (e.g., grazing, harvest). (3) Earlier sediment supply from agriculture land with higher sediment concentration resulted in C hysteresis at SRW, while A and hysteresis happened in AW and FW.
20
21 MATERIAL AND METHODS Sampling Daily stream water table (H) Daily stream discharge (Q) Calibrated H-Q equations. Water samples Automatic sampler. Concentrations of SS (SSC) 0.7μm Glass Microfiber filters. Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) To characterize the temporal variability of rainfall and runoff events. Wavelet Coherence (WTC) To clarify Relationship between rainfall and runoffs. Matlab-software package (WTC-R15)
22 MATERIAL AND METHODS SSC Sampling SSC Q dynamics during flood events Daily stream water table (H) Daily stream discharge (Q) Calibrated H-Q equations. Water samples Automatic sampler. Concentrations of SS (SSC) 0.7μm Glass Microfiber filters. Hysteretic loop: Interval between the SSC and Q peaks. (1) Clockwise (C): Q>SSC (2) Anticlockwise (A):SSC>Q (3) Figure (): Several peaks C A Q
23 RESULTS & DISCUSSION Characteristics of rainfall events Rainfall events Snowmelt events Antecedent precipitation index (API) APIx : where x=7 or 21 days before a rainfall event and API (mm) is the average precipitation on the xth day before the event. Flood events Total rainfall (mm) Maximum intensity (mm/h) API7 API Jul Aug Sep Aug Sep July Characteristics of the rainfall events
24 Period Period Period Period Period Time lag (days) RESULTS & DISCUSSION WTC: Time-lag between Q and rainfall FWQ /2 1/ 12 1/ 256 1/ 1/ 512 1/ AWQ /2 1/ 12 1/ 256 1/ 1/ 512 1/ SRWQ /2 1/ 12 1/ 256 1/ 1/ 512 1/ AFWQ Time-lag /2 1/ FW AW SRW Period (days) Results of WTC showed that response of surface runoff and lateral flow to rainfall was faster in AW than FW. Rainfall /2 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/6
25 RESULTS & DISCUSSION Climatic conditions and streamflow Climatic conditions of SRW during the study period Rainfall (mm) Annual snow Maximum snowpack Annual Maximum daily fall (cm) depth (cm) yr average
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