THE 14TH INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009

Transcription

1 THE 14TH INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009 RAINWATER HARVESTING TO COPE WITH CLIMATE CHANGE A STUDY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS INSTALLATIONS AT THREE RESIDENTIAL HOUSES IN MALAYSIA Ir. Ellias Saidin Principal, Perunding Ikatan, Malaysia ellias@yahoo.com

2 PRESENTATION CONTENTS REVIEW OF RWH PRACTICES SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCE RWH PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA 3 Nos. RESIDENTIAL RWH INSTALLATIONS CONCLUSIONS

3 CONSERVATION OF WATER RESOURCE - SUSTAINABILITY One of the sustainable practice to conserve water

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6 Kelong Paradise Resort Pulau Ketam

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8 DEVELOPMENT In rural areas, the practice of storing rainwater was discouraged with the implementation of government development policy to supply reticulated treated water to rural areas. It was also reported that rainwater were used in schools, mosque and community centers until by policy, new public buildings then were connected to existing reticulated supplies.( Uzir A Malik et al, 1991) NECCESITY In Malaysia, in 2006, the Ministry of Health reported that 29,865 RWH systems had been installed with almost 20,000 units installed in Sabah for rural water supply to isolated areas The Minister of Education recently announced that in Sabah, 117 rural schools will be provided with rain harvesting system for water supply at a cost of RM66.65mil (STAR 14Jul2008).

9 9 th Malaysia Plan

10 PRESENTATION CONTENTS REVIEW OF RWH PRACTICES SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCE RWH PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA 3 Nos. RESIDENTIAL RWH INSTALLATIONS CONCLUSIONS

11 SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPTS FOR WATER RESOURCE WATER RESOURCE Groundwater: deep Oceans Groundwater: shallow Lakes Glaciers Rivers Soil moisture Atmosphere AVERAGE RESIDENCE TIME 10,000 years 3,200 years 100 to 200 years 50 to 100 years 20 to 100 years 2 to 6 months 1 to 2 months 9 days Source; Pidwirny, M. (2006). "The Hydrologic Cycle". Fundamentals of Physical Geography, 2nd Edition.

12 RAINWATER TASMANIAN RAIN is rainwater is captured on the pristine north west coast of the island of Tasmania, Australia. The water is collected just minutes of where the World Meteorological Organization records the world s purest air. The rain, has traveled eastward via air currents over Antarctica and 10,000 miles of ocean. As a result, TASMANIAN RAIN contains only 17 parts per million of dissolved solids. TASMANIAN RAIN is collected by a custom-designed catchment facility, and the rainwater never touches the ground.

13 RAINWATER TANK INSTALLATIONS IN AUSTRALIA Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics

14 RAINWATER TANK INSTALLATIONS IN AUSTRALIA Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics

15 QUALITY OF RAINWATER FOR DRINKING WATER Rainwater tanks as main source of drinking water for 10.1% of Australian households in Outside capital cities, 23.3% of households reported that their main source of drinking water was a rainwater tank South Australia had 54.2% households outside the capital cities whose main source of drinking water was a rainwater tank. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2007

16 PRESENTATION CONTENTS REVIEW OF RWH PRACTICES SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCE RWH PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA 3 Nos. RESIDENTIAL RWH INSTALLATIONS CONCLUSIONS

17 MINISTRY OF HEALTH RURAL WATER SUPPLY According to the Ministry of Health, in 2006, 29,865 RWH systems had been installed throughout Malaysia with almost 20,000 units installed in Sabah. Monitoring on 54 units in Batu Pahat was done in 2006 and it was found that only 2Nos did not conform to the National Drinking Water Quality Standards; one due to high turbidity and the other had high coli forms count (Mohd Pauzee MT 2007).

18 THE EVER INCREASING DEMAND FOR WATER Malaysia Water Industry Guide 2007

19 More and Bigger Dams?? More Inter-State Pipelines?? More Treatment Plants and chemicals??

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21 Use % Lit/day L/month Potential RW/month Toilet Flushing 30% 300 9,000 9,000 Baths and Taps 21% 210 6,300 Clothes Washing 13% 130 3,900 3,900 Showers 12% 120 3,600 Washing up 8% 80 2,400 Outdoor 7% 70 2,100 2,100 Drinking Water 4% 40 1,200 Others 5% 50 1,500 Total 100% 1,000 30,000 15,000

22 DOMESTIC RAINWATER HARVESTING POTENTIAL ( KLANG VALLEY FIGURES) Month Rainfall (mm) Jan 107 Feb 200 Mar 266 Apr 293 May 217 Jun 153 Jul 150 Aug 195 Sep 237 Oct 248 Nov 235 Dec 219 Total 2,520 AVAILABILITY Total annual rainfall = 2500mm Average D/S Link House Roof Area for harvesting Rainwater = 100 sq m. Allow capturing efficiency of 75% Vol of Rain Water = 2500 x 100 x 75% DEMAND = 188 cu. m per year From consumption estimates, potential use of RW in a household is 15cu.m x 12months = 180 cu. m per year

23 Malaysia Water Industry Guide The total water production from WTP in 2006 was 12,296 MLD 2. Domestic Consumption was 66% (8,115 MLD) 3. The potential of substitution of 55% of domestic consumption with harvested rainwater amounts to 4,463 MLD 4. The average increase in water production from WTP for last 16 years was 470 MLD annually. 5. Theoretically, no necessity for new plants for next 9 years if the full potential of rainwater harvesting is utilised

24 MANUALS, CODES & GUIDES

25 PRESENTATION CONTENTS REVIEW OF RWH PRACTICES SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCE RWH PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA 3 Nos. RESIDENTIAL RWH INSTALLATION CONCLUSIONS

26 KUALA LUMPUR

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37 Proposed Roof Catchment Proposed Roof Catchment Existing Roof Catchment Roof Catchment Gutter to be installed

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41 PRESENTATION CONTENTS REVIEW OF RWH PRACTICES SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCE RWH PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA 3 Nos. RESIDENTIAL RWH INSTALLATION CONCLUSIONS

42 Many developed countries have recognized RWH as a sustainable source for domestic water supply. In Australia where 99% of urban households are serviced by public mains, the Aust. Bureau of Statistic reported that in 2007, 19% of Australian households use rainwater tanks. However in urban areas of Malaysia, RWH practice is adopted only by environmentalists and individuals conscious of their contribution towards sustainable living. The Malaysian Green Building Index launched on 21st May 2009 promote sustainable development practices in Malaysia. Domestic water conservation practice (RWH is a water conservation practice) is recognized as part of sustainable developments to combat climate change and given a rating of 10% in the index criteria.

43 The above review has demonstrated the ad-hoc installations of Rainwater Harvesting Systems to three residential units. The installation had their own constraints in during selection of the roof catchment's area and/or the tank size. Planning and technical advice before proceeding with construction of a building would have led to a more efficient harvesting of the rainwater available. The installations above utilized pumps. A more sustainable system would be to design and select a higher location of the rainwater capture tanks for gravity distribution to the fixtures. A water sampling program needs to be carried out to determine the quality and suitability of stored rainwater to be used in dwellings in urban Malaysia. An optimized RWH system design is necessary to match the water demand, roof catchment's area and choice of tank volume so that the available rainwater shall be efficiently harvested for sustainable water consumption.

44 Acknowledgements The author wishes to acknowledge the kind cooperation of the following for their contributions towards the project study Kenny Lim Eng Keong Feisal Fairish Rtn Kong Ling Toh Premier Amalgamated Sdn Bhd (water meters)