SMART ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR LARGE- SCALE RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION

Transcription

1 SMART ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR LARGE- SCALE RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION - HOW CAN ELECTRICITY GRIDS AND DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS BE OPTIMISED IN AN INTEGRATED WAY? BRIAN VAD MATHIESEN, bvm@plan.aau.dk European Commission conference: Technology Challenges and Regional Approaches for Integrating Renewables and Energy Security, THON Hotel BRUSSELS, MAY/ SUSTAINABLE ENERGY PLANNING RESEARCH GROUP, AALBORG UNIVERSITY KEY CHALLENCES 1. Key enabling technologies towards 2030? 2. Potential disruptive technology developments looking towards 2030? 3. Main barriers to further integration of variable renewable electricity in a 2020 and 2030 perspective? 2 1

2 RECOMMENDATIONS I Make CHP (and PP) unit regulation depend on wind power input (-20% wind without loss of efficiency) Add large scale heat pumps (and heat storage capacity) to the CHP units (approx. 40 per cent Wind Power) Use electricity for transport Surplus Electricity Production Including grid-stbilisation as much as possible Ref Other kinds of flexible DKVreg 30 +HPreg Trans demands are of less 20 importance 0 Per cent Wind power per cent RECOMMENDATIONS II Not much gained - (integration of wind nor profit) from investing in electricity storage options including batteries However the inclusion of CHP, heat pumps and transportation units in securing grid stability is essential. million EUR/year System operational savings (excess electricity price of 13 EUR/MWh) (All technologies have annual costs of 14 Million EUR/year) HP1 EB1 HP2 HP3 HP4 HP5 HP6 EB2 ELC1 ELC2 ELC3 ELC4 EB3 H2-1 CAES1 ELC5 H2-2 CAES2 EB4 2

3 RECOMMENDATIONS III The kind of flexibility one need from a technical point of view (CHP, HP and transport) is the same kind of flexibility which is needed to raise profits of exchange in international electricity or gas markets. Interconnections will not help the integration of more wind but rather help share capacity and/or force a market opening through. Marginal trade income 300 Miolion DKK Wind Input (TWh) Reference 350 MW HP CHPregB CHPregBnet Costs RECOMMENDATIONS IV In the medium long term perspective RES electricity has to be transformed into RES gases and liquid fuels (in combination with biomass) to supplement the limited biomass resource. Such conversion opens for the use of gas storage and liquid fuel storage. Hydrogen should not be used directly and not be used in micro-chp. 3

4 COMBINED HEAT & POWER (CHP) - REGULATION High Wind Scenario Low Wind Scenario Wind Power Electricity Demand Wind Power Electricity Demand CHP Plant CHP Plant Thermal Storage Hot Water Demand Thermal Storage Hot Water Demand TRANSITION FROM A CENTRALISED ENERGY SYSTEM TO A PARTLY DE-CENTRALISED SYSTEM BASED ON RENEWABLE ENERGY STATUS 2014: >39% WIND POWER MORE THAN WIND TURBINE OWNERS HIGH SHARE OF OFFSHORE 30% DISTRIBUTED OPERATION AND APP. 50% FROM CHP MORE THAN 60% HAS DISTRICT HEATING LARGE SHARE OF HEAT SAVINGS 8 4

5 RENEWABLE ENERGY STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE Savings in Energy Denmand Efficiency improvements in energy production FLEXIBLE TECHNOLOGIES INTEGRATED ENERGY SYSTEMS Renewable energy sources (RES) STUDY FOR THESTUDY EU27FOR THE EU27 by Aalborg University David Connolly Brian Vad Mathiesen Poul Alberg Østergaard Bernd Möller Steffen Nielsen Henrik Lund Ecofys Germany GmbH Jan Grözinger Thosmas Boersmans Michelle Bosquet PlanEnergi Daniel Trier Halmstad University Urban Persson Daniel Nilsson Sven Werner HEAT ROADMAP CHINA NEW HEAT STRATEGY TO REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION TOWARDS 2030 Tsinghua University Weiming Xiong Yu Wang Xiliang Zhang - DISSEMINATION OF RESEARCH -EU RESEARCH STRATEGY INFLUENCE AND PROJECTS - KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Aalborg University Brian Vad Mathiesen Henrik Lund David Connolly 5

6 Wind power production (TWh) Ref. CHP reg. Ref. no CHP reg. 5/27/ OPTIONS FOR SYSTEM INTEGRATION Transmission abroad V2G Flexible consumption Electricity storage Excess production (TWh) Open energy system Ref. CHP reg. Ref. no CHP reg Wind power production (TWh) Production of hydrogen CAES systems Stopping of wind turbines Regulation of CHP plants PES excl. wind (TWh) Closed energy system Electric cars Heat pumps Electric heating 6

7 Wind power production (TWh) Ref. CHP reg. Ref. no CHP reg. 5/27/2015 OPTIONS FOR SYSTEM INTEGRATION Transmission abroad V2G Flexible consumption Electricity storage Excess production (TWh) Open energy system Ref. CHP reg. Ref. no CHP reg Wind power production (TWh) Production of hydrogen CAES systems Stopping of wind turbines Regulation of CHP plants PES excl. wind (TWh) Closed energy system Electric cars Heat pumps Electric heating ENERGY STORAGE THERMAL STORAGE 1-4 /KWH PUMP HYDRO STORAGE 175 /KWH NATURAL GAS UNDERGROUND STORAGE 0.05 /KWH OIL TANK 0.02 /KWH 7

8 SMART ENERGY SYSTEMS - THE KEY TO COST-EFFICIENT 0% RENEWABLE ENERGY A sole focus on renewable electricity (smart grid) production leads to electricity storage and flexible demand solutions! LEADS TO: - ELECTRICIY STORAGE, - FLEXIBLE DEMANDS Looking at renewable electricity as a part smart energy systems including heating, industry, gas and transportation opens for cheaper and better solutions POWER-TO-HEAT POWER-TO-GAS POWER-TO-TRANSPORT SMART ENERGY SYSTEMS - ARE CRUCIAL IN 0% RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS SOLUTION A cross sectoral and coherent energy system solution Smart Electricity Grids to connect flexible electricity demands such as heat pumps and electric vehicles to the intermittent renewable resources such as wind and solar power. Smart Thermal Grids (District Heating and Cooling) to connect the electricity and heating sectors. This enables thermal storage to be utilised for creating additional flexibility and heat losses in the energy system to be recycled. Smart Gas Grids to connect the electricity, heating, and transport sectors. This enables gas storage to be utilised for creating additional flexibility. If the gas is refined to a liquid fuel, then liquid fuel storages can also be utilised. 8

9 SMART ENERGY SYSTEMS - ARE CRUCIAL IN 0% RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS SOLUTION A cross sectoral and coherent energy system solution Smart Electricity Grids to connect flexible electricity demands such as heat pumps and electric vehicles to the intermittent renewable resources such as wind and solar power. Smart Thermal Grids (District Heating and Cooling) to connect the electricity and heating sectors. This enables thermal storage to be utilised for creating additional flexibility and heat losses in the energy system to be recycled. Smart Gas Grids to connect the electricity, heating, and transport sectors. This enables gas storage to be utilised for creating additional flexibility. If the gas is refined to a liquid fuel, then liquid fuel storages can also be utilised. SMART ENERGY SYSTEM IS DEFINED AS AN APPROACH IN WHICH SMART ELECTRICITY, THERMAL AND GAS GRIDS ARE COMBINED AND COORDINATED TO IDENTIFY SYNERGIES BETWEEN THEM IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE AN OPTIMAL SOLUTION FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL SECTOR AS WELL AS FOR THE OVERALL ENERGY SYSTEM. Electricity Consumption Capacity Twice as high capacity as the reference in 2050 Incr. share of flexible consumption capacity Electricity Consumption Capacity [MW] Electric heating Electrolyzers Electric vehicles Flexible demand Heat pump Electricity demand Reference CEESA Recommendable 18 9

10 Electricity Consumption Reduction in traditional electricity demand Increase of new flexible demands Ensures flexibility for wind integration Electricity consumption [TWh] Export Electric heating Electrolyzers Electric vehicles Flexible demand Heat pump Electricity demand Reference CEESA Recommendable 19 0 % RENEWABLE ENERGY SCENARIOS IN THE CEESA PROJECT 2011 TRANSPORT: ELECTRICITY AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE, BUT GAS AND LIQUID FUELS ARE NEEDED TO MAKE A TRANSITION. WE CAN REACH 0% RENEWABLE COST AND FUEL EFFICIENTLY IN 2050 BIOMASS:.. IS A LIMITED RESOURCE AND CANNOT COVER THE TRANSPORT SECTOR. CONSEQUENCE ELECTRICITY FROM WIND AND OTHER RE SHOULD BE CONVERTED INTO RE-GASSES AND LIQUID FUELS IN THE LONG RUN..

11 ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED IN THE ENERGY UNION.. CO2 kvota markets only solve a very small part of the problem and only addresses certain sectors New cables does not provide more renewable energy! The existing actors may not be able to lift the task (goes against existing business model) Energy savings good for society cost but hard to implement Existing marginal electricity price markets cannot survive as they are Feed in tariff model under pressure from ignorant civil servants and industry Public support and ownership needs a big boost 21 SMART ENERGY DENMARK IN 2050? SMART ENERGY EUROPE IN 2060?

12 ekstra 23 Electricity Production Capacity Increase of RE capacity Constant PP/CHP capacity Need for high flexibility in PP/CHP production Electricity production capacity [MW] PV+Wave Wind Condensing PP CHP, Central CHP, Decentral Waste CHP Reference CEESA Recommendable 24 12

13 Electricity Production Decreased production from PP/CHP Increase of total production 80% from wind, PV and wave power Electricity production [TWh] PV+Wave Wind Condensing PP CHP, Central CHP, Decentral Waste CHP Reference CEESA Recommendable 25 13