Reg Preston and Lylian Rodríguez UTA Foundation, Colombia

Transcription

1 Food, energy and employment in a carbon-negative farming system; experiences from México, Vietnam, Cambodia and Colombia Reg Preston and Lylian Rodríguez UTA Foundation, Colombia

2 Feed and fuel production México 1980 Scania truck in Sweden (IFS) Vietnam 1992 Electricity (Sida) Cambodia 2004 Conversion rates (Sida) Colombia Integration (TOSOLY)

3 Conversion of fibrous biomass to electricity in Cambodia 1.4 Conversion, kg DM / kwh Branches of Cassia S. Cassava stems Mulberry stems Coconut shells Source: Mich Phalla 2005

4 Carbon-negative farm in Colombia

5 The challenges Global warming GH gases or Anthropogenic heating (2 nd law of thermal dynamics) Economists Market Model no longer viable Non-renewable resources are finite Creating meaningful employment In rural areas Need for Food and energy

6 Global warming Anthropogenic heating is able to cause global warming of 1 C in a century. Alexander P. Nickolaenko Institute for Radio Physics and Electronics, National Academy of Science of the Ukraine, Kharkov, Ukraine

7 Integrated food-energy for small-scale farmers and rural communities in a climate-friendly way??

8 What to do? Energy only from the sun not from fossil carbon (or nuclear) Negative carbon footprint Carbon stored (soil and vegetation) > carbon emitted Electricity replaces gasoline/diesel for land transport Recycle everything

9 The four ages of H. sapiens Stone Wood Fossil fuel (Coal Oil Gas) Electricity# # Deutsh Bank 2009

10 Misleading predictions due to lack of reliable data

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12 Robert Goodland & Jeff Anhang, (Ex-World Bank),Oct 20, 2009

13 Live stock production. an effective strategy must involve replacing livestock products with better alternatives Robert Goodland & Jeff Anhang, (Ex-World Bank),Oct 20, 2009

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15 Biogas from maize silage??

16 Misleading predictions due to lack of reliable data

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18 Robert Goodland & Jeff Anhang, (Ex-World Bank),Oct 20, 2009

19 Live stock production. an effective strategy must involve replacing livestock products with better alternatives Robert Goodland & Jeff Anhang, (Ex-World Bank),Oct 20, 2009

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21 Biogas from maize silage??

22 Opportunities..? The Livestock Revolution (Delgado et al 1999; IFPRI, FAO, ILRI) Increasing demand for meat and milk in developing countries

23 Trends and predicted use of cereal grain as animal feed in developed and developing countries Million tonnes Developed (industrial) Developing Delgado et al 2002

24 The Green Revolution Dependency on fossil fuels The Live stock revolution Dependency on fossil fuels

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26 The technologies Select what is most appropriate

27 Biomass yield from different ecosystems 140 Biomass production, MW/year Tropics Temperate 0 Perennial crops Forest Annual crops Source: Kormondy 1970

28 Biomass production Net plant productivity, kg DM / ha/ year Source: Patzek 2007 Pasture Rem ote areas Crops Forest Roots

29 The technologies Grow crops which are solar energy efficient and perennial Sugar cane and trees (tropics) Direct use of solar energy Solar voltaic panels and water heaters

30 The fuel technologies Biodigesters All aqueous organic waste Gasifiers Fibrous crop residues

31 Biogas storage in the living room in TOSOLY

32 9 KW gasifier in Camboya (designed for wood chips) Gasifier (ANKUR) Gas engine and electric generator

33 Synthesis gas and Biochar The process The burning of fiber in a gasifier in a limited supply of air Products Hydrogen (H 2 ): 20% Carbon monoxide (CO): 17% Ammonia (NH 3 ):? Other gases (N 2 and CO 2 ): 63% Biochar (10% of dry weight of feedstock) 3.6 kg fiber = 8.4 m 3 of gas = 3 kwh

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35 Effect of biochar and biodigester effluent on maize

36 Sub-soil: no biochar or effluent Sub-soil + biochar and biodigester effluent

37 The TOSOLY farm: main inputs Sugar cane 2.0 ha Forage trees 1.0 ha New Cocoyam (foliage for pigs) 1.0 ha 24 m 2 Solar voltaic panels (1 KW) Excreta from 45 pigs and the family Waste water (coffee processing, house)

38 Energy balance Inputs kg dry bagasse kg dry forage tree stems 3650 m 3 biogas 8 Kwh/day solar voltaic panels KWh/year: = 37920

39 Energy balance Consumption (KWh/year): House: 3650 Machinery: 1850 Electric van: 1500 Surplus: = KWh/year [@US 0.50/KWh = USD ]

40 Ecological balance Carbon sequestered : 2 ha sugar cane 1.6 tonnes/year carbon as biochar 1 ha forage trees 0.8 tonnes/year carbon as biochar 2.4 tonnes carbon (8.4 tonnes CO 2 ) Rain water harvested 1000 m 3 /year

41 Role of Government? The polluter pays Increase the tax on equipment using fossil fuel!! Benefits to users of renewable energy No taxes on equipment/vehicles using renewable energy

42 Role of Government? The polluter pays Carbon tax: --> USD 500/tonne Increase the price of fossil fuel electricity!! Benefits for producers of clean electricity in rural areas Feed-in tariffs

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44 Role of Government? Cheap credit to: Establish small factories in rural areas making/servicing equipment for renewable energy Purchase of equipment to use/make renewable energy

45 Role of Government and the Long Shadow? Introduce taxes on farms with more than: 25 pigs/ha, or 6 cattle/ha, or 30 goats or sheep/ha, or 600 poultry/ha

46 Role of Government? Redress the imbalance: cities vs rural areas Fast broadband internet in rural areas (education; health) Better road access

47 Role of Government? Land reform Funds to purchase unproductive farms# Cheap credit for Families to buy small farms (2 to 5 ha) # Farms > 5ha that do not produce a surplus of food and energy

48 Key indicators in the TOSOLY farm Zero fossil fuel EROEI > 7 Carbon dioxide sequestered >3 tonnes/ha/year

49 Carbon-negative farm in Colombia

50 The presentation is dedicated to those who will not have the benefit of two billion years accumulated energy reserves from photosynthesis Thank you for your attention

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52 Hydrogen-rich gas from biomass The process (gasification) Oxidation Reduction The products Hidrogen (H2): 20% Carbon monoxide (CO): 17% Other gases (N2 and CO2): 63% 3.3 kg of DM 8.4 m 3 gas (= 1 litre of diesel = 3 kwh)

53 Biomass as source of fuel and chemical substrates AIR O2 CO2 N2 H2O By Gasification OXIDATION BIOMASS CO2 + H20 + N [15% H2O] REDUCTION [C] SYNTHESIS GAS CO N2 H2 CO2 CH4 NH3 + H20 = NH4OH 3kg Biomass --> 7m3 synthesis gas = 1 litre diesel oil 1.2 kg Biomass DM = 1 KWh