Moving forward with EBM
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1 An Index to assess the health and benefits of the global ocean Moving forward with EBM Ben Halpern, Ph.D. Karen NCEAS/UCSB McLeod Ocean Renewable Energy Conference 4 Aug 2011 Nature (2012), Vol. 488:
2 Our coast and oceans are changing in unprecedented ways
3 Policies strive for healthy oceans, without a measurement tool
4 What is healthy? DOES HEALTHY MEAN PRISTINE? What is healthy? Is it this?
5 People are a part of marine ecosystems Everywhere.
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8 ecstaticist via Flickr
9 A healthy ocean delivers a range of benefits to people now and in the future.
10 Key attributes of the Ocean Health Index Coupled social-ecological systems, focused on benefits/services to people Clearly defined reference points Current state + likely future condition
11 10 Public Goals and Sub-goals Food Provision Fisheries Mariculture Tourism and Recreation Artisanal Fishing Opportunities Natural Products Livelihoods & Economies Sense of Place Livelihoods Economies Iconic Spp Places Carbon Storage Clean Waters Coastal Protection Biodiversity Species Habitats
12 Establishing reference points 1. Decide what to measure 2. Decide what to compare it to Samhouri et al Ecosphere
13 Decide what to measure Worse Number of marine jobs Marine Livelihoods Better
14 Decide what to measure Worse Number of marine jobs Marine Livelihoods Better Marine wages
15 Decide what to measure Worse Number of marine jobs Marine Livelihoods Marine wages Better Marine livelihoods (jobs and wages)
16 Establishing reference points 1. Decide what to measure 2. Decide what to compare it to Samhouri et al Ecosphere
17 Types of reference points 1. Functional relationships 2. Spatial comparisons 3. Temporal comparisons 4. Established benchmark Samhouri et al Ecosphere
18 Types of reference points 1. Functional relationships Maximum Sustainable Yield 2. Spatial comparisons 3. Temporal comparisons 4. Established benchmark Food Provision: Wildcaught Fisheries
19 Types of reference points 1. Functional relationships Multi-species MSY 2. Spatial comparisons 3. Temporal comparisons 4. Established benchmark Food Provision: Wildcaught Fisheries
20 Types of reference points 1. Functional relationships 2. Spatial comparisons 3. Temporal comparisons 4. Established benchmark Worse Better Livelihoods: wages
21 Types of reference points 1. Functional relationships Change in mangrove area extent 2. Spatial comparisons 3. Temporal comparisons 4. Established benchmark Carbon Storage
22 Types of reference points 1. Functional relationships 2. Spatial comparisons 3. Temporal comparisons 4. Established benchmark Biodiversity: Species Least concern Near threatened Vulnerable Endangered Critically endangered Extinct
23 Selecting the right type of reference point 1. The gold standard: functional relationship 2. Otherwise, be SMART Specific Measurable Ambitious Realistic Time-bound
24 Reference Points for the Global Analysis Established Targets Functional Relationship Spatial Comparison Time Series
25 Sustainability: current status + likely future
26 Food Provision WILD CAUGHT FISHERIES MARICULTURE Reported landings (FAO, Sea Around Us Project) Mariculture yields (FAO) Sustainability of culture (Trujillo MSI (2008) STATUS (25% Multispecies MSY total landed biomass) STATUS (Yield * Sustainability Score) Area
27 Food Provision FISHERIES STATUS (25% Multispecies MSY total landed biomass) TRENDS, PRESSURES, RESILIENCE MARICULTURE STATUS (Yield * Sustainability Score) Area TRENDS, PRESSURES, RESILIENCE Sub goal score Sub goal score INTEGRATED GOAL SCORE Yield weighted average
28 xamples of Pressures and Resilience indicators Pressures Chemical pollution Nutrient pollution Habitat destruction Alien species Genetic escapes Commercial fishing (high and low bycatch) Artisanal fishing Resilience CBD habitat signatories Percent of EEZ in MPAs Fisheries management effectiveness Ecological integrity Quality of governance (World Governance Indicators)
29 Global Ocean Health Index 60
30 Key Messages 1. Portfolio perspective of Index highlights there are many ways to arrive at the same score 2. Sustainability is incorporated in, and fundamental to, many parts of the Index 3. Benefits for humans are central to the Index
31 Portfolio: many ways to get a score AO = Artisanal Opportunity FIS = Fisheries FP MAR = Mariculture NP = Natural Products CS = Carbon Storage CP = Coastal Protection TR = Tourism & Recreation LIV = Livelihoods LE ECO = Economies ICO = Iconic Species SP LSP = Lasting Special Places HAB = Habitats BD SPP = Species CW = Clean Waters
32 Portfolio: many ways to get a score AO = Artisanal Opportunity FIS = Fisheries FP MAR = Mariculture NP = Natural Products CS = Carbon Storage CP = Coastal Protection TR = Tourism & Recreation LIV = Livelihoods LE ECO = Economies ICO = Iconic Species SP LSP = Lasting Special Places HAB = Habitats BD SPP = Species CW = Clean Waters
33 Portfolio: many ways to get a score AO = Artisanal Opportunity FIS = Fisheries FP MAR = Mariculture NP = Natural Products CS = Carbon Storage CP = Coastal Protection TR = Tourism & Recreation LIV = Livelihoods LE ECO = Economies ICO = Iconic Species SP LSP = Lasting Special Places HAB = Habitats BD SPP = Species CW = Clean Waters
34 Sustainability: per country 100 Artisanal Opportunity Food Provision Natural Products Carbon Storage Coastal Protection Tourism & Recreation Livelihoods & Economies Sense of Place Biodiversity Clean Waters Future State Current State
35 Sustainability: per goal Likely Future State Current State Biodiversity
36 Sustainability: per goal Likely Future State Current State Coastal Protection
37 Coupled-Systems: human benefits central to Index
38 Consistent Platform Transparent Quantitative Applicable at different scales Flexible Summary Responds to management changes Based on the best information available at the global level
39 Next Steps Regional applications: Brazil, CA Current, Fiji Update global models and data, as possible; annual updates Tool development Outreach to countries and agencies Include high seas
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