Update to permeable pavement research at the Edison Environmental Center

Transcription

1 Update to permeable pavement research at the Edison Environmental Center Thomas P. O Connor, P.E., BCEE Environmental Engineer Urban Watershed Management Branch Water Supply and Water Resources Division Edison, NJ Photo image area measures 2 H x 6.93 W and can be masked by a collage strip of one, two or three images. The photo image area is located 3.19 from left and 3.81 from top of page. Each image used in collage should be reduced or cropped to a maximum of 2 high, stroked with a 1.5 pt white frame and positioned edge-to-edge with accompanying images. Office of Research and Development National Risk Management Research Laboratory

2 Summary of Presentation Brief Background of Edison Environmental Center (EEC) in Edison, New Jersey Porous Pavement research at the EEC Publications and references Questions 2

3 Full-scale porous pavement rain gardens Edison Environmental Center (EEC) former Raritan Arsenal Roof runoff collection and use Urban Water Research Facility swales rain gardens rainwater sampling pipelines 3

4 Permeable Pavement and Rain Garden Research and Demonstration Site 4 Side by side testing of three permeable parking surfaces Evaluation of effect of hydraulic loading on bioinfiltration hydrologic performance Continuous and event-based sampling for water quantity and quality parameters

5 Construction took a year with opening in October November 26, 2008 December 18, 2008 February 26,2009 March 25, 2009 June 1, 2009 August 5, October 6, 2009 October 8, 2009 October 28, 2009

6 Four equally-sized and spaced lined sections collect infiltrating water from each monitored permeable surface. Lined sections 15 6 w x 18 long 6

7 Final design incorporated monitoring capabilities for 3 permeable surfaces. PP PC PA Interlocking concrete pavers Pervious concrete Porous asphalt Rain gardens Buried distribution pipes Tree islands Hot mix asphalt Buried well/piezometers Collection tanks Buried Water Content Reflectometers

8 Vertical cross sections of permeable surfaces vary slightly from material to material Concrete Pavers (3.125 in.) AASHTO No. 8 (2 in.) AASHTO No. 57 (4 in.) AASHTO No. 2 RCA (depth varies) EPDM Membrane Existing Subgrade Pervious Concrete (6 in.) AASHTO No. 2 RCA (depth varies) EPDM Membrane Existing Subgrade Porous Asphalt (3 in.) AASHTO No. 2 RCA (depth varies) EPDM Membrane Existing Subgrade 8

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10 Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavers (PP) 10 EPHenry EcoPavers East Penn Pavement Company

11 Porous concrete (PC) pour took two days followed by a week of covered cure time 11 Weldon Concrete Nova Crete, Inc.

12 12 Porous Concrete (PC)

13 Placing the permeable asphalt (PA) took two days 13 Stavola, Inc. Stavola, Inc.

14 Appearance of porous surfaces during a rain event clearly delineates the edge. Pavers Conventional asphalt Porous concrete Conventional asphalt 14 Conventional asphalt

15 15 Results

16 Underlying Soil Infiltration Testing Stander et al. (2013) Pre-construction infiltration test Post-construction soil moisture measurements Water content reflectometer (WCR) installation 16

17 Calibration of water content (time domain) reflectometers (WCRs) in recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) for storage Stander et al. (2013) 17

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19 19 SURFACE INFILTRATION & SURFACE CLOGGING

20 Measured surface infiltration rates using modified version of ASTM C1701 at monthly intervals for three years. Modifications were: (1) how the seal was achieved between the ring and the surface; (2) added temperature measurements of surface and water. 20

21 Initial Surface Infiltration Rates Surface type Modified ASTM C1701 apparatus Initial surface infiltration rate (cm/hr ± 1SD) Literature reported infiltration rate (cm/hr) PICP 2440 ± (Bean et al., 2007) PC 4220 ± (Bean et al., 2007) PA 147 ± (Ferguson, 2005) 21

22 Surface Infiltration Rates N Pervious concrete Pavers Pervious concrete Porous asphalt Surface Infiltration Rate (cm/hr) Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr EPA (2010)

23 Infiltration rates varied among the four tested surfaces, but all surfaces are sufficient to handle maximum expected direct rainfall rates m (6-in.) thick 100-year, 5-minute rainfall intensity 0.20-m (8-in.) thick Edison, NJ 20.8 cm/hr (8.2 in/hr) 23

24 Mean Monthly Infiltration Rate (cm/h) 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 Infiltration decreased with age for the three surfaces that received run-on from driving lane Number of Months Since Opening 24 Bars represent standard error. PICP Linear (PICP) y = x R² = p =

25 Working hypothesis of the mechanics of the infiltration processes. Flow Small response in WCR Large response in WCR 25

26 As gaps fill with sediment, the location of the primary infiltration area moved downgradient. Flow Large response in WCR Medium response in WCR 26

27 27 Inspection supports the proposed mechanism.

28 Sediment accumulates (and clogging progresses) from the upgradient edge. No sediment Sediment 28

29 Results of a high resolution survey indicate surface clogging progression has varied slightly because of micro-topography. High resolution LASER survey PICP row 29

30 30 Removing pavers at selected locations shows how clogging advances with gaps filled and small debris loading.

31 With aggregate between the pavers, most fines are trapped in the top 20 mm. 31

32 The permeable pavement parking lot at the EEC allows evaluation of water quality effects. 32 Published or in review Chloride Speciated nitrogen Organic carbon Phosphate ph In production SVOCs Metals SSC Just starting Microbial indicators 1,500-gallon tanks

33 All permeable surfaces reduced Suspended Sediments Concentration (SSC). 175 LS Mean SSC (mg/l) Date Range: 1/26/2010 6/4/2013 Events sampled: 42 (PICP, PC, and PA) 28 (Runoff) PICP PC PA Runoff Mean Mean±0.95 Conf. Interval 33 Note: NSQD TSS commercial median 98 mg/l 49% 93% 79%

34 12 11 Acidic rainfall is buffered by all pavement surfaces, but PA exfiltrate is surprisingly basic Mean ph PICP PC PA Runoff Rain Date Range: 1/26/2010 6/4/2013 Events sampled: 42 (PICP, PC, and PA) 34 (Runoff) 36 (Rain) Mean Mean±0.95 Conf. Interval 34 NSQD median for commercial property 7.3

35 35 Updated SSC results.

36 36 Updated mean ph per sampling event over time

37 Large portions of the pervious concrete have disaggregated. The problem first became apparent about 18 months after pouring concrete. It was repaired by the contractor in May 2011, but has recurred in 2014 and beyond. 37

38 38 Test of SS Whole Model vs. SS Residual (SSCthru2015.sta) Dependent Multiple Multiple Adjusted SS df MS SS df MS F p Variable R R² R² Model Model Model Residual Residual Residual PA PC PP

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40 NRMCA revised O&M guidance (2015) Deicing chemicals should not be used on any type of concrete in the first year. 40

41 There is ongoing interest in permeable surfaces as cool pavement material. T T T cos(2 t ) T cos(2 t ) A A A D D D T T T cos(2 t ) A A A T TA, T, A, A = Overall average annual temperature D = Amplitude (annual and daily) D = Frequency (annual and daily) D = phase shift (annual and daily) 41

42 Results indicate meaningful differences in mean annual surface temperature and in annual fluctuations across permeable surfaces. 42 Media T TA 1/ a ( o C) ( o C) (day) (day) ICP PC PA HMA* SOIL AIR a r Maximum ( o C) t o = 08/13/ :10 * HMA over DGA measured 4 inch below unvegetated surface

43 Intra-event exfiltration can be significant part of the collected water volume for long duration events 43 Water Level (m) Measured Water Level Water Corrected Level Water Assuming Level No (no Infiltration exfiltration) Rainfall During low-intensity rainfall the continuing exfiltration restores part of the storage volume :00 6:00 9:00 12:00 Time of day (EST) 01/11/2012 Level data at 1-minute intervals Rainfall data from MSD gauge TR05 at 5-minute intervals Cumulative Rainfall (mm)

44 Current work Continue updating water quality and volume results on parking lot Draft results on semi-volatiles organic compounds (SVOCs) in parking lot infiltrate Continuing SVOC sampling Monitoring microorganisms 44

45 Publications 45 Surface Infiltration Rates of Permeable Surfaces: Six Month Update (November 2009 through April 2010) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio, Report No. EPA/600/R-10/083, June, ( E. Stander, A. A. Rowe, M. Borst and T. P. O'Connor (2013). "Novel Use of Time Domain Reflectometry in Infiltration-Based Low Impact Development Practices" ASCE's Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering (JIDE), Vol 139, No. 8, pp ( Brown, R. and Borst, M. (2013). Assessment of Clogging Dynamics in Permeable Pavement Systems with Time Domain Reflectometers. J. Environ. Eng., 139(10), ( Brown, R.A., and M. Borst. (2014). Evaluation of surface infiltration testing procedures in permeable pavement systems. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 140(3), ( Borst, M., and R.A. Brown. (2014). Chloride released from three permeable pavement surfaces after winter salt application. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 50(1), ( Brown, R.A., and M. Borst. (2015). Quantifying evaporation in a permeable pavement system. Hydrological Processes, 29(9), ( Brown, R.A., and M. Borst. (2015). Nutrient infiltrate concentrations from three permeable pavement types. Journal of Environmental Management, 164, (doi: /j.jenvman )