Hamidreza Kazemi, PhD Candidate Thomas Rockaway, Ph.D., P.E. Josh Rivard, MUP Center for Infrastructure Research Civil and Environmental Engineering

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1 Hamidreza Kazemi, PhD Candidate Thomas Rockaway, Ph.D., P.E. Josh Rivard, MUP Center for Infrastructure Research Civil and Environmental Engineering Department University of Louisville 1

2 MSD s Consent Decree to decrease the number and volume of overflows entering the combined sewer system CSO Mitigation by use of Green Infrastructure Stormwater Controls CSO130 Sewershed Project 2

3 Monitoring Effort Multi-year effort to evaluate and establish long term trends Standardize Design and Maintenance Criteria Partnership USEPA monitoring of green management practices 3

4 The Center for Infrastructure Research Role Monitoring Planning Instrumentation installation Maintenance support Hydrological Performance and Maintenance Assessment 4

5 CSO130 Sewershed Initial phase of the project started by installing two permeable pavement controls in December

6 CONTROLS 19G and 19H Characteristic Control 19H Control 19G Drainage Area (acre) Impervious % 59% 61% Impervious Area: Control s Area 16:1 20:1 Control s Length (ft) Control s Width (ft) 8 8 6

7 Control 19G 120-ft long 7

8 Hydrological Performance Rainfall and Storm Runoff Infiltration Capacity Permeable Pavement System Exfiltration Performance 8

9 Infiltration Capacity Monitoring Manual Surface Infiltration Measurements Modified ASTM C1701 Four Locations Along the Curb Side Tests were repeated periodically and within one week before and after each maintenance treatment 9

10 Infiltration Capacity Monitoring Electronic Measurements Piezometers (water level logger) Three locations at the bottom of the trench 10

11 Infiltration Capacity Monitoring Electronic Measurements Based on the piezometer data a model was developed The developed model predicts the ideal performance of the control and compares it to recorded data This assessment technique is used to quantify the infiltration capacity and effectiveness of maintenance treatments 11

12 Infiltration Capacity Monitoring Electronic Measurements Based on the piezometer data a model was developed The developed model predicts the ideal performance of the control and compares it to recorded data This assessment technique is used to quantify the infiltration capacity and effectiveness of maintenance treatments 12

13 Surface Infiltration Tests Average baseline infiltration rates: 1250 in/hr (3200 cm/hr) Electronic Measurements Developed model confirmed that both GI controls captured 100% of the storm runoff During the first 10 events controls 19G and 19H cumulatively captured 40,000 gallons of storm runoff. Ratio of volume captured to runoff volume: 1:1 13

Visual Inspections Clogging advanced from the upgradient edge towards the downgradient edge and along the curb side Electronic Measurements rate of clogging progression

14 Visual Inspections Clogging advanced from the upgradient edge towards the downgradient edge and along the curb side Electronic Measurements rate of clogging progression equal to: 10ft per an inch of rainfall Once the clogging reached the downgradient edge the ratio of volume captured to runoff volume decreased (<1) it was time for maintenance! 14

15 Three types of maintenance during 2012 and 2013 Vacuum and Sweeping Pressurized Airjet Vac-Head Maintenance Type Vacuum & Sweeping Pressurized Airjet Number of Treatments Vac-Head

16 Concerns with Airjet method 16

17 Vac-Head Method 17

18 Surface Infiltration Tests Results (Control 19G) 2,000 Infiltration Rates (in/hr) 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1, Average Baseline Infiltration 1250 in/hr Up-gradient 2.5' 20' 40' 75' Down-gradient Pre-Vacuum and Sweeping Pre-Airjet Method Pre-Vac Head Baseline Performance Post-Vacuum and Sweeping Post-Airjet Post-Vac Head 18

19 Surface Infiltration Tests Results (Control 19G) Vacuum & Sweeping was not effective First airjet method was effective in most locations except for the up-gradient side Effectiveness of airjet method was decreased in second and third applications (not shown in the graph) Vac-Head method were able to restore the infiltration rates in all locations including the up-gradient side 19

20 Developed Model Results Comparing the infiltration performance with baseline infiltration performance: How infiltration capacity changes with time? How effective surface maintenance treatments are? 20

21 Developed Model Output (Control 19G) 100% Vacuum & Sweeping 1 st Airjet 2 nd Airjet Case #1 Infiltration Capacity (%) 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 9.89 of Rainfall 6 of Rainfall 0% Infiltration capacity: ratio of initial (unclogged) infiltration performance to current infiltration performance Each maintenance is identified with a vertical green line. 21

captured all runoff Controls 19G & 19H cumulatively

22 Rainfall depth: 2.26 in Duration: 7 hours Max Intensity: 1.20 in/hr The only time that control 19H flooded 19G captured all runoff Controls 19G & 19H cumulatively captured: 16,181 Gallons Control 19G Control 19H was flooded not clogged! 22

23 Measured Water Level (cm) 350 Overflow Pipe Level 350 9:05 AM: photo was taken Overflow Pipe Level 9:05 AM: photo was taken :00 AM 7:30 AM 9:00 AM 10:30 AM 12:00 PM 6:00 AM 7:30 AM 9:00 AM 10:30 AM 12:00 PM Control 19G Control 19H was flooded not clogged! 23

24 Developed Model Output (Control 19G) Vac-Head Infiltration Capacity (%) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Case #2 8.3 of Rainfall Infiltration capacity: ratio of initial (unclogged) infiltration performance to current infiltration performance Each maintenance is identified with a vertical green line. 24

25 Rainfall depth: 4.47 in Duration: 35 hours Max Intensity: 1.68 in/hr Control 19G was cleaned with Vac-Head method 17 days ago Controls 19G captured all surface runoff from its drainage area Volume Captured: 15,700 Gallons Control 19G 25

26 Results indicate that unclogged and properly maintained PaveDrain blocks, were able to capture all stormwater runoff flowing into GI controls 19G & 19H Volume of Water (Gallons) 450, , , , , , , ,000 50,000 0 Infiltration Rates: 1250 in/hr 1600 in/hr Volume Captured in 1 st year: ~250,000 Gallons Cumulative Surface Runoff Cumulative Volume Captured Volume of Water (Gallons) 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,

27 Clogged but still functional! Minimum Infiltration Rates: 4-15 in/hr Infiltration Capacity: 30% - 60% ~ 30% - ~60% Infiltration capacity: ratio of initial (unclogged) infiltration performance to current infiltration performance Each maintenance is identified with a vertical green line. 27

28 Infiltration Capacity Can be Restored! Type of Maintenance treatment is important Pre & Post Maintenance Vac-Head Method 28

Questions? Contact Info Email: Hamidreza (Kasra) Kazemi: h.kazemi@louisville.

29 Questions? Contact Info Hamidreza (Kasra) Kazemi: Phone: Web: 29

Evaluating the effectiveness and hydrological performance of green infrastructure stormwater control measures.

University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 12-2014 Evaluating the effectiveness and hydrological performance of green