Alternate Water Supply

Transcription

1 Alternate Water Supply Session Chair: Joe Jacangelo, Ph.D. Stantec and The Johns Hopkins University Chair, AWWA International Council Moderator: Mr. Sanjay Kamat AICE 17 Total Water Solutions November 9-11, 2017

2 Population Is a Key Factor in the Water Scarcity Paradigm Population & Demand MGD Available Water Available Water with Climate Change Time

3 World s Current Vulnerability to Water Scarcity WSR = Total Withdrawal Total Renewable 3

4 Water Stress in India Per Capita Water Year Population Availability (Millions) (m3/year) Source: Shiao et al., World Resources Institute, 2015

5 Impact Source: Global Risks Perception Survey 2014; World Economic Forum (2015) Spread of Infectious diseases Water crises average Weapons of Mass Destruction Critical information infrastructure breakdown Biodiversity and ecosystem collapse Failure of financial mechanism or institution Energy price shock Terrorist attacks Food crises Fiscal crises Failure of climate-change adaption Cyber attacks Asset bubble Profound social instability Unemployment or underemployment Interstate conflict 4.5 Unmanageable inflation Misuse of technologies Failure of Critical infrastructure Deflation Large-scale involuntary migration State collapse or crisis Data fraud or theft Man-made environmental catastrophes Failure of national governance Natural catastrophes Extreme weather events Economic 4.0 Environmental Geopolitical Societal Failure of urban planning Technological Likelihood average 5

6 WATER REUSE Traditional and Potential Water Supply Sources Traditional Sources Groundwater Surface Water Conservation July 2011 August 2014 Alternative or Emerging Sources Seawater Wastewater Industrial water Stormwater Rainwater Irrigation water Lake Oroville, CA Total Water Solutions Lawaterkeeper.org 6

7 Joe Jacangelo, PhD Speakers in Session Vice President & Director of Research, Stantec The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health Uday Kelkar, PhD Director, NJS Engineering India Pvt. Ltd. Mr. Ian Barrett Commercial Director, Water (Middle East, India & Africa), Black & Veatch Ltd. Col. Bhaskar Tatwawadi Technical Director, Tandon Urban Solutions Pvt. Ltd.

8 Saline Water Treatment Joe Jacangelo, Ph.D. Stantec and The Johns Hopkins University Chair, AWWA International Council AICE 17 Total Water Solutions November 9-11, 2017

9 Presentation Introduction to desalination and market Process for desalination Pretreatment Costs of desalination

10 Description of Waters Based on Concentrations of Total Dissolved Solids Water Type Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l Potable Water <1,000 Mildly Brackish Water 1,000-5,000 Moderately Brackish Water 5,000-15,000 Heavily Brackish Water 15,000-35,000 Seawater 35,000-45,000 Adapted from National Research Council, 2004

11 Growth of Desalination of Seawater Seawater is 97.2% of total water 1% world s drinking water 18,000 plants 500 1,000 plants in India 11

12 Various Desalination Processes Source: Subramani and Jacangelo, 2015

13 Temporal Profile of Growth of Membrane and Thermal Desalination 85% of desalination plants in India membrane based Gujart highest desalination capacity Source: Bioinformatics R&D; Aqua Membranes

14 Impact of Energy Consumption and Seawater Desalination Plant on GHG Emissions Kg. CO CO2 Emission NOX Emission gm. NO x GHG Emissions Energy Consumption (Kwh/m 3 ) Source: Raluy et al., Energy, Technology Emissions/m 3 desalted water CO 2 (kg) NO x (g) MSF MED RO Source: Raluy et al., Energy,

15 Removal of Materials by Various Membrane Processes

16 Spiral Wound Membrane Raw Water Feed Concentrate Permeate permeate collector membrane permeate spacer membrane feed spacer

17 Applied Pressures for Various Membrane Processes PROCESS psi bar APPLIED PRESSURE Reverse Osmosis 150-1, Nanofiltration Ultrafiltration Microfiltration

18 Desalination Plants in India Minjur Desalination Plant, Chennai Currently, desalination plants throughout the country Selected Desalination Plants in India 100,000 m3/day capacity Sources: Gujarat Reliance Project IDE Technologies; Government of Tamil Nadu. Government orders Tamil Nadu Government Portal; Nuclear Desalination World Nuclear Association.

19 Reverse Osmosis Membrane Plant Configuration for Brackish Groundwater Bypass Acid Antiscalant RO Membrane Off-gas Post treatment Chemicals Groundwater Cartridge Filter Feed Pump Air Product Water Clearwell Degasifier Concentrate Discharge

20 Reverse Osmosis Membrane Plant Configuration for Surface Waters (Seawater or Brackish Water) Bypass Surface water Pretreatment Plant Acid Antiscalant Cartridge Filter Feed Pump RO Membrane Off-gas Air Degasifier Post treatment Chemicals Product Water Clearwell Concentrate Discharge

21 Conventional Pretreatment for Seawater Desalination by Reverse Osmosis 21

22 Low-Pressure Membranes for Seawater Desalination by Reverse Osmosis 22

23 Temporal Profile of SWRO Pretreatment Types Source: Tabatabai, 2014)

24 Costs of Desalination

25 Operation and Costs of SWRO Depends on Interdependent Factors Design and operation of the SWRO process Removal of fouling agents by pretreatment systems o Particulate fouling o Colloidal fouling o Mineral scaling o Organic fouling o Biofouling Biofoulant removal efficiency is increasingly being considered for selecting pretreatment systems Source: Tabatabai,

26 Concentrate Disposal Is a Key Challenge Solar Evaporation Coastal or watershed disposal Wastewater treatment plant outfall Sewer line Distillation Deep Well Injection Spray Irrigation Crystallization

27 Temporal Profile of Power Consumption for Seawater Desalination Improvements in energy consumption due to better pretreatment, new generation RO membranes, high efficiency pumping, ERDs, and system design. Source: desaldata.com, 2010

28 Breakdown of Energy Consumption in Desalination Plants Seawater Brackish Water 28

29 Characteristics of Selected Membrane Plants Type of Plant Capacity MGD End Use Feed TDS mg/l Permeate TDS mg/l Energy Consumption kwh/m 3 Reuse 1 30 GWR, IPR Reuse 2 11 Industrial, IPR Reuse 3 22 IPR 712 < Seawater Desalination 1 38 DW 37,000-40,000 < Seawater Desalination 2 66 DW 36, Seawater Desalination 3 88 DW 40,500 < Seawater Desalination 4 36 DW 35,000 < Seawater Desalination 5 25 DW < 28,500 < Brackish Desalination DW 2,300 < Brackish Desalination 2 8 DW 2,000 < Source: Jacangelo et al., 20j12 29

30 Summary Temporal Profile of Membrane Costs Source: AMTA, 2007

31 Trends in Desalination Costs Source: AMTA, 2007

32 Summary Desalination coupled with renewable energy options Novel membrane materials Novel membrane technologies Lower costs Source: Subramani and Jacangelo, 2015

33 Thank you!