Quantitative Microbial Risk Estimates as a Function of Treatment Performance
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1 Quantitative Microbial Risk Estimates as a Function of Treatment Performance Joshua Elliott, Ian P Douglas, Robert C Andrews Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto October 28,
2 Quantitative Microbial Risk Analysis (QMRA) Evaluates the risk of illness from consuming drinking water Relies on source water sampling data and process assessments for the QMRA model Allows utilities and regulators to ensure treatment practices provide adequate protection against pathogens 2
3 QMRA Calculations Concentration of pathogens in raw water Overall treatment logreduction Pathogen concentration in treated water Estimate # pathogens ingested per day Probability of infection at given dose Probability of illness due to infection Estimate annual # illnesses in population Annual health impact (DALY) 3
4 Source Water Data Collection Water Research Foundation (WRF) project sampled at 10 plants 100L Raw Water is sampled using hollow-fiber ultrafiltration Crypto Giardia E. coli O157 Campylobacter Enteric Viruses 4
5 Pathogen Counts/100L Pathogen Monitoring Data Plant A Plant B Plant C Crypto Giardia Viruses Campy E. coli O157 5
6 Project Scope Three pilot plants located across Southern Ontario Different process configurations Alum, PACl, Ferric sulphate Anthracite vs Granular Activated Carbon Conventional vs Biological filters Enhanced Biological Filtration 6
7 Biological Filtration Bacteria + Filter Media = Biofilm Degradation of Natural Organic Material (NOM) Pretreatment for UF membranes Unknown effect on pathogen removal 7
8 Spores: Surrogate for Cryptosporidium Cryptosporidium drives risk for many utilities Bacillus atrophaeus spores Similar size, shape as cryptosporidium Considered a conservative indicator of cryptosporidium removal 8
9 S Pilot Plant Configuration Parallel Plate Settlers Tapered Flocculation Rapid Mix Alum Raw Water Biofilter No Pre- Treatment Biofilter H2O2 Biofilter In-line Alum Biofilter N & P S S S S S S 9
10 Pilot Plant: Overview of Treatment Trains Alum Conventional Treatment Train Parallel Plate Settlers Tapered Flocculation Rapid Mix Constant Head Tank Rapid Mix PACl Conventional Treatment Train Tapered Flocculation Parallel Plate Settlers Biofiltration (Control) Biofiltration (Experimental) S S S S
11 Measured Parameters Physical Removal Aerobic Spores Turbidity Organics Removal UV254 DOC Biological Activity ATP EPS 11
12 Anthracite, 30mg/L Alum GAC, 30 mg/l Alum Anthracite, 40 mg/l Ferric Alum PACl GAC, 40 mg/l Ferric Anthacite 40mg/L Alum Anthacite 40mg/L PACl Anthracite (Biological) Anthracite (H2O2) Anthracite (0.2 mg/l Alum) PACl Inline GAC (Biological) Anthracite (Control) Anthracite (N & P) GAC, PACl, EBCT=16 Anthracite, PACl, EBCT=26 GAC, PACl, EBCT=26 Inline GAC, Biological GAC, H2O2 GAC, 0.2 Alum GAC, N&P Aerobic Spore Removal (Log 10 ) Summary of Pilot Results 5 4 Plant A (River) Plant B (River) Plant C (Lake) Alum Ferric H 2 O 2 H 2 O 2 Biological Biological
13 Aerobic Spore Removal (Log 10 ) Turbidity vs Aerobic Spore Removal 5 4 Conventional/Direct 3 2 Biological Filtration Turbidity (NTU)
14 Objective: Apply observed filtration removal credits to each location 14
15 Summary of Removal Performance Treatment Conditions Pilot Removal Regulatory Published Conventional Filtration Direct Filtration Biological Filtration Alum, Ferric, PACl GAC or Anthracite PACl GAC or Anthracite GAC or Anthracite Nutrient/H2O N/A
16 Annual Health Risk (DALY/person) QMRA Results Plant A (River) Higher Risk Lower Risk
17 Annual Health Risk (DALY/person) QMRA Results Plant A (River) Higher Risk Lower Risk
18 Annual Health Risk (DALY/person) QMRA Results Plant B (River) Higher Risk Lower Risk
19 Annual Health Risk (DALY/person) QMRA Results Plant B (River) Higher Risk Lower Risk
20 Annual Health Risk (DALY/person) QMRA Results Plant C (Lake) Higher Risk Lower Risk
21 Annual Health Risk (DALY/person) QMRA Results Plant C (Lake) Higher Risk Lower Risk
22 Conclusions Cryptosporidium drives microbial risk for these three configurations Measured removal credits shown to be useful in QMRA estimates Biological filtration alone is an inadequate treatment process as a sole barrier for cryptosporidium Validation of plant performance is site specific and source water monitoring is a key component for risk assessment 22
23 Future Work Consider other surrogates (microspheres, yeast cells) and compare directly to cryptosporidium removal Investigate effect of water temperature / coagulation conditions on removal performance 23
24 University of Toronto NSERC Chair Partners: City of Barrie Durham Region GE Water & Process Technologies Lake Huron and Elgin Area Primary Water Supply Systems (London) Peterborough Utilities Commission Ontario Clean Water Agency Regional Municipality of York Regional Municipality of Peel Toronto Water 24 24
25 Probability (at least 1 Detect) #/100L # of Samples
26 Anthracite, 30mg/L Alum GAC, 30 mg/l Alum Anthracite, 40 mg/l Ferric GAC, 40 mg/l Ferric Anthacite 40mg/L Alum Anthacite 40mg/L PACl Anthracite (Biological) Anthracite (H2O2) Anthracite (0.2 mg/l Alum) GAC (Biological) Aerobic Spore Removal Summary of Pilot Results (Biological) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
27 Anthracite, 30mg/L Alum GAC, 30 mg/l Alum Anthracite, 40 mg/l Ferric Alum PACl GAC, 40 mg/l Ferric Anthacite 40mg/L Alum Anthacite 40mg/L PACl Anthracite (Biological) Anthracite (H2O2) Anthracite (0.2 mg/l Alum) PACl Inline GAC (Biological) Anthracite (Control) Anthracite (N & P) GAC, PACl, EBCT=16 Anthracite, PACl, EBCT=26 GAC, PACl, EBCT=26 Inline GAC, Biological GAC, H2O2 GAC, 0.2 Alum GAC, N&P Aerobic Spore Removal (Log 10 ) Summary of Pilot Results 5 4 Plant A (River) Plant B (River) Plant C (Lake) Alum Ferric H 2 O 2 H 2 O 2 Biological Biological
2014 Ontario Water Works Conference May 4-7 th, 2014 London, Ontario. Methods for evaluating pathogen log removal in a water treatment plant
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