Enhancement LCA of Palm Oil with Malaysian Formulated Indicators

Transcription

1 Enhancement LCA of Palm Oil with Malaysian Formulated Indicators S. Yusoff, Onn C.C., Department of Civil, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. * Corresponding author. Phone: , Fax: sumiani@um.edu.my

2 Outline of Presentation Introduction The LCA Framework -LCIA Malaysian Enhanced LCA Study The LCIA Indicators Application of Malaysian Indicators Conclusion

3 Introduction-Palm Oil Industry Malaysia is the main palm oil production country which produces almost half of the world production value at 15.8 millions tones in year As of 2007, the cumulative land area of palm oil plantations in Malaysia is approximately 4.3 million hectares This rising demand is resulting in establishment of more new palm plantations and there are growing concerns that this will be harmful to the environment in several ways especially the significant of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions such as CO2

4 LCA (ISO 14040) The Life Cycle Assessment Framework Goal & scope definition Inventory Analysis Interpretation Direct applications Product development Strategic Planning Public policy making Marketing Other Impact Assessment

5 Life Cycle Assessment The framework LCA is widely used as a tool to access and identified environmental weak points of selected activities, process or product s life cycle. LCA takes a cradle to grave approach in evaluating the environmental consequences of a particular product, process, or activity from the extraction of raw materials through to processing, transport, use, reuse, and disposal Processing Extraction of raw materials Manufacturing cradle-to-grave analysis Distribution Use of the product Disposal or possible recovery of the product.

6 LCI LCI' involves data collection and modeling of the product system, as well as description and verification of data. This encompasses all data related to environmental (e.g., CO2) and technical (e.g., intermediate chemicals) quantities for all relevant unit processes within the study boundaries that compose the product system. Examples of inputs and outputs quantities include inputs of materials, energy, chemicals and 'other' - and outputs in the of air emissions, water emissions or solid waste. Material used Water used Energy used Waste generated Emissions Effluents

7 LCIA LCIA (Impact Analysis) Human Health LCI (Inventory) Damage Categories Resources Ecosystem LCIA is aimed at evaluating the contribution to impact categories or damage categories. Here, impact potentials are calculated based on the LCI results. The next steps are normalization and weighting, but these are both voluntary according the ISO standard. Normalization provides a basis for comparing different types of environmental impact categories (all impacts get the same unit). Weighting implies assigning a weighting factor to each impact category depending on the relative importance.

8 Importance of this research Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) as a part of LCA are structured in :- Classification Characterization Normalization Weighting Unfortunately, currently most of the LCIA analysis conducted depended on European base characterization, normalization and weighting value which may not be suitable for conducting LCA within Malaysia. This is because the European databases are incapable to reflect the actual Malaysian s environmental condition. Scope of this research is to use the newly created normalization and weighting value for life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) in Malaysia into a selected palm oil research study.

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10 NATIONAL LCA PROJECT of MALAYSIA ( ) Overall Objective To develop capacity and infrastructure for conduct of life cycle assessment leading to ecodesign and improved environmental performance of products and services for the local and export market. Specific Objectives i. To develop the national life cycle inventory ii. iii. iv. database To develop a critical mass of local LCA practitioners. To develop ecolabelling criteria documents for the National Ecolabelling Programme. To create awareness among industry and consumer groups on the importance of LCA in today s manufacturing and purchasing practice.

11 NATIONAL LCA PROJECT STRUCTURE SIRIM Project Coordinator Secretariat Steering Committee Chair: NRE Members: GLs, Invited Experts Agro-Industry Sector Chair: MPOB Petroleum, Petrochemical and Plastic Sector Chair: PETRONAS Electrical and Electronic Sector Chair: SIRIM Chemical Sector (Industrial & Agro) Chair: IKM Heavy Industry Sector (Cement, Iron, Steel, Aluminium) Chair: UKM Utilities & Service Sector (Electricity, Transport, etc) Chair: SIRIM General Consumer Goods Chair: UPM Waste Management (Include Recycling) Chair: Local Housing Dept Database Sub-Committee Chair: SIRIM Impact Assessment Sub-Committee Chair: UM

12 Study Objective 1. One of the subjects under the Ninth Malaysia Plan from Malaysian government is the National Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) project which has been administered to promote the use of LCA and to develop the National Life Cycle Inventory Database. 2. This study aims to introduce the concept of LCA and formulate Malaysian LCIA indicators. 3. The formulated indicators are then used to perform an LCA on CPO production including the stages of plantation, transport and milling. The assessment will largely be based on general data and is thus meant to function as an indication of the environmental impacts posed by CPO production and as a guideline on how to perform an LCA on a palm oil scenario. 4. The Formulated Eco-Indicator 99 method with Malaysian databases in the LCA software SimaPro will being used for the impact calculations.

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14 FORMULATION OF NORMALIZATION INDICATOR The formulation of normalization values consists of steps below: 1.Refer to references of the total emissions and resource consumption in Malaysia for the reference period (2007). 2.Calculate the impact categories and the damage scores, using the characterization and damage factors provided by SIMAPRO 7.

15 FORMULATION OF NORMALIZATION INDICATOR The pollution emission data and resources usage for Malaysia will be collected for the estimation of normalization values. 1. The Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2008 from the Department of Environmental (DOE) Malaysia, and 2. The report of Compendium of Environment Statistics 2008 (CES, 2006) from Department of Statistic Malaysia. 3. The World Development Indicators 2008 (WDI, 2008) from the World Bank. 4. Malaysia Minerals Year Book 2007, (MMYB, 2007) from Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia. These emission data and resources usage reported for year 2007.

16 FORMULATION OF WEIGHTING INDICATOR The procedure consists of three steps. 1.The development of online questionnaire. The respondents were asked to give weights to three damage categories of human health, ecosystem quality and resources consumption 2.Send out the questionnaire to a number of respondents. These respondents must at least have a little knowledge on LCA studies in order to have more accurate results. 3.Analyze the results, and plotting it in to the weighting triangle developed by (Hofstetter, 1999) to produce the weighting value.

17 FORMULATION OF WEIGHTING INDICATOR The questionnaire was distributed among the researches and practicing environmental engineers and some officers from government agency which were all are LCA practitioners. The mixing triangle developed by (Hofstetter, 1999) will be used to display the result of the weighting values achieved by the respondents through the questionnaire survey distributed. The weighting values are assigned as factors to the damage categories of Human Health, Ecosystem Quality, and Human Health. A total of 51 copies of online questionnaire survey results were collected from various LCA practitioner and environmental experts across the country.

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19 Overview of system components Construction of buildings/machinery Land clearing and plantation start-up Uncovered Processes Energy Diesel/Elect. Chemicals NH 3, HNO 3, SO 2, H 2 PO 4 Energy/ chemicals Org. residues Fronds, Old Stems, EFB, POME Plantation Machinery Artificial Fertilizer Pesticides Org. Fertilizer Plantation Processes Diesel Emissions FFB Emissions To air: NO 2, SO 2, Pesticide To soil: N, P 2 O 5 Pesticide Fronds Old Stems Emissions Transport Sterilizer and Stripper Transport Processes Steam Diesel Digested POME Transport Use Transport Anaerobic Digestion Biogas Manufacturing of Palm Oil Based Products Disposal POME Discharge to waterways Transport Uncovered Processes Palm Kernel Oil Mill COM Clarification Tank CPO Transport Refining Transport EFB Fruitlets Digester and Screw Press Press Cake Depericarper Nuts Nut Cracker and Dryer Kernel Mill Processes Grid Electricity Fibre Boiler/ Turbine Shell Stack Emissions 80 kg

20 Inventory into SimaPro Inventory All Materials (input) used for Planting, Growth, Harvest of Palm Oil. All the emission (Output) from Palm Oil Plantation Transport Input into Palm Oli Mill Process Output from Palm Oli Mill Process Term used in SimaPro Input Output Diesel Input-mill Output-mill

21 Normalization and Weighting Values Eco-indicator 99 (H) V2.05 / Europe EI 99 H/H Eco-indicator 99 (MAL) (H) V1.00 / Europe EI 99 H/H

22 Default Impact Assessment Results Title: Method: Comparing product stages Eco-indicator 99 (H) V2.05 / Europe EI 99 H/H Damage category Unit Input Output Diesel Input-mill Output-mill Total Pt Human Health Pt Ecosystem Quality Pt Resources Pt

23 Default Impact Assessment Results

24 Malaysian Impact Assessment Results Title: Method: Comparing product stages Eco-indicator 99 (MAL) (H) V1.00 / Europe EI 99 H/H Damage category Unit Input Output Diesel Input-mill Outputmill Total Pt Human Health Pt Ecosystem Quality Pt Resources Pt

25 Malaysian Impact Assessment Results

26 Impact Assessment Results Comparison Between Default vs Malaysian Indicators Title: Method: Comparing product stages Eco-indicator 99 (H) V2.05 / Europe EI 99 H/H Damage category Unit Input Output Diesel Input-mill Output-mill Total Pt Human Health Pt Ecosystem Quality Pt Resources Pt Title: Method: Percentage of different comparing Malaysian version to European version Eco-indicator 99 (H) V2.05 / Europe EI 99 H/H vs Eco-indicator 99 (MAL) (H) V1.00 / Europe EI 99 H/H Damage category Unit Input Output Diesel Input-mill Output-mill Total Pt 18.68% 25.30% % -9.88% % Human Health Pt 69.28% 69.28% 69.28% 69.28% 69.28% Ecosystem Quality Pt % % % % % Resources Pt % % % % % Title: Method: Comparing product stages Eco-indicator 99 (MAL) (H) V1.00 / Europe EI 99 H/H Damage category Unit Input Output Diesel Input-mill Output-mill Total Pt Human Health Pt Ecosystem Quality Pt Resources Pt

27 Discussion 1. Comparison among both results showed that the formulated Malaysian values have higher results for most categories in term of points compared to default values. Damage on Eco-system are rated tremendously higher compared to default values, where others categories have small differences. 2. This is due to the fact that Malaysian indicator values are normalized against much higher normalization value for Human Health and Ecosystem Quality and lower value for Resource Use.

28 Conclusion and Recommendation This database will be useful in life cycle assessment studies conducted in the country as then it would be more meaningful and representative of Malaysia scenario. This project is the foundation support for the National Ecolabeling Programme which aim to fulfils the foreign legislation requirements that demand evidence on the control measures taken to reduce environmental impact of products or services throughout their life cycle. However, formulation of the inventory database alone will not be enough to provide a comprehensive life cycle assessment study in assessing Malaysian scenario. This is because the component of Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) also play an important role in Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology into identifying accurate and representative products impacts.

29 Conclusion and recommendation In this research, the Malaysian normalization and weighting values of Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) were formulated using the Eco-indicator methodology in SimaPro 7. The formulated values best represents Malaysia s environmental scenario by taking into consideration of Malaysian environmental data. Hence, LCA conducted will be more accurate, representative and meaningful in evaluating Malaysian environmental impacts. This research is a milestone project towards the formulation of Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) for Malaysia. This study could be recommended into the National Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) project, to enhance the formulation of National Life Cycle Inventory database.

30 Thank You for Your Kind Attention