Past and Future Partnerships with DOE and CEC

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1 Past and Future Partnerships with DOE and CEC Oct 20, 2016 Jim Kluesener Regional Vice President Geothermal Operations Calpine Corporation

2 THE GEYSERS GEOTHERMAL POWER FACILITIES The Geysers is 100 miles from Sacramento, with four power plants in Lake County and twelve power plants in Sonoma County. The facility covers 45 square miles.

3 THE GEYSERS GEOTHERMAL POWER FACILITIES 3

4 CALPINE GEYSERS FACTS Clean Energy Production With 15 power plants, The Geysers is the world s single-largest geothermal resource developed for electric generation Calpine s 13 plants are located near load and produce 725 MW, enough to power a city the size of San Francisco or all of Sonoma, Lake, Napa and Mendocino Counties The Geysers provides 10% of California s renewable energy generation, and 1/3 of all US geothermal generation The Geysers award winning recycled water programs receive approximately 20 million gallons of wastewater per day from nearby communities Calpine s Geysers operations prevent the emission of 2.4 million tons of CO 2 each year that would have been otherwise emitted by existing power generation facilities. This reduction is the equivalent of removing approximately 430,000 cars from the road Local Economy The Geysers employs about 350 people on a full time basis and local residents also fill a majority of the 150 independent contractor jobs Calpine spends an estimated $75 million per year on goods and services plus $50 million per year on capital improvements Calpine is the largest taxpayer in both Lake and Sonoma Counties Calpine Geysers royalties paid to private parties, the state of California and federal agencies was over $27 million in

5 UNIQUE ATTRIBUTES OF THE GEYSERS The Geysers steam resource is dry steam or vapor-dominated The Larderello steam resource in Italy is also vapor-dominated All other geothermal resources used for power generation are liquid-dominated A vapor-dominated reservoir requires less capital equipment to construct and less house load to operate In operation since 1960, The Geysers has been operating longer than any other geothermal facility except Larderello Well established and studied steam reservoir Extensive geological mapping Steam impurities and treatment options are well understood Experienced and knowledgeable team Through partnerships with local, state and federal agencies, our award-winning recycled water projects have significantly reduced reservoir decline and indefinitely extended our operating potential 5

6 GEYSERS LARGEST GEOTHERMAL FACILITY IN THE WORLD Geothermal Power Generation in the World Update Report Ruggero Bertani Enel Green Power, via Andrea Pisano, 120, Pisa (Italy)

7 CLEAN ENERGY FROM RECYCLED WATER Southeastern Geysers Effluent Project (SEGEP) miles of 20 pipe ~8 million gallons per day (NCPA/CPN) Avoids discharge into Clear Lake Santa Rosa Geysers Recharge Project (SRGRP) miles of 48 pipe ~12 million gallons per day 2014: MGD Avoids discharge into Russian River 7

8 Great source of information Geothermal Energy Historic Timeline Recharging The Geysers Community Commitment Enhanced Geothermal Systems The Visitor Center and Tours About Calpine 8

9 SUCCESSFUL CEC- AND DOE-SPONSORED PROJECTS CEC: Load Following ($3MM grant; in progress now) DOE: Evaluate existing reservoir and pipeline modeling tools Run pilot study Develop and evaluate strategies for flexible operation Evaluate project benefits Injection of recycled waste water Organized and funded a geothermal exchange in the early 1990 s between ENEL and the Geysers steam field operators which focused on injection and the redevelopment of the Larderello steam field based on bringing injection water from outside of the geothermal area to the depleted steam field there Provided seed money for the SEGEP project Provided a grant which established that there is more than 30 megawatts of available steam in the Northwest Geysers for future development when economics of steam production improve 9

10 SUCCESSFUL DOE-SPONSORED SEISMICITY STUDIES Seismicity Provided a grant to Lake County which funded the installation and operation of a microseismic network array by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Funded the EGS exhibits at the Calpine visitor center which have been part of facilitating good relationships with communities near injection including the EGS injection project Funded the NW Geysers EGS Demonstration Process in which Calpine has demonstrated that injection into a high temperature zone can increase new production. Other important benefits of the EGS demonstration was DOE s funding of LBNL s EGS work which showed how the movement of injection water through fractures can be traced through microseismicity; that the physics of fracture creation is different than in high-pressure fracking used in the oil and gas industry; and that state-of-the-art microseismic monitoring networks and processing used in 3-dimensional modeling and visualization continues to improve Calpine s understanding of fracture networks. Funded other contractors for the development of high temperature tools including a high temperature down-hole sampler used to retrieve samples from Geysers wells in the range of 350 o C 10

11 WATER MASS REPLACEMENT AT THE GEYSERS

12 FUTURE PARTNERSHIP OPPORTUNITIES Past partnerships were critical to the success of The Geysers. Future support will be needed to sustain The Geysers and its many synergistic benefits. Opportunities include: Continue injection & seismicity studies Education outreach on differentiating this injection work from fracking Independent assessment of the value of flexible geothermal power as compared to intermittent renewable energy sources Cost of storage plus intermittent renewable energy vs. flexible geothermal Recognition of steam storage as energy storage Quantify the value of geothermal energy benefits Number of living-wage jobs per MW Royalties paid per MW Taxes paid per MW O&M spend per MW Dry cooling studies 12

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