Physical water/wastewater treatment processes. Week 2: Overview
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1 Physical water/wastewater treatment processes Week 2: Overview
2 Tentative schedule (I) Week 1: Introduction Week 2: Overview of water/wastewater treatment processes Week 3: Major contaminants (Chemicals and pathogens) Week 4: Primary treatment (Screen) Week 5: Primary treatment (Grit Chamber) Week 6: Sedimentation 1 Week 7: Sedimentation 2 Week 8: Mid-term
3 Important Classes of Contaminants Chemicals Inorganic Compounds Heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, As) Nitrate Organic chemicals Particles (suspended solids) Pesticides (synthetic organic compounds) Volatile organic compounds Disinfectants and byproducts (DBPs) Microorganisms Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, worms Radionuclides
4 Water treatment
5 History of modern water treatment 1804: Slow sand filtration (Paisley, Scotland) : Rapid sand filtration, Coagulation, Flocculation 1893: Ozonation (Oudshoon, Netherlands) 1905: Chlorination (London, England) 1917: Chloramination (Ottawa, Canada) : Solids-contact clarifier, and Dissolved air flotation 1962: Membrane technologies (Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration, and Reverse Osmosis) : Chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation, and GAC 2000: UV disinfection
6 Important Classes of Contaminants Chemicals Inorganic Compounds Heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, As) Nitrate Organic chemicals Particles (suspended solids) Pesticides (synthetic organic compounds) Volatile organic compounds Disinfectants and byproducts (DBPs) Microorganisms Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, worms Radionuclides
7 Water as a mode of transmission of infectious disease? discovered Vibrio cholera in India in 1883 investigated an incidence of cholera in two adjacent German Cities (Hamburg and Altonia) in 1892 pumped their water from the Elbe River (Altonia: downstream of Hamburg) serious cholera outbreak in Hamburg, but mild outbreak in Altonia 19,891 cases in 580,000 total population in Hamburg 572 cases in 143,000 total population in Altonia slow sand filter in Altonia
8 History of disinfection Ancient civilization (from 4000 BC) clear water = clean water Egypt: alum to remove suspended solids in water China: filters to remove suspended solids in water India: heat foul water by boiling and exposing to sunlight and by dipping seven times into a piece of hot copper, then to filter and cool in an earthen vessel. The Roman Empire (27 BC 476 AD) extensive aqueduct system to bring in pristine water from far away from city no major treatment was provided (other than the incidental mild disinfection effect of sunlight on water in open aqueducts) 1850, John Snow London, England one of the first known uses of chlorine for water disinfection attempted to disinfect the Broad Street Pump water supply in London after an outbreak of cholera. 1897, Sims Woodhead Kent, England One of the publicly approved use of chlorine for water disinfection used "bleach solution" as a temporary measure to sterilize potable water supply during a typhoid outbreak.
9 Water treatment plant (Rapid sand filter plant)
10 Water treatment plant (Lime-soda softening plant)
11 Hardness removal (equations)
12 History of modern water treatment 1804: Slow sand filtration (Paisley, Scotland) : Rapid sand filtration, Coagulation, Flocculation 1893: Ozonation (Oudshoon, Netherlands) 1905: Chlorination (London, England) 1917: Chloramination (Ottawa, Canada) : Solids-contact clarifier, and Dissolved air flotation 1962: Membrane technologies (Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration, and Reverse Osmosis) : Chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation, and GAC 2000: UV disinfection
13 Important Classes of Contaminants Chemicals Inorganic Compounds Heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, As) Nitrate Organic chemicals Particles (suspended solids) Pesticides (synthetic organic compounds) Volatile organic compounds Disinfectants and byproducts (DBPs) Microorganisms Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, worms Radionuclides
14 DBPs in Drinking Water Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) + Cl 2 Trihalomethanes + Br - (THMs) + I - Cl Cl Cl H Chloroform Cl Cl Br H Bromodichloromethane Br Cl Br Br Natural Organic Matter found in water and soil (structure proposed by Kleinhempel, D. Albrecht Thaer Arch. 14 :1:3 14) Br Br H H Dibromochloromethane Bromoform and other DBPs
15 Membrane Filtration Processes Size in microns Dissolved Organics Salts Viruses Colloids Bacteria Cysts Sand Conventional granular media / particle filtration Microfiltration Nanofiltration Reverse osmosis Ultrafiltration Membrane Processes
16 Skid-mounted membrane unit Outside-in (vacuum) hollow fiber microfiltration module (install submerged in water)
17 History of modern water treatment 1804: Slow sand filtration (Paisley, Scotland) : Rapid sand filtration, Coagulation, Flocculation 1893: Ozonation (Oudshoon, Netherlands) 1905: Chlorination (London, England) 1917: Chloramination (Ottawa, Canada) : Solids-contact clarifier, and Dissolved air flotation 1962: Membrane technologies (Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration, and Reverse Osmosis) : Chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation, and GAC 2000: UV disinfection
18 Milwaukee Cryptosporidium outbreak March, 1993 > 400, 000 cases, ~ 100 deaths The finished water met federal microbial standard (coliform and turbidity)
19 Cryptosporidium parvum (oocysts) Apicomplexa (coccidian protozoan parasite) Oocyst 4-6 m Thick oocyst wall 4 sporozoites
20 Efforts to deal with Cryptosporidium parvum in drinking water Alternative chemical disinfectants Ozone, Chlorine dioxide, and MIOX Multiple disinfectants Ozone/chlorine dioxide and chloramines/free chlorine Enhanced coagulation Slow sand filtration UV disinfection
21 UV Disinfection: Drinking water
22 A quick quiz Which of the following is not the major contaminants in surface water? 1. Inorganics (heavy metals,nitrates, ) 2. Organics (SS, VOC, SOC, ) 3. Pathogens (viruses, bacteria, protozoa, ) 4. Radionucleids
23 Groundwater
24 Radionuclides Important Classes of Contaminants Chemicals Inorganic Compounds Iron and manganese Heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, As) Nitrate Organic chemicals Particles (suspended solids) Pesticides (synthetic organic compounds) Volatile organic compounds Disinfectants and byproducts (DBPs) Microorganisms Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, worms
25 Vertical distribution of groundwater
26 Water treatment plant (groundwater treatment systems)
27
28 Wastewater treatment
29 History of modern wastewater treatment 1690: Sewers (Paris) 1860: Septic tank (Louis Moureas) 1868: Trickling sand filter technology (Edward Frankland) 1911: Chlorination (London, England) 1914: Activated Sludge technology (Ardern and Lockett) 1960: UV disinfection
30 Wastewater treatment plant (typical municipal wastewater)
31 Preliminary Treatment - Bar Screen Bar Screens: are used to remove large objects that that could potentially damage downstream treatment/pumping facilities. Ref: Metcalf & Eddy, 1991 Preliminary Treatment Facilities
32 Preliminary Treatment - Grit chamber Grit chamber: used to remove small to medium sized, dense objects such as sand, broken glass, bone fragments, pebbles, etc.
33 Primary sedimentation
34 Scum: Oil, Grease, Floatable Solids Primary Clarification Primary Effluent Primary Sludge Influent from Preliminary Treatment Section through a Circular Primary Clarifier Primary Treatment
35 Wastewater treatment plant (typical municipal wastewater)
36 History of modern wastewater treatment 1690: Sewers (Paris) 1860: Septic tank (Louis Moureas) 1868: Trickling sand filter technology (Edward Frankland) 1911: Chlorination (London, England) 1914: Activated Sludge technology (Ardern and Lockett) 1960: UV disinfection
37 Trickling Filter
38 Trickling Filter Primary effluent drips onto rock or man-made media Rotating arm to distribute water evenly over filter Rock-bed with slimy (biofilm) bacterial growth Treated waste to secondary clarifier Primary effluent pumped in
39 Wastewater treatment plant (typical municipal wastewater)
40 UV disinfection: wastewater
41 Wastewater reclamation/water reuse 2/3 of world population under water shortage in 2025 (UN) More and more wastewater recycled for agricultural, industrial, and municipal purposes Some public health and environmental concerns due to chemicals and pathogens Need for advanced wastewater treatment (UV, ozone, membrane, etc)
42 Water scarity 2/3 of world population by Global Water Market (Billion $) Two-fold increase of water reuse in 15 years Drinking water Water reuse/desalination Wastewater Total
43 Wastewater treatment plant (with tertiary treatment)
44 Industrial wastewater Organic wastewater Very high BOD 5 1. pulp, paper, and cardboard 2. fermentation for brewed and distilled alcoholic beverages 3. sugar beet processing 4. slaughter house and meat packing 5. textile manufacture 6. canning and freezing 7. petroleum refining 8. dairy processing, food processing, cornstarch production Inorganic wastewater Metal-plating industries (cadmium, zinc, chromium, nickel, tin) and metal industries (steel, iron)
45 Wastewater treatment plant (e.g. pulp and paper industry)
46 Tentative schedule (I) Week 1: Introduction Week 2: Overview of water/wastewater treatment processes Week 3: Major contaminants (Chemicals and pathogens) Week 4: Primary treatment (Screen) Week 5: Primary treatment (Grit Chamber) Week 6: Sedimentation 1 Week 7: Sedimentation 2 Week 8: Mid-term
47 Important Classes of Contaminants Chemicals Inorganic Compounds Heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, As) Nitrate Organic chemicals Pesticides (synthetic organic compounds) Volatile organic compounds Disinfectants and byproducts (DBPs) Microorganisms Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, worms Radionuclides
Index. AWWA see American Water Works Association AWWARF see American Water Works Association Research Foundation
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