CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
|
|
- Grace Miller
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1.1 Introduction: Over the decades, developmental economists have emphasized a number of alternative approaches as the major focus of development. These approaches may be broadly categorised as growth oriented approach, basic need approach, welfare approach, human capital formation approach and human development approach. Though the thrusts of all these approaches are to improve the quality of life, they differ in their priority. During 1950 s and 1960 s, the thrust of development was on higher economic growth through industrialization. Thus the GNP growth rate was emphasized as the indicator of development. But the development experience of LDCs in 1950s and 1960s brought about a change in the concept of development. In many developing countries, in spite of rapid growth of income, physical well being has tended to flow unevenly. It was realised that GNP growth (indicator of development) is a necessity, but not a sufficient condition for development. The emphasis was then shifted to human welfare. Welfare approach, measure the economic development from the point of view of economic welfare. It defines economic development as a process where the consumption of goods and services of an individual increases. It was not satisfactory to many developmental economists. Human welfare approach looks at human beings as men beneficiaries of the development process than as participants in it. They emphasize distributive policies rather than productive structure. Besides, it was highly difficult to measure the loss or gain in human welfare. The basic need approach usually concentrates on the bundle of goods and services that deprive population need. These are mainly food, shelter, clothing, healthcare and water. It focuses on the 1
2 provision of these goods and services rather than on the issues of human choices. It was not satisfactory and did not have wider acceptance. In later years, the theories of human capital formation and human resources development focus on the development of human capital as the main thrust of development. It views human being primarily as a mean rather than as an end. They are concerned only with supply side with human beings as instruments for furthering commodity production. But human beings are also the ultimate end and beneficiaries of this process. Thus, the concept of human capital formation captures only one side of human development, not the whole. In 1990s, the concept of human development has emerged as the ultimate goal of development. Human development brings together the production and distribution of commodities and expansion and use of human capabilities. Human development is concerned not only with basic need satisfaction but also with human development as a participatory and dynamic process. It applies equally to less developed and highly developed countries. The United Nation had declared the 1990s as the decade for human development. The UN committee for Development Planning Summit year emphasized that people should be placed firmly in the centre of development. Any development strategy for the 1990s will combine a number of objectives; such as, accelerating economic growth, reducing absolute poverty and preventing further deterioration in physical environment Economic growth and human development: Economic growth is essential for human development but there is no automatic link between economic growth and human progress (HDR 1990). One of the most pertinent policy issue is the 2
3 exact process through which growth translates or fails to translate into human development under different developmental conditions. The UNDP defines human development as the process of enlarging people s choices. The most critical of these choices are to live a long healthy life, to be educated and to have access to resources needed for a decent standard of living. Additional choices include political freedom, guaranteed human right and personal self respect. The major elements of human development are productivity, equity, sustainability and empowerment. Productivity focuses on participation of people fully in the process of income generation while equity focuses on access to equal opportunities without any discrimination with respect to sex, caste etc. The sustainability emphasizes on the opportunities for the present without compromising that of the future generation. The empowerment emphasized that development must be by people not only for them. People must participate fully in decision-making process that shapes their lives. It also stated that the economic growth is the means and human development is the end. Economic growth deals with expanding GNP rather than enhancing the quality of human lives as where human development brings together the production and distribution of commodities and the expansion and use of human capabilities. Human development treats a human being as an input in the production process, a means rather than an end. Human Development has two sides: 1. Formation of human capabilities such as improved health, knowledge and skill 2. Use people to make their acquired capabilities for productive purpose Balance between the two sides is essential While human resources development focus only on supply side, the human development focus both on supply and demand side. 3
4 The central conclusions of first human development report were; 1. The link between economic growth and human progress is not automatic: GNP growth accompanied by reasonable equitable distribution of income is generally the effective path to sustain human development. If the distribution of income is unequal and if the social expenditure is low or distributed unevenly, human development may not improve much despite GNP growth. 2. A significant reduction in population growth rate is absolutely essential for a visible improvement in human development levels: there is an urgent need to strengthen programmes of family planning, female literacy, fertility reduction and maternal and child health care. 3. Average progress in human development conceals large disparities within the regions of a country. The levels and changes in human development are influenced by many factors ranging from macro economic to micro factors through intermediate variables like government expenditure and government policies and programmes Policies for Human Development: Many factors influence the level and changes in human development, ranging from aspects of macro economy-which in turn is affected by developments in the international economy- to micro factors operating in individual households. Mesa policies cover the whole range of fiscal policies including those directly affect the distribution of income but not confined to the social expenditure. The main instruments of government for directly affecting human development levels are: 1.Across the broad mesa policies: Those for the provision of public goods and services in a way do not discriminate among different social groups or regions, such as universal primary education programme and nationwide immunization programmes. 4
5 2. Targeted mesa policies: Those for the provision of public goods and services to all members, particularly target group in society. 1.2.Review of Literature: The concept of human development got wide acceptance among academicians, researchers, planners and policy makers. The concept is equally accepted among developing and developed countries. The UNDP publishes Human development report annually since The report ranks countries on the basis of composite index, popularly known as human development index for most of the countries in the world. It also computes other indices such as Human Poverty Index, Gender Development Index, Human Poverty Index and Technology Advancement Index for most of the countries in the world. These indices have become so popular that many countries have computed such indices for different regions/territories of their country. Besides the annual publication of Human Development Report, the South Asian Human Development Report is also published. In India, the Planning Commission brings out the National Human Development Report for the country. In this report the states had been ranked on the basis of human development index and also on human poverty index. Besides, many individuals and organisation had attempted to assess the state of human development in the country using the composite index. The Human development Report for South India focus the state of human development among the south Indian states. Among the various states, the state of Madhya Pradesh is the first to bring out the human development report for the state followed by Karnataka. The other states which had already published the human development report for their state are Rajasthan and Maharashtra. Some other 5
6 states are keep on preparing the report for their state. Most of the states had examined the inter district variation in the state of human development. With limited resources, it enables the state government to prioritise their efforts in programme formulations Need for the Study: From the above discussion it is clear that human development has emerged as the ultimate goal of development. In the Indian context, the decade of 1990s had seen many changes with respect to economic policies, health policies and technological development. With respect to economic reform, it may be noted that India was in the midst of acute economic crisis. The Government of India has introduced a number of measures to improve the economy. The economic reform had two broad objectives. One was the reorientation of the economy from static, centrally directed and highly controlled economy to a market friendly economy. Reduction in direct control and physical planning was expected to improve the efficiency of the economy. The second objective of the reform was macro-economic stabilisation. This was to be achieved by substantially reducing the fiscal deficits and other measures (Jalan Bimal, 2002). After the Cairo conference, India had adopted reproductive and child health approach in the country. The target free approach was given up and providing the reproductive and child health services has become the crux of the programme. In addition, the recent National Population Policy and National Health Policy have documented many targets to be achieved. The second generation reforms aimed at making the Indian economy a fast growing one with human face need to be assessed in its performance and shortcomings. In this context, this research attempts to assess the state of human development in India with respect to key areas such as economy, literacy and health. Further, it aims to assess the progress 6
7 and deprivation among the states of India. In addition to this, the state of development will be examined for the districts of India with the help of a composite index Objectives: The broad objective of this study is to assess the progress of the country in key areas of human development such as economy, literacy, health and demography. However the specific objectives are as follows 1. To examine the trends in human development for India and states using the human development index 2. To construct gender development index and human poverty index for major states of India and examine its validity in Indian context 3. To estimate the crude birth rate and Infant Mortality Rate using children ever born and children surviving data for the districts of India 4. To rank the districts of India for area-specific planning and programme interventions 1.5. Source of data: The data has been compiled from the following published sources 1. Census of India, 1991 and Economic survey, 1997, National Sample Survey 4. National Family and Health Survey (I and II) 5. Human Development Report 6. Sample Registration System 7
8 1.6 Methodology: The methodology used in the computation of HDI and HPI-1 is same as that of UNDP. The HDI is a summary measure of human development. It measures the average achievements accurately in three basic dimensions of human development. A long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth. Knowledge as measured by adult literacy rate (with 2/3 weight) and the enrollment ratio (one third weight) A descent standard of living as measured by GDP per capita (PPP US$) To evaluate the dimension indices, the life expectancy, education and GDP indices, minimum and maximum values, are chosen. Life expectancy index: Upper limit: 85 years Lower limit: 25 years a) Life expectancy index: X i -25/X max - X min The life expectancy at birth is taken from SRS, latest available year is b) Educational index = 2/3 (adult literacy/100)+1/3(enrollment ratio/100) Adult literacy from Census 1991 and NSSO; where as enrolment ratio for children in 6-14 years age group are taken from NFHS I & II. 8
9 c) Income index: The income index is calculated using adjusted GDP per capita(ppp US$). Income is adjusted because achieving a respectable level of human development does not require unlimited income. Income index = Log X i log (100)/Log(40,000) log(100) The advantages of taking logarithms are that it reduces the weight age for higher value. The SDPPCI at current prices has been converted to prices for all states as well as for 1991; hence the data will be comparable. Then the GNPPCI of equivalent PPP$ was converted and same was converted for state level. d) HDI = 1/3 (Life expectancy Index +Educational Index +Income Index). While the HDI measures average achievements, the HPI 1 measures deprivations in the three basic dimension of human development captured in the HPI. a long and healthy life vulnerability to death at a relatively early age as measured by probability of not surviving to certain age. Knowledge exclusion from the world of reading and communication as measured by adult illiteracy rate. A decent standard of living- lack of access to over all economic provisions as measured by percentage of population not using improved water sources and the percentage of children under five who are underweight. 9
10 The indicators used to measure deprivation are already normalized between 0 and 100 (because they are expressed as percentage). There is no need to create dimension indices as for HDI. HPI = {1/3 (P 1 α + P 2 α + P 3 α ) 1/α } Where P 1 is probability at birth of not surviving to age 40 (times 100) P 2 is adult Illiteracy rate P 3 is unweighted average of population not using improved water sources and underweight children under age 5. Here we have taken underweight of children at age 3. In case of safe drinking water, only households connected with tap and tube well are taken from NFHS. Where is α is 3 in calculating the HPI. The question arises Why α= 3 in calculating HPI. The value of α has an important impact on the value of HPI. If α = 1, HPI is the average of its dimension. As α increases towards infinity, the HPI will tend towards the value of dimension in which deprivation is greatest. For example if illiteracy has higher value it will get higher weightage. The HDI measures only the average national achievement, not how well it is distributed in a country. Disaggregating a country s HDI by region help policy makers to assess the difference in human development among regions. 10
ANALYSIS I CHAPTER IV HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
ANALYSIS I CHAPTER IV HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS I CHAPTER IV HUMAN DEVELOPMENT How to measure economic development? Is it in money terms or in human terms? If it is the second one, how can we measure
More informationHuman Development Measurement: A broader approach in India
MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive Human Development Measurement: A broader approach in India A Sarvalingam and Marimuthu Sivakumar Chikkaiah Naicker College, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India 5. May 2010 Online
More informationA Comparative Study of Education Indices between UNDP s Human Development Report and National Human Development Report of India
A Comparative Study of Education Indices between UNDP s Human Development Report and National Human Development Report of India Abstract * N. K. Mohanty The concept of human development is much deeper
More informationMINIMIZING DISPARITIES BY CHANGING PUBLIC ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS, AND BY IMPROVING EDUCATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS
MINIMIZING DISPARITIES BY CHANGING PUBLIC ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS, AND BY IMPROVING EDUCATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS Ying Chen Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,
More informationnot to be republished NCERT Human Development Unit-II Chapter-4
Unit-II Chapter-4 Human Development The words growth and development are not new to you. Look around you, almost everything that you can see (and many that you cannot) grows and develops. These may be
More informationHuman Development. Unit-II. Chapter-4 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Unit-II Chapter-4 The words growth and development are not new to you. Look around you, almost everything that you can see (and many that you cannot) grows and develops. These may be plants, cities, ideas,
More informationThe Human Capital Project: Frequently Asked Questions
The Human Capital Project: Frequently Asked Questions 1. What is human capital and why does it matter? Human capital consists of the knowledge, skills, and health that people accumulate throughout their
More informationILO Framework on the Measurement of Decent Work
ILO Framework on the Measurement of Decent Work National Validation Workshop for Indonesia Decent Work Country Profile Jakarta, June 2011 Nikolai Rogovsky Senior Economist Policy Integration Department,
More informationNREGA: A Component of Full Employment Strategy in India. Prof. Indira Hirway Center For Development Alternatives Ahmedabad
NREGA: A Component of Full Employment Strategy in India Prof. Indira Hirway Center For Development Alternatives Ahmedabad This Paper This paper argues that NREGA could be an important first step of a full
More informationCHAPTER - XVII CONCLUDING REMARKS WITH A VISION STATEMENT
CHAPTER - XVII CONCLUDING REMARKS WITH A VISION STATEMENT Even while the per capita income of Orissa is the second lowest (after Bihar), it is disturbing to note that the relative per capita income of
More information3rd. OECD World Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policy
3rd. OECD World Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policy MONITORING DECENT WORK IN TIMES OF JOB CRISIS Rafael Diez de Medina Chief Statistician, Director Department of Statistics, ILO Geneva Busan, Korea
More informationQuestions Bank. B.A First Year (Semester I) Economics Paper 102 Indian Economy
Questions Bank B.A First Year (Semester I) Economics Paper 102 Indian Economy Unit: I 1 In 1991 the density of population to ------------------ sq.km 267 2 Low density states are Rajasthan Himachal and
More informationSustainable Development Goals: A Southern Africa Perspective
Sustainable Development Goals: A Southern Africa Perspective A Paper Presented at the Africa Regional Consultative Meeting on the SDGs Addis, Ethiopia 31 Oct - 5 Nov 2013 Sithabiso Gandure Presentation
More informationHunger and Malnutrition among Women and Children in India
Hunger and Malnutrition among Women and Children in India Jagdev Singh (Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India) Abstract: The present paper is an attempt
More information5. ENDEMIC POVERTY AND STARK INEQUALITIES
5. ENDEMIC POVERTY AND STARK INEQUALITIES One of every 3 persons in India is officially poor, and 2 of 3 are undernourished or malnourished. If you count those who are deprived of safe drinking water,
More informationGOG 102 & IPPE 2014 MEANING AND MEASURES OF DEVELOPMENT
GOG 102 & IPPE 2014 MEANING AND MEASURES OF DEVELOPMENT PROFESSOR RODDY FOX RODDY.FOX@HV.SE 1 1 Introduction Gapminder s Ignorance Survey Norway, Sweden, UK, USA, simple questions about key aspects of
More informationUnidimensional Indicators A monetary variable:
Prof. Elisabetta CROCI ANGELINI Macerata University croci@unimc.it A.A. 2014-2015 DEVELOPMENT Economics: module Inequality/4 The question: is inequality increasing? decreasing? Milanovic s global unidimensional
More informationUN Commission on Science & Technology for Development
Economic Commission for Africa UN Commission on Science & Technology for Development Science, Technology & Innovation & the Post 2015 Development Agenda in Africa Washington DC, US 2-4 December 2013 Aida
More informationTerms of Reference for the Outcome Evaluation of Achieving the MDGs and Reducing Human Poverty Programme
Terms of Reference for the Outcome Evaluation of Achieving the MDGs and Reducing Human Poverty Programme Introduction The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) will undertake outcome evaluation to
More informationSwift and coordinated action is needed to halve hunger and extreme poverty everywhere by 2015
PREPARATORY MEETING FOR 2005 ECOSOC HIGH-LEVEL SEGMENT 16-17 March 2005 Achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including those contained in the Millennium Declaration, as well as implementing
More informationTERMS OF REFERENCE - LRPS
TERMS OF REFERENCE - LRPS-2017-9131824 UNICEF Mozambique Purpose of the Assignment: Institutional consultancy to develop and implement a Communication for Development Capacity Building Training package
More informationInclusive Economies: States of India
Inclusive Economies: States of India Version: August 19, 2017 By Chris Benner with: Gabriela Giusta and Bidisha Chaudhuri Outline Background & Evolution of the Inclusive Economies framework Sub-national
More informationBRICS: SUSTAINABLE AND INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT
BRICS: SUSTAINABLE AND INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT Samir Saran Sustainable and Inclusive Development is a complex concept with many dimensions that go far beyond economic growth captured by the GDP statistic.
More informationLecture 10 Business environment Macro environment
Lecture 10 Business environment Macro environment Macro environment It may broadly be classified into (1) Economic environment, (2) Demographic environment, (3) Socio-cultural environment, (4) Technological
More informationPSDA INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW
Population Dynamics, Reproductive Health and Sustainable Development: Critical Links and Opportunities for Post-2015 POPULATION & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ALLIANCE PSDA RESPECTING RIGHTS, MEETING NEEDS,
More informationCHAPTER 10. Technology, research and development SUMMARY
CHAPTER 10 Technology, research and development SUMMARY T he Programme of Action recognized the importance of technology and research for understanding the relationship between population and development
More informationYOUTH. Indirectly addressing youth interests: SDG framework is an expression of intergenerational solidarity / contract for the future.
Directly addressing youth: Proposed goal 1. End poverty YOUTH achieve equal access to productive employment and decent work for all, including young people (1.4) Proposed goal 4. Education and life- long
More information(3 rd version to be launched in 2013)
2013 (3 rd version to be launched in 2013) Message of the President of the Republic Indonesia (extracted from the 2009 FSVA) Food is a basic human necessity, therefore the fulfillment is not only to satisfy
More informationIssues Report Card Good Governance
Issues Report Card Good Governance Developing capacities for good urban governance THE URBAN GOVERNANCE INITIATIVE (TUGI) Working towards cities that are Socially Just, Ecologically Sustainable, Politically
More informationImpact Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
Impact Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) correlation between road improvements and GDP per capita growth is extensive. Executiive Summary Rural roads provide basic inputs for all-round
More informationStatus of Poverty in India A State wise Analysis
Status of Poverty in India A State wise Analysis Dr Waheeda Sunny Thomas Faculty Economics, SEMCOM, Gujarat, India ABSTRACT First millennium development goal is to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
More informationOPM India. In summary
OPM India In summary About Oxford Policy Management s In summary series Our In summary publications aim to give an introduction to a key area of our expertise and the capabilities we offer in supporting
More informationCorporate Social Responsibility Policy (CSR Policy) Sai Life Sciences Ltd.
Corporate Social Responsibility Policy (CSR Policy) Sai Life Sciences Ltd. Sai Life Sciences Limited's CSR Policy Contents 1 Objective 2 Need for a CSR Policy 3 CSR Vision 4 Commitment & Involvement of
More informationG.M.B. Akash/Panos. Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2
G.M.B. Akash/Panos Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2 0 1 2 296 Education for All Global Monitoring Report 0 2 1 2 Women in Bangladesh attend a literacy class given at a BRAC support centre 297
More informationHigh Human Capital. Low Human Capital. Low Income. High Income. Urban. Rural. Modern. Traditional. Informal Institutions/Markets
Voices of Poor When one is poor, she has no say in public, she feels inferior. She has no food, so there is famine in her house; no clothing, and no progress in her family. --- A poor woman in Uganda For
More informationAddress by Ms. Margaret R. Kelly
Address by Ms. Margaret R. Kelly Director, Human Resources Department International Monetary Fund Delivered to the Ad Hoc Committee of the Whole, Special Session of the General Assembly "Women 2000: Gender
More informationHUMAN DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS BRIDGING INEQUALITIES (HDBI) PROJECT
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS BRIDGING INEQUALITIES (HDBI) PROJECT PROJECT PROPOSAL 1. Proposal submitted by: Government of NCT of Delhi 2. Title of the Proposal: Human Development in Delhi: Status, Analysis
More informationPOLICY BRIEFING PAPER
POLICY BRIEFING PAPER In post-conflict situations, employment is vital to short-term stability, reintegration, economic growth and sustainable peace. This United Nations policy contributes to a common
More informationDEPENDENCE ON AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT: A REGIONAL ANALYSIS. Bal Krishan Research Scholar Centre for study of regional development, JNU, New Delhi
DEPENDENCE ON AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT: A REGIONAL ANALYSIS Bal Krishan Research Scholar Centre for study of regional development, JNU, New Delhi Abstract After six decade of independence there has been
More informationCurrent Initiatives of the Philippine Statistical System on Social Statistics *
United Nations ESA/STAT/AC.88/22 Statistics Division 17 April 2003 Expert Group Meeting on Setting the Scope of Social Statistics United Nations Statistics Division in collaboration with the Siena Group
More informationCEELO LEADERSHIP ACADEMY
CEELO LEADERSHIP ACADEMY AUGUST 8-9, 2018 AN INTRODUCTION TO RESULTS COUNT 0 5-2-2 of RESULTS COUNT 5 Core Competencies 1. Be results based and data driven, with clear targets and data to assess progress
More informationAchieving SDGs: Key Priorities and Implementation Challenges for South Asia and Sri Lanka
Achieving SDGs: Key Priorities and Implementation Challenges for South Asia and Sri Lanka Nagesh Kumar delivered at the Institute of Policy Studies Colombo, 2 June 2016 Criticality of SDGs for South Asia
More informationDynamic Issues in Human Resource Development in India: An Analysis
Dynamic Issues in Human Resource Development in India: An Analysis Dr. D. Satyanarayana, Professor of Management Studies, BVC ITS, Amalapuram, East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh Abstract Human resource
More informationLessons Learned from Global MDG Monitoring
Statistical Commission Forty-fifth session 4 7 March 2014 Item 4(n) of the provisional agenda Development indicators Background document Available in English only Lessons Learned from Global MDG Monitoring
More informationHow Much Energy Do We Need? - In support of an End-Use Based Estimation of Energy for Decent Living
How Much Energy Do We Need? - In support of an End-Use Based Estimation of Energy for Decent Living An edited version of this article appeared in Economic & Political Weekly on 11th November 2017 Abstract
More information6 th International Summer School 2014 Comprehensive Land Policy- Fundamental for Sustainable Urban and Rural Development (12-13 Nov.
Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning, and Construction KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA Nation Religion King 6 th International Summer School 2014 Comprehensive Land Policy- Fundamental for Sustainable Urban
More informationA Nexus Approach For The SDGs
A Nexus Approach For The SDGs Interlinkages between the goals and targets* * Goal 17 is understood to be linked to all the goals in addressing means of implementation and will therefore not be considered
More informationNEPAL'S EFFORTS TO IMPLEMENT THE ISTANBUL PROGRAM OF ACTION FOR LDCS JULY, 2013, GENEVA
NEPAL'S EFFORTS TO IMPLEMENT THE ISTANBUL PROGRAM OF ACTION FOR LDCS 2011-2020 22 JULY, 2013, GENEVA Presented by: Pushpa Lal Shakya Joint Secretary National Planning Commission Secretariat Nepal Presentation
More informationConcept Note for the financial inclusion of Women entrepreneurs in Nigeria.
Concept Note for the financial inclusion of Women entrepreneurs in Nigeria. Introduction and Background. The relevance of access to financial services for women entrepreneurs to development, poverty reduction,
More informationSHIV SHAKTI International Journal in Multidisciplinary and Academic Research (SSIJMAR) Vol. 1, No. 4, November-December (ISSN )
SHIV SHAKTI International Journal in Multidisciplinary and Academic Research (SSIJMAR) Vol. 1, No. 4, November-December (ISSN 2278 5973) Corporate Social Responsibility: a means for Inclusive Growth Jayashri
More informationModule 1: Conceptual framework: gender issues and gender analysis approaches
Module 1: Conceptual framework: gender issues and gender analysis approaches In this module, you will: explore the definitions of gender and sex ; understand what the key gender issues are in agriculture
More informationUNITED NATIONS CHILDREN S FUND
UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN S FUND Office in Serbia is seeking qualified consultants for the recruitment database in the following key areas: Child Protection; Education; Early Childhood Development; Child
More informationMonitoring and Evaluation: A Logical Frame. Evaluating the Impact of Projects and Programs Beijing, China, April 10-14, 2006 Shahid Khandker, WBI
Monitoring and Evaluation: A Logical Frame Evaluating the Impact of Projects and Programs Beijing, China, April 10-14, 2006 Shahid Khandker, WBI 1 What is M&E? Monitoring and evaluation are tools that
More informationStrategic objective No. 2: Create greater opportunities for women and men to secure decent employment and income
EMPLOYMENT Strategic objective No. 2: Create greater opportunities for women and men to secure decent employment and income 66. Closing the employment gap is at the heart of the decent work agenda. Unemployment
More informationIntegrating Gender Equality and Women s Empowerment into an Activity, Programme or Policy
Integrating Gender Equality and Women s Empowerment into an Activity, Programme or Policy GENDER ANALYSIS GUIDELINE Last updated: 18 September 2012 Overview When to use This tool provides guidance to integrate
More informationAppendix 2.1. Early Alternative Measures of Development: Precursors of the HDI. Rationale and Initial Measurement Attempts A2.1.1
A2.1.1 Appendix 2.1 Early Alternative Measures of Development: Precursors of the HDI Rationale and Initial Measurement Attempts The problems associated with using per capita GNP as a measure of development
More informationPOVERTY REDUCTION ACTION PLAN (PRAP) DEVELOPMENT GUIDANCE 1
Introduction POVERTY REDUCTION ACTION PLAN (PRAP) DEVELOPMENT GUIDANCE 1 BNTF Participating Countries (PCs) are required to develop their PRAPs as a condition for the allocation of BNTF funding. It is
More informationDegree Course Attended Institution Year of Passing Post Graduate Diploma in Forest IIFM, Bhopal. 2000
Swapnil Shekhar Designation: Director Evaluations and Chief Operating Officer, Sambodhi Research & Communications Pvt. Ltd. Education Degree Course Attended Institution Year of Passing Post Graduate Diploma
More informationKey words : Livelihood, aggregate development, per capita output, productive employment, distribution
RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Manjula.N.Patil M.A. Economics, Belagavi Abstract : India is a land of villages. A vast majority of its people depend for their livelihood on farm and non-farm activities.
More informationCountry Profile: Food Security Indicators
Country Profile: Food Security Indicars I. FOOD DEPRIVATION AND CONSUMPTION INDICATORS Food Deprivation Proportion of undernourishment 33 32 33 33-0.9 0.7 0.0 Number of undernourished millions 8.1 9.0
More informationRegional Consultation Food Related Legislations in South Asia SAWTEE, Kathmandu (30-31 July, 2013)
Regional Consultation Food Related Legislations in South Asia SAWTEE, Kathmandu (30-31 July, 2013) Food Related Legislations and Food Security A case study of India Suresh P Singh Outline 1. Why we need
More informationSouth Asian forum on the Sustainable Development Goals - New Delhi India Empowering people and ensuring inclusiveness and equality
South Asian forum on the Sustainable Development Goals - New Delhi India Empowering people and ensuring inclusiveness and equality Thilini Mendis Department of National Planning Ministry of National Policies
More informationCountry Profile: Food Security Indicators
Country Profile: Food Security Indicars I. FOOD DEPRIVATION AND CONSUMPTION INDICATORS Food Deprivation Proportion of undernourishment - - - - na na na Number of undernourished millions ns ns ns ns na
More informationWhat Is Development? How do we. determine which countries are more developed. which less? Goals and Means of Development
1 What Is Development? Are you sure that you know what development really means with respect to different? And can you determine which are more developed and which are less? It is somewhat easier to say
More informationThe Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992)
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992) Principle 10 Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the national level,
More informationCountry Profile: Food Security Indicators
Country Profile: Food Security Indicars I. FOOD DEPRIVATION AND CONSUMPTION INDICATORS Food Deprivation Proportion of undernourishment - - - - na na na Number of undernourished millions ns ns ns ns na
More informationResults Framework. Quick Guide
Results Framework 2013 2016 Quick Guide Background and Purpose The Asian Development Bank (ADB) corporate results framework is a management tool that helps ADB monitor and improve its performance to achieve
More informationKey Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2014 Highlights
xxxi Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2014 The Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2014 is the flagship annual statistical publication of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The Key Indicators
More informationEconomic Evaluation of Some Projects Funded by NGOs and Their Role in Human Development in Fayoum Governorate, Egypt
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 06 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.237
More informationOracle IAS, the best coaching institute for UPSC/IAS/PCS preparation in Dehradun (Uttarakhand), brings to you views on important issues.
Spread the love Oracle IAS, the best coaching institute for UPSC/IAS/PCS preparation in Dehradun (Uttarakhand), brings to you views on important issues. What is the difference between HDI and HCI? What
More informationCountry Profile: Food Security Indicators
Country Profile: Food Security Indicars I. FOOD DEPRIVATION AND CONSUMPTION INDICATORS Food Deprivation Proportion of undernourishment - - - - na na na Number of undernourished millions ns ns ns ns na
More informationCountry Profile: Food Security Indicators
Country Profile: Food Security Indicars I. FOOD DEPRIVATION AND CONSUMPTION INDICATORS Food Deprivation Proportion of undernourishment 15 11 10 9-7.1-2.0-0.7 Number of undernourished millions 5.2 4.0 3.9
More informationMeasurements Based on Time Use Statistics : Some Issues
Measurements Based on Time Use Statistics : Some Issues Indira Hirway Centre for Development Alternatives Ahmedabad, India 1 Measurement Issues Additional issues in measurement of workforce and GDP Valuation
More informationDemography Introduction Demographic Transition in Tamil Nadu Human Development Index
9 9.1. Introduction The population growth rate in Tamil Nadu had started declining in eighties itself. In 1991 the decadal growth rate was 15.4 per cent for Tamil Nadu compared to the All-India rate of
More informationUNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON POPULATION MEXICO CITY, 1985 IMPLICATIONS FOR POPULATION ACTIVITIES IN THE CARIBBEAN.
LC/CAR/G.1U7 Distribution: Genera Date: 15 April 1985 ECONOMIC - COMMISSION FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Subregional Headquarters for the Caribbean UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON POPULATION
More informationPreliminary draft ministerial declaration to Get every one in the picture
WORKING PAPER Distr.: For participants only 27 June 2014 Original: English Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Regional Preparatory Meeting for the Ministerial Conference on Civil Registration
More informationCountry Profile: Food Security Indicators
Country Profile: Food Security Indicars I. FOOD DEPRIVATION AND CONSUMPTION INDICATORS Food Deprivation Proportion of undernourishment 6 6 6-0.3-1.0 na Number of undernourished millions 1.5 1.6 1.6 ns
More informationExcellencies, Ministers Distinguished Delegates and Representatives of International Organizations, Ladies and Gentlemen,
2012 Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) High Level Meeting, 20 April 2012, Washington DC Lao PDR Statement of Commitment Mobilizing Political Prioritization for WASH: Excellency Prof. Dr. Eksavang Vongvichit,
More informationEgypt and Malaysia: Investment, Education and Economic Growth
URJe The Undergraduate Research Journal No. 4 (2016) https://urje.aucegypt.edu/ and : Investment, Education and Economic Growth Noor El Ghorab Student, AUC Department of Economics 1 Abstract Numerous economists
More informationConcept Note. High-Level Event on "The Demographic Dividend and Youth Employment" 01 June 2015, Trusteeship Council
Concept Note High-Level Event on "The Demographic Dividend and Youth Employment" Background 01 June 2015, Trusteeship Council The linkages between population dynamics and sustainable development have received
More informationCountry Programme Document for Equatorial Guinea ( )
Contents Annexes Country Programme Document for Equatorial Guinea (2013-2017) Paragraphs I. Situation analysis... 2 10 2 II. Past cooperation and lessons learned... 11 15 3 III. Proposed programme... 16
More informationAmita Shah. Gujarat Institute of Development Research Gota, Ahmedabad
Patterns, Processes of Reproduction and Policy Implications for Poverty in Remote Rural Areas in India: A Case Study of Southern Orissa Amita Shah Gujarat Institute of Development Research Gota, Ahmedabad
More informationMainstreaming Gender Into the WSIS
Mainstreaming Gender Into the WSIS The Gender Caucus for the WSIS invites you to consider and implement the recommendations contained in the attached statement as your organisation makes preparations for
More informationTHIRD UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES BURKINA FASO SUMMARY OF THE DRAFT NATIONAL PROGRAMME OF ACTION
THIRD UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES BURKINA FASO SUMMARY OF THE DRAFT NATIONAL PROGRAMME OF ACTION UNCLDC/III/CP/1 GE.00-51368 (E) - 2 - BURKINA FASO I. SITUATION IN THE 1990s
More informationEnd poverty in all its forms everywhere
End poverty in all its forms everywhere 1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day 1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half
More informationEconomic and Social Council
United Nations E/2014/NGO/54 Economic and Social Council Distr.: General 8 May 2014 Original: English 2014 session Item 5 (c) of the provisional agenda* High-level segment: annual ministerial review Statement
More informationBrief description, overall objective and project objectives with indicators
Tanzania: Rural water supply in East Kilimanjaro (cooperation project) Ex post evaluation report OECD sector BMZ project ID 200065805 Project executing agency Consultant Year of ex post evaluation 14020
More informationSTATISTICAL INFORMATION NEEDS TO PREPARE MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDG) COUNTRY REPORT - GHANA
STATISTICAL INFORMATION NEEDS TO PREPARE MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDG) COUNTRY REPORT - GHANA GHANA POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY The Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS) represents comprehensive policies
More informationFood Security Information for Action. Food Security Concepts and Frameworks. Lesson 1. What is Food Security? Learner s Notes
Food Security Information for Action Food Security Concepts and Frameworks Lesson 1 What is Food Security? Learner s Notes This course is funded by the European Union and developed by the Food and Agriculture
More informationParticipatory rural planning processes
Rural Transport Training Materials Module 2: Planning, Design, Appraisal and Implementation Participatory rural planning processes Session 2.1 Part 1 Presentation 2.1a The Training Modules Module1. Policies
More informationSolidarity for Rural Development Organisation (SORUDEO)
Solidarity for Rural Development Organisation (SORUDEO) Organization Overview Brief description of the organisation Legal establishment History Vision Mission Guiding Philosophy Motto Focus areas of operation
More informationRural transformation in India Strategic vision from the Eleventh Plan
Rural transformation in India Strategic vision from the Eleventh Plan IN INDIA RURAL IS DEFINED AS NOT URBAN AND URBAN IS DEFINED AS: (A) ALL PLACES SO ADMINISTRATIVELY NOTIFIED (B) OTHER PLACES WHICH
More informationOpen Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals (OWG) Statistical note for the issue brief on:
Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals (OWG) Statistical note for the issue brief on: Sustained and inclusive economic growth and infrastructure development and industrialization 1 (Updated
More informationSession Name: Public Works The Evolving Agenda Public Works Plus: Introductory Remarks Presenter: Kalanidhi Subbarao
Session Name: Public Works The Evolving Agenda Public Works Plus: Introductory Remarks Presenter: Kalanidhi Subbarao Objectives of public works programs Primary objectives of public works programs are:
More informationGENDER DISPARITIES IN SANITATION POLICIES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY [SADC] COUNTRIES
GENDER DISPARITIES IN SANITATION POLICIES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY [SADC] COUNTRIES Abby Taka Mgugu Executive Director Women Land and Water Rights in Southern Africa [WLWRSA] Email: director@wlwrsa.org
More informationExecutive Board of the United Nations Development Programme and of the United Nations Population Fund
United Nations Executive Board of the United Nations Development Programme and of the United Nations Population Fund Distr.: General xx April 2009 Original: English DP/DCP/TKM/1 Annual session 2009 26
More informationTowards a Green Growth Strategy for Bangladesh. Sadiq Ahmed Policy Research Institute, Bangladesh
Towards a Green Growth Strategy for Bangladesh Sadiq Ahmed Policy Research Institute, Bangladesh Elements of a Green Growth Strategy for Bangladesh The elements of a Green Growth Strategy for Bangladesh
More informationMinisterial Declaration
Ministerial Declaration to Get every one in the picture in Asia and the Pacific * We, the ministers and representatives of members and associate members of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission
More informationTarget 1: Eliminate by 2030, the extreme poverty (people living on US $ 1.25 a day);
Proposed Targets on Co-Chairs Focus Areas by the delegation of Pakistan during the 10 th session of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals Focus area 1. Poverty eradication Eliminate by
More informationLocal Governance and ICTs in Mozambique
Local Governance and ICTs in Mozambique Nairobi, Kenya, 3-5 September 2005 Gertrudes Macueve 03/09/2005 Pre-Project Workshop 1 Outline of the presentation Country s Profile Overview of the ICTs in Mozambique
More information