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1 CF Item = Barcode Top - Note at Bottom CF_ltem_One_BC5-Top-Sign Page 1 Dat 7/5/2002 Time 3:28:47 PM Login wbq CF/RAI/NYHQ/SP/SSC/ Full Item Register Number [auto] Ext Ref: Doc Series/Year/Number CF/RAI/NYHQ/SP/SSC/ SP/SSC/WSC-004-BD23 Record Item Title Report from Mohonk: Children and Development in the 1990's - [CF/EXD/ ] Programme goals and operational strategies for UNICEF (22-25 October 1989) - [Background Document #23 - Urban Concerns and the Goals for the 1990s] Date Created /on Correspondence 10/22/1989 Date Registered 12/27/2001 Date Closed Primary Contact Kijuta Tooker (Temp Assist) Owner Location Special Session <& Global Movement For Chil = Home Location Special Session & Global Movement For Chil = Current Location Special Session & Global Movement For Chil = Fd1: Type: IN, OUT, INTERNAL Fd2: Sender Ref or Cross Ref Field File Container Record ID File Container Record (Title) N1: Number of pages 0 Full GCG Code Plan Number Record GCG File Plan O7RAF/1 SAA/DHO I / Mohonk (1989) [\VSC A/2: Doc Year o A/3: Document Number 0 Da 7: Dafe Published Da2: Date Received Date3 Priority Record Type Electronic Details AOled Item Corr - CF/KAI/NYIIQ/S1VSSC In TRIM Store. (Text) (l l KB) DOS File Name World conf.on ed.attach(d).txt Alt Bar code = RAMP-TRIM Record Number CF/RAI/NYHQ/SP/SSC/ Notes [Library: U2.4 MOHONK Archives. (CF/RA/BX/PD/HE/CS/1993fT007 or CF/RA/BX/USAA/DB01/ ; UHB, Floor B2, Room 6202, Aisle 01, Shelf BOOS, Level 03, Position 09)] Contents: 1. Agenda - 2. List of Participants - 3. Excerpts from Goals and Strategies for the 1990s Adopted by Other United Nations Agencies - 4. Strategies for children in the 1990s: Trends in the African Context - 5. Regional Diroctor's P.oport on Gfoa/? snti StrsfeQi&s for f/?g 1990s: Tlr? Mictdl? F ag f af?d MQfffi Afrirp poninn - f\ Ktrsttorjir. Print Name of Person Submit Images Signature of Person Submit Number of images without cover <p Ki /~' «C-*v-<, *z. c. [UNICEF

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3 URBAN CONCERNS AND THE GOALS FOR THE 1990s BACKGROUND DOCUMENT #23

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5 URBAN CONCERNS REGARDING GOALS FOR THE 1990s 1.1 The Goals and strategies document provides the basis for developing programming guidelines. The guidelines should further operationalize goals and strategies specifically for urban areas taking into consideration the magnitude and rate of growth of urban poverty*. It should explicitly take into account: particular urban environmental factors such as high density; NGO and private sector "change agents" and the administrative set-up of local city governments; alternative "enabling" strategies and technologies as affordable solutions for tackling urban problems; urban poor occupational structure, family and community organization and other factors relevant for "child centered" goals and strategies. 1.2 Global goals related to mortality reduction and health, which are stated as, parallel with environment goals, should not obscure the fact that mortality and morbidity reduction cannot be achieved in urban areas without environmental interventions and, therefore, priority should be given to the latter. The fact that some goals address particular target groups (women and CEDC) and others do not, should not imply omissions of target groups related to each of the goals (i.e. increased food availability should be targeted towards poor families and communities and basic education should include child workers and street children as important targets). 1.3 Goals which are in fact strategies for changes in life conditions (e.g. child rights) should be treated as instrumental to some strategies e.g. legal protection, law enforcement, monitoring of violation of laws, etc. which are important for achievement of the major goals. 1.4 Lack of particular global goals for "adjustment with a human face" (i.e., percentage of public expenditure on services for the urban poor, reduction of prices of goods and services purchased by the urban poor, etc.) should be overcome through country level efforts to establish such commitments. 1.5 Country and sub-national level programmes should be guided by goals which can be accomplished in synergistic fashion (e.g. health and environment control, nutrition education and reduction of food prices, increased family income and diminishing child labour, etc.) * By the year 2000 more than half the absolute poor in developing countries will live in urban areas.

6 1.6 Specific concerns related to each Major Goal for the 1990's Reduction of IMR and U5MR Reduction of Maternal Mortality In urban areas, this requires emphasis on improved environmental conditions among the urban poor and mobilization of private sector health services in addition to other CSD interventions. Virtual elimination of severe malnutrition and 50% reduction of moderate malnutrition Among the urban poor, emphasis should be on efforts to increase incomes and lower food prices for the most vulnerable groups in the context of economic adjustment. Universal access to safe drinking water Universal access to sanitary means of excreta disposal i This implies more systematic UNICEF programming with others, especially the international finance institutions. Extending affordable services to the urban poor implies UNICEF advocacy of and support for lower cost communal water systems and on-site sewage disposal systems which are dependent on community participation in management. Universal basic education Basic education should explicitly include alternative literacy and vocational education for working and street children if it is to reach all urban children. Improved protection of Children in Especially Difficult Circumstances This goal should emphasize prevention, i.e. increasing access to education and economic and social support to weak families, as well as improving protection and services by deinstitutionalization, direct services by NGOs and balanced onsite, community-based and centre-based service system. Specific operational goals are suggested in a separate CEDC strategy paper.

7 Urban Concerns Related to Strategies and Programmes for the 1990s 2.1 While goals may be stated separately, strategies should be dealt with : n- a*. more comprehensive manner to synergistically link strategies which help achie? amsiye than one goal. 2.2 All UNICEF assisted strategies for achievement of any goal should hawe aboiia, common features such as: organized and informed community participation synergistically combined efforts of different levels and sectors (e.g, ; community, NGO, private and public organizations, International, 'Mnfeinifl and Sub-national) a potential to expand to large-scale coverage within the country's ( resources and social institutional context. support for achievement of other goals and strategies, particularly environmental concerns responsiveness to unexpected positive or negative side effects. positive benefits in long run institutional change as well as in shcnti-rtom impacts on children. 2.3 Strategies should make clear the linkages between: top-down and bottom-up approaches (from collection of data to programme implementation, evaluation and policy making); short-term interventions (e.g., immunization campaigns, emergency rcsiskif, etc.) and long term development strategies for structural change aixm ggitpg, to scale. people's participation in projects, programmes and even policy mamkig cama! institutions' management;

8 programme assistance and country level advocacy and social mobilization for institutions' restructuring (reallocation of resources, decentralization of services, joint programming between public and private sector, etc.) to "leverage" the effectiveness of UNICEF resources. 2.4 Country programme approach: The Country programme approach should not be excessively subordinated to or weakened by global concerns. While the analysis of the human condition should be carried out on a global scale, programmes should be bound to country and subnational levels. The country programme approach is still the only effective and sustainable way of: a) addressing needs of concrete social groups within the relevant social, economic and political framework; and b) strengthening political will and democratic processes leading to people-centered development. This neither prevents UNICEF analysis and advocacy at other levels nor impedes building of inter- country, regional and global coalitions for advancement of certain goals and strategies. 2.5 Sub-national programme approach: i The strategy document states that basic services and the PHC approach were necessary for overcoming traditionalist, costly sectorial government programmes in 1970's. For implementation of those approaches sub-national (rural and urban) programme targets and strategies were considered indispensable. In the 1980's, fundamental changes in government allocation of resources and delivery systems were limited. Thus, sub-national programming should continue and be strengthened if decentralization of services, reallocation of resources and empowerment remain as important features of people centered policies, advocated also by "adjustment with a human face". Operational Concerns of Urban and Area-Based Programming 3.1 Management in UNICEF country offices should facilitate that sectorial concerns be adequately operationalized for: a) urban and rural areas, b) emergency and regular programmes c) women and children in especially difficult circumstances. 3.2 The present organization of work, personnel performance evaluation and programming methods do not sufficiently encourage functional linkages among staff. (e.g., this is illustrated by countries where immunization coverage in urban areas is lower than in rural, where emergency programmes are implemented without

9 connection with regular programmes; were women's, urban and CEDC project officers carry out health and other sectorial activities without linkages with sectoral project officers, etc.) 3.3 The present office organization in many offices does not facilitate adequate emphasis on sub-national targets. When it does, sub-national programmes tend to be isolated from the mainstream of the UNICEF country programme. (One exception is the Philippine country office where team methods of work and job descriptions include both sectoral and area-based responsibilities.) External Relations Concerns of Urban Programming 4.1 Relations with international funding agencies: External relations with Regional Development Banks and other funding agencies should be a concern of Programme and Operations Units. Up to now, relationships with those institutions are mainly through global policy dialogues on goals and strategies and ad hoc contacts at various levels. The experience of coordinated effprts in programming carried out within the framework of the Water and Sanitation Decade, should be analysed and perhaps transferred to other areas of common concern. - Even though directives call for coordinated efforts, at country level, incentives and operational guidelines are lacking and constraints are not being removed. UNICEF has not established procedures for participation in the design of projects to be carried out jointly at the country level, nor have other agencies participated in UNICEF targeting and programme design. UNICEF country programme cycles are independent of other UN agencies and the Bank's programming missions have never had UNICEF involvement. Internally, UNICEF officers at country level are not stimulated to develop joint projects, since evaluation of performance largely depends on the effectiveness in utilisation of programme funds. Even if other agency's programmes are complementary to UNICEFs, there is little incentive for UNICEF country offices to leverage or utilise funds which do not enter General Resources or Notings? Recruitment of UNICEF project officers or consultants working with non UNICEF funds for interventions, is not likely to occur. There are few precedents for UNICEF staff working with (or within) other agencies' projects, although leveraging their resources without this technical input is extremely unlikely.

10 In the area of urban development (particularly for water and sanitation, housing and economic development), UNICEF should develop joint objectives and clarify procedures and divisions of labour with other agencies. The main linkages and areas of cooperation could be spelled out in our strategies much as is being done in support of the World Conference on Education for All. 4.2 Relationship with NGOs and research institutions UNICEF programme concern such as CEDC and the Convention on the Rights of the Child cannot develop solely with in-house know-how and require strong linkages with NGOs and research institutions. Although international NGOs and research institutions are based mainly in developed countries and do not necessarily have adequate knowledge of developing countries, a more systematic framework for UNICEF support of such networking of NGOs is needed. (In the area of CEDC, examples are Childhope, International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISCPAN), Defense for Children International (DCI), International Catholic Child Bureau (ICCB), etc.) i UNICEF relationships with NGOs and research organization need to be clearly and concretely defined both at the global and country level. We should, as a minimum, determine if: a) there is a common understanding and agreement on objectives and targets to be achieved; b) the partner organization has areas of comparative advantage to complement UNICEF work; c) the organization has a potential for long-term self-sustained action; and d) the political relationships of the organizations will not significantly harm UNICEF relations with others.