Australian and Canadian Imports and Exports: Trade and Transportation by

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1 Australian and Canadian Imports and Exports: Trade and Transportation by Elizabeth Barber University of New South Wales Australian Defence Force Academy Canberra, ACT., AUSTRALIA Ph: Paul D. Larson CN Professor of Supply Chain Management Director, Transport Institute University of Manitoba Winnipeg, CANADA larson@cc.unmanitoba.ca Ph:

2 International Comparison This paper is a comparison of import and export flows Australia and Canada Seeking similarities in transport infrastructure requirements Comparing choke points Studying the importance of these transport flows from origin and destinations involving Australia and Canada Comparing the home nation transport flows from port of entry to consumption destination for imports Comparing the home nation transport flows from point of origin to export port for exports.

3 Similarities Australia and Canada are similar in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, at $39,300 and $40,200 respectively. Both enjoy reasonable trade blances(exports less imports) Canada recently reported a modest annual surplus of $25.1 billion, while Australia experienced a deficit of $8.3 billion. Both countries are among the UN (2007) best places to live, with Australia ranked third and Canada fourth.

4 Iceland best place to live, Africa worst; UN (2007)

5 Exports and Imports Both are major exporters of energy Australia is the world s largest exporter of black coal Canada s major energy export is gas to the United States Both have import flows dominated by container traffic. Australia s coal exports use sea transport Canadian oil and gas exports use surface modes of road, rail or pipeline Australia s container import flow is dominated by two key stevedoring competitors that have extended their distribution control over the ports, container terminals and land transport on both road and rail. Canadian import flow of containerized traffic is very competitive

6 Australian Exports Coal Figure 1 shows the total export coal tonnages from Note: The export volumes have dropped during the recent recessional period of Source: Minerals Council of Australia, The Australian Minerals Industry and Australian Economy, Fact Sheet, July, 2009 Issues in the Australian Energy Export Coal Supply Chains

7 Queensland Coal Field and Export Flows QLD Coal Fields and rail transport Mines located less than 300 km from ports Many of the coal fields located with 100km of their export port. Rail transport is used to transport the coal from the mines to the bulk export ports. During 2008, QR hauled 184 million metric tons of coal. It operated 550 coal services a week from 56 mines The operating trains carry between 2100 and 8600 net tones of coal. Balloon loops and rapid overhead loading bins operate at all port terminals. Coal trains in Australia are among the longest in the world with 6 locomotives and 148 wagons, mostly open topped. Trains are typically on tracks in central Queensland that can carry a train length of two kilometers in length and carry approximately 8,500 tonnes per train.

8 NSW Coal Fields NSW Coal Fields and Port connections NSW Coal coals fields are linked by rail to two export ports: Newcastle & Wollongong Some road transport is used Newcastle port is operated by PWCS (Port Waratah Coal Services Ltd) It operates the world s largest coal handling port. Carrington & Koorangan handle all the coal from the Hunter Valley coal fields. Wollongong port is operated by the Port Kembla Coal Terminal. It handles all the coal from the southern and western coal fields

9 Canadian Oil & Gas Exports to USA by Transport Mode Metric tons 90,000,000 85,000,000 80,000,000 75,000,000 70,000,000 65,000,000 60,000,000 55,000,000 50,000,000 45,000,000 40,000,000 35,000,000 30,000,000 25,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 5,000, Year Pipeline Rail Truck

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16 Canadian Exports of Oil & Gas: Top 10 Countries

17 Canadian Energy Exports Canada is the world s third largest producer of natural gas, the fifth largest energy producer, and the seventh largest producer of crude oil Canadian oil fields are located in: the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB); oil sands in northern Alberta; and offshore fields. Canada had oil reserves of 27.7 billion barrels at the end of 2007, not counting the Oil Sands. In 2007, Canada produced 3,308.6 thousand barrels of crude oil per day. Domestic consumption = 2,302.8 thousand barrels a day. The bulk of reserves are oil sands deposits in Alberta, with oil reserves of billion barrels. Canadian oil and gas exports are dominated by a single customer: the USA. In 2008 over 2,583,000 barrels of oil a day was exported to the United States. The other top five exporters are: Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Venezuela and Nigeria. (All with export volumes over 1 m barrels per day) Oil is transported by pipelines from the production facility to refineries where it is upgraded into products like gasoline, heating oil and jet fuel. Offshore Newfoundland and Labrador, which accounts for about 13 per cent of Canada s crude oil production, transports crude oil to markets by tanker An extensive pipeline system moves western Canadian oil. There are two major oil pipeline operators. Enbridge Pipelines and Kinder Morgan Canada. Enbridgehas a 9,000-mile network of pipelines and terminals, delivering oil from Edmonton to eastern Canada and the U.S. Great Lakes region. Kinder Morgan operates the Trans Mountain Pipe Line (TMPL), which delivers oil mainly from Alberta west to refineries and terminals in the Vancouver area.

18 Canadian Gas Exports Canada is one of the world s largest producers and exporters of natural gas. In 2007, Canada produced billion cubic metres (c.m.), consumed 93.9 billion c.m. and had gas reserves of 1.6 trillion c.m. m). Canada s natural gas production is concentrated largely in Alberta. TransCanada Pipelines is the largest operator of natural gas pipelines in Canada, with a network spanning 25,600 miles. Canada accounts for approx 90% of the USA s imported natural gas.

19 U.S. Imports of Petroleum, Top 10 Countries (1,000 Barrels/Day) Country April Canada 2,281 2,583 Mexico 1,289 1,344 Saudi Arabia 1,021 1,528 Venezuela 891 1,158 Russia Nigeria 733 1,154 Algeria Iraq Angola UK Source:

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21 Australian Container Flows The majority of the import trade comes in the form of container traffic. Australia largest import partners are Asian. Largest container ports are located in the capital cities of Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne on the Australian east coast.

22 International container terminal operations have two discrete but linked operations: The marshalling of containers to, from and within the terminal The transfer of containers between ships to shore

23 Australian Container Terminal Operators DP World Australia Patrick Terminals Both have container terminals in Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane and Fremantle. (DP World has a terminal in Adelaide as well)

24 Comparison of Container Handling Singapore Million TEU s HK Million TEU s Melbourne Million TEU s Sydney 5.3 Million TEU s ( )

25 Dual Services from Stevedores Cargo handling Container storage Repairs and storage Both are strongly competitive and vertically integrated to downstream markets through their subsidiaries: DP World to P&O Trans Australia Patrick with Patrick Port Logistics Services Sydney DP World handles 47% or 2.5m TEUs Sydney Patrick handles 53% or 2.8 TEUs during 2007/08.

26 Land Transport Links to Ports At Port Botany, both road and rail modes supplyland transport services: The road market is approximately 1.3 million TEU, or 80% of the containers moved through the port. The road task is handled by approximately 250 road carriers ranging from single truck owner-operators to large fleet national freight companies. P&O Trans (owned by DP World) has the largest market share with an estimated 15 per cent of container movements and other large carriers each having fewer than 5 per cent market share. The rail market has four rail operators in the metropolitan area servicing six metropolitan inter-modal operators.

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29 Land Operations from Sydney and Melbourne Container Terminals Duopoly Port Botany Port of Melbourne Patricks - TEU 1,036, % 1,012, % DP World - TEU 919, % 1,100, % Totals 1,956,000 2,112,000

30 Rail Links to Stevedoring Services The New South Wales Intrastate rail market has three operators : Patrick Port Link Operates 36 rail service a week from its own regional terminals at Griffith and Newcastle, as well as a customer terminal at Blayney. Southern and Silverton owned by Coote Industrial and services a number of regional terminal including Narrabri and Parkes. Independent Rail of Australia owned by Bowport Allroads Transport, which also owns the MIST intermodal facility at Minto.

31 Canadian Container Trade Flows 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5, Exports Imports As in the Australian case, the issue of traffic congestion at the ports and in the cities is in play, particularly on the west coast. A new port at Prince Rupert, north of Vancouver, has opened partly to alleviate congestion. The development of inland ports is on the agenda, from Edmonton to Winnipeg, to move inbound freight away from the ports for further processing, such as customs clearance and sorting.

32 Transport Congestion Choke points in coal exports are experienced on the rail ways with insufficient carriages in Australia Pipeline flows of oil and gas from Canada to USA are limited to refineries Container stevedoring is not the choke point for either Australian or Canadian import trade Road and Rail access from points are choke points for container flows.

33 In conclusion Similarities both countries are major energy exporters Both countries are large importers of containerized freight. Differences Australian imports typically travel short distances from the port to final customer Canadian imports travel long distances after arrival at the port. Egfrom Port of Vancouver containers are transported thousands of kilometers across Canada to Winnipeg. Both experience traffic congestion at sea ports and container terminals In Australia, the response to congestion at container terminals includes peak-period pricing schemes to level out the traffic flow. There is also congestion centered on rail transportation of coal exports via rail. A recent report suggests that supply chain leadership may be the solution to this problem. The Canadian response to (west coast) port congestion is highlighted by development of a new port and container terminal, at Prince Rupert, British Columbia. There has also been considerable discussion about the possible role of inland ports in reducing congestion. Future research : This paper draws mostly on archival and secondary data describing certain elements of transportation and supply chains for prominent Australian and Canadian import/export product groups. Our intentions are to investigate these supply chains in much greater detail by collecting primary data. Thank you