Failure Analysis of Cracked Reducer Flange
|
|
- Norman Greer
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2010) 10: DOI /s Failure Analysis of Cracked Reducer Flange Khaled Habib Submitted: 18 May 2010/in revised form: 29 July 2010/Published online: 5 October 2010 ASM International 2010 Abstract A cracked reducer flange was analyzed for the cause of the failure. The flange was carefully cut to obtain samples for metallographic, X-ray, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Examinations. The examinations revealed that the introduction of chloride ions in the operational service led to pitting corrosion in the inner surface of the flange. Chloride ion inclusions were probably the result of chemical contaminations, i.e., cleaning chemicals contamination during shutdown of the operation. The introduction of corrosion pits caused unexpected load stress intensification and cracking of the flange. Consequently, stress corrosion cracking emanated from the pits under the influence of chloride attack and operational pressure. Then the cracks propagated in a transgranular manner, in the radial direction of the flange, until the final failure occurred. Keywords Reducer flange Pitting corrosion Stress corrosion cracking Metallographic examination X-ray Scanning electron microscopy Fracture roughness Stress intensity factor ( ), of a reactor outlet (V41-002) drain line operating in a refinery plant of the company since 1984, see Fig. 1 for the location of the flange with respect to the (V41-002) reactor in the refinery of the company. The flange made of an austenitic stainless steel, UNSS No. 321, with chemical composition of 0.08% C, 2.0% Mn, 1.0% Si, % Cr, % Ni, 0.045% P, 0.03% S, minimum 5% Ti, and the balance Fe [1]. The operational pressure and temperature of the drain line of the reactor outlet were 1907 Psig (13.2 MPa) and 763 F (406 C), respectively. On the other hand, the design pressure and temperature of the drain line of the reactor outlet were 2240 Psig (15.5 MPa) and 800 F (426.6 C), respectively. The reactor feeds the drain line with hydrocarbons of H 2, H 2S, H 2O, and NH 3. Also, it has been reported that the partial pressure of the hydrogen was 1600 Psig (11.0 Mpa) in service as compared to the design partial pressure of 1750 Psig (12.2 MPa). In addition, leaks of hydrocarbons were observed which led to the shutdown of the reactor. Experimental Details Visual Inspection Introduction A cracked flange was submitted to Kuwait institute for scientific research (KISR) by a national petroleum company in Kuwait for determination of the cause of the failure. The cracked flange was a reducer flange, a 10 cm (4 00 ) cm K. Habib (&) A visual inspection of the failed flange indicated that the flange had a primary crack in the radial direction of the flange; Fig. 2 shows the precise site of the crack. Also, there was no indication that plastic deformation took place during the failure processes of the flange. In other words, a brittle fracture was the mode of failure in this case. Materials Science Lab, Department of Advanced Systems, KISR, P.O. Box 24885, Safat, Kuwait khaledhabib@usa.net Metallographic Examinations 123
2 J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2010) 10: In order to examine the microstructures of the material and the fracture surface of the primary crack, the flange was cut Fig. 1 A schematic drawing of reactors and connections of the refinery of a petroleum company in Kuwait. The arrow indicates the location of the reducer flange in the (V41-002) reactor in the refinery Fig. 2 A primary crack in the radial direction of the flange
3 with especial care in the radial direction first to separate the bore of the flange from main body of the flange; see Fig. 3 for the radial cut of the bore of the flange. Then, the bore was cut in the longitudinal direction of the flange to facilitate the opening of the mouth of the primary crack for examinations in a scanning electron microscope (SEM); Fig. 4 shows the longitudinal cut of the bore of the flange. Figure 5 shows the flange after cutting the bore, where the crack is clearly emanating in radial direction from inside the bore toward to the main body of the flange; see the arrow in Fig. 5. Figure 6 represents a microstructure of the material of the Fig. 3 A top view of the radial cut of the pore of the flange failed flange, from the top portion of the sample in Fig. 3, near the main crack. Figure 6 represents a typical microstructure of the austenitic stainless steel of UNSG No. 321 stainless steel, with second phase particles, mainly composed of precipitates of Ti C, precipitated as a 123
4 J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2010) 10: J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2010) 10: Fig. 4 A top view of the longitudinal cut of the pore of the flange grains(a), secondary particles, and annealing twins, 2009 methanolic aqua regia Fig. 5 The view of a flange after cutting the pore, where the crack is clearly emanating in radial direction from inside the pore toward the main body of the flange Fig. 7 Representation of another microstructure of the material from the same portion of the sample in Fig. 3, in which secondary cracks were observed to initiate from the surface of the sample in Fig. 3 near the main crack; then the cracks were observed to branch inside the bulk of the material Fig. 6 Representation of a microstructure of the material of the failed flange, from the top portion of the sample in Fig. 3, near the main crack. The microstructure of the stainless steel contains austenitic Fig. 8 Representation of a microstructure of the failed flange from the inner side of the sample in Fig. 3, near the main crack
5 result of the aging processes of the austenitic, solid solution, phase in high temperature and high pressure environments. Also, the microstructure contains some annealing twins. These observations of the stainless steel microstructures are in agreement with similar observations on the same stainless steel in the literature [2]. Figure 7 represents another microstructure of the material from the same portion of the sample in Fig. 3, in which secondary cracks were observed to initiate from the surface of the sample in Fig. 3 near the main crack, and then they were observed to branch inside toward the bulk of the material. Figure 8 represents a microstructure of the failed flange from the inner side of the sample in Fig. 3, near the main crack. This figure contains secondary cracks from the inner surface of the flange. The cracks seem to propagate from a second phase particle to another in a transgranular manner, even though the sample has not been chemically etched. Some of the second phase particles were ruptured and desponded from the surface of the microstructure. There was no indication of sensitization in the microstructure of the flange. This can be interpreted to the presence of Ti element which prevented sensitization of the microstructure of the austenitic stainless steel. SEM Examinations and X-Ray Micro-Analysis SEM examinations of the fracture surface of the flange were carried out in the SEM to characterize the mode of the fracture. Figure 9 shows a fractograph of the fractured surface of the flange. It is quite clear from Fig. 9 that the fractograph has a cleavage feature covered partially with corrosion products. An energy despersive spectroscopy (EDS) was conducted on the fractured surface of the stainless steel to determine the chemical elements of the stainless steel sample. An elemental probe microanalysis (EPMA) attached to the SEM microscope was used to determine the EDS spectra near the surface of the stainless steel. Figure 10 exhibits the EDS spectra of the chemical elements contained in Fig. 9, in the stainless steel. The spectra comprise those elements which normally are found in the UNSS No. 321 Stainless steel, except for the sulfur element which is found to be more than usual, because sulfur is only a trace element in this particular stainless steel; see above for the chemical composition of the stainless steel [1]. As a result, one may suggest that H 2S had a role only in the chemical attack of the stainless steel due to the leakage of H 2S into the bore of the flange after the failure of the flange took place, but not in the mechanism to cause the failure. Figure 11 shows a SEM photograph from the inner side of the sample of Fig. 3. Fig. 9 The view of the fractured surface of the flange The photograph exhibits clearly secondary cracks emanating from corrosion pits, in which some corrosion products remain inside these pits. Figure 12 represents EDS spectra of the chemical analysis of the corresponding material shown in Fig. 11. The spectra consist of chemical elements which normally are found in the UNSG No. 321 stainless steel, except chloride ion. This radical element may be introduced into the inside of the flange and may be attributed to chemical contaminations, i.e., cleaning chemical s contamination during shutdown. It is well known that austenitic stainless steels are susceptible to pitting corrosion in the presence of chloride ion Fig. 10 The EDS spectra of the chemical elements in Fig. 9, in the stainless steel 123
6 J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2010) 10: Fig. 11 A SEM photograph from the inner side of the sample of Fig. 3 Fig. 13 Another SEM photograph from the inner side of the sample in Fig. 3 solutions [3]. The presence of chloride ions causes localized interruption to the passive film on the stainless steel inducing localized perforation at the metal surface, similar to those observed in Fig. 11. Figure 13 represents another SEM photograph from the inner side of the sample in Fig. 3. The photograph also contains secondary cracks emanating from corrosion pits similar to those seen in Fig. 11. In fact, the presence of secondary cracks initiating from corrosion pits were observed in several locations at the inner surface the flange. Hardness Test A number of Rockwell hardness tests, scale (HRB), were conducted on the stainless steel sample. The hardness Fig. 14 The hardness values imposed on the stainless steel sample values were found to range from 73 to 91.3 in the radial 484 J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2010) 10: Fig. 12 The EDS spectra of the chemical analysis of Fig. 11 direction toward the inner surface of the bore of the flange; see Fig. 14 for the range of the hardness values imposed on
7 the stainless steel sample. From the range of the values of the hardness tests, it is obvious that the stainless steel had not suffered from embrittlement during the 14 years of service, based on the maximum HRB = 95 the published value for the UNSG No. 321 [1] in the literature. The average value of the hardness tests was determined to be HRB = 81 based on an average of five tests. It is known that the austenitic stainless steel, FCC structure, is not susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement in H 2S environments, because of the high content of corrosion-resistant elements, i.e., Cr and Ni, in such a stainless steel [4]. Results and Discussion connected tube of the flange. Therefore, from the tangential stress of the connected tube [5] r t ¼ P i½ðb 2 þ a 2 Þ=b 2 a 2 ðeq 1Þ where r t is the tangential stress; P i is the internal pressure, 15.5 MPa; a is the inner radius of the connected tube; and b is the outer radius of the connected tube. From the longitudinal stress of the connected tube [5] r l ¼ P i ðeq 2Þ where r l is the longitudinal stress. One can calculate the maximum shear stress, s max, from a design philosophy against yielding as the follows [5]: Mechanism of Failure s max ¼ f½ðr t r lþ=2 2 g 0:5 ðeq 3Þ It is clear now that the introduction of chloride ions in the operational service of the flange has led to pitting corrosion to take place in the inner surface of the flange, see Figs The presence of chloride ions was probably due to chemical contaminations, i.e., cleaning chemical s contamination during shutdown of the reactor. Because the flange was operating as a part of a thick-walled high pressure vessel, the flange was under radial and tangential operational stresses, which should not exceed the maximum stress rating of the flange material. However, it was the introduction of the corrosion pits, unexpected notches, into the inner surface of the flange, which led to cracking of the material of the flange. Consequently, stress corrosion cracking emanated from the pits under the influence of chloride attack and operational pressure; then, the cracks propagated from a second phase particle to another in a transgranular manner, in the radial direction of the flange, until the final failure occurred. As a result, a leakage of the hydrocarbons took place, and sulfide attack on the fracture surface occurred. It is worth noting that a similar observation was documented in the literature on an austenitic stainless steel, Type UNSG No. 321, in a similar environment [4]. Mathematical Model In order to describe the way in which the flange failed, from a design philosophy and fracture mechanics point of views, the following analysis has been considered. The failed flange is considered as a part of a thick-walled pressure vessel [5] subjected to not only high temperature but also to internal tangential and longitudinal stresses. This consideration is based on the assumption that the thickness of the flange is more than 0.1 of the internal radius of the We assumed in this failure case that the design of the flange was originally adequate to withstand yielding, permanent deformation. In other words, the calculated maximum shear stress must not exceed at least one half of the yield strength of the materials of the flange, r y [5] according to the maximum shear stress theory. However, unfortunately, the flange failed because of the introduction of the corrosion pits, unexpected notches, to the inner surface of the flange, which led to lower the critical fracture toughness of the threshold of stress corrosion cracking of the material of the flange. Consequently, stress corrosion cracking emanated from the pits under the influence of chloride attack and operational pressure, and then the cracks propagated from a second phase particle to another in a transgranular manner, in the radial direction of the flange, until the final failure occurred. As a result, a leakage of the hydrocarbons took place and sulfide attack on the fracture surface occurred. This implies that the mechanism of the flange failure was due to an unexpected stress raiser that has not been accounted for during the initial design of the flange against brittle fracture. This means that the maximum principal stress of the flange given by r max ¼ ðr t þ r lþ=2 þ s max ðeq 4Þ must not exceed the ultimate strength of the materials of the flange, r max, while taking into account a stress intensity factor, K I, from fracture mechanics design point of view [6], against brittle fracture like the stress corrosion cracking in the failed flange. In other words, the design criterion from fracture mechanics point of view is as follows: ðk Ir maxþ=ðr ultþ\0:5 ðeq 5Þ where K I can be calculated based on the size and the shape of the expected localized damages, i.e., pits or cracks [6]. 123
8 J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2010) 10: Conclusions The following conclusions are drawn from the above investigation: (1) A cracked reducer flange was examined to analyze the cause of the failure. The examinations revealed that the introduction of chloride ions in the operational service led to pitting corrosion in the inner surface of the flange. (2) Chloride ions were probably the result of chemical contaminations, i.e., cleaning chemical s contamination during shutdown of the operation. (3) The introduction of corrosion pits caused unexpected load stress intensification and cracking of the flange. Consequently, stress corrosion cracking emanated from the pits under the influence of chloride attack and operational pressure. Then the cracks propagated in a transgranular manner, in the radial direction of the flange, until the final failure occurred. References 1. American Society for Metals (ASM): Metals Handbook, Propertiesand Selection, Iron, Steel, and High Performance Alloys, vol. 1, 10th edn, pp. 843, 856. American Society for Metals, Materials Park, OH (1990) 2. American Society for Metals (ASM): ASM Standards in BuildingCodes, vol. 1,A1-B210 M, 13th edn, p American Society for Metals, Materials Park, OH (1993) 3. Uhlig, H.: Corrosion and Corrosion Control, 3rd edn, p. 36. JohnWiley & Sons Inc., New york (1971) 4. American Society for Metals (ASM): Case Histories in FailureAnalysis, p American Society for Metals, Materials Park, OH (1979) 5. Shigley, J.W.: Mechanical Engineering Design, 3rd edn, pp. 28,60, 169. McGraw-Hill, New York (1977) 6. Murakami, Y.: Stress Intensity Factors Handbook, vol. 1, p Pergamon, Oxford (1987)
Results are presented in Table 1. The tube was fabricated from a Type 347 and no unusual conditions were noted.
1. Introduction Hydroprocessing units such as isomax in oil refineries upgrade hydrocarbon feedstocks by converting heavier feeds into more valuable lighter products. The reactions occur under a hydrogen-rich
More informationANALYSIS OF A CRACKED HEAT EXCHANGER TUBE
Steel Image Inc., Failure Analysis and Metallography 7 Innovation Drive, Suite 155, Flamborough Ontario, Canada, L9H 7H9, (289) 895-8363 ANALYSIS OF A CRACKED HEAT EXCHANGER TUBE EXAMPLE REPORT OVERVIEW
More informationAnalysis of High-Collapse Grade P110 Coupling Failures
Analysis of High-Collapse Grade P110 Coupling Failures Michael G. Burns, P. E., Stress Engineering Services, Inc., Houston, Texas USA W. M. Buehler, Stork Testing and Metallurgical Consulting, Inc., Houston,
More informationThe Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Stress Corrosion Cracking of 310S in SCW
CNNC NPIC The Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Stress Corrosion Cracking of 310S in SCW Liu Jinhua Bin Gong Outline 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions 5 Future Work 2016/10/28
More informationFailure analysis of diesel engine cylinder head bolts
Engineering Failure Analysis 13 (2006) 826 834 www.elsevier.com/locate/engfailanal Failure analysis of diesel engine cylinder head bolts Zhiwei Yu, Xiaolei Xu * Institute of Metal and Technology, Dalian
More informationA Case Study on Using Corrosion Analysis in Forensic Engineering. Reza Mirshams. Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention
A Case Study on Using Corrosion Analysis in Forensic Engineering Reza Mirshams Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention ISSN 1547-7029 Volume 17 Number 4 J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2017) 17:642-646 DOI
More informationFailure Analysis for the Economizer Tube of the Waste Heat Boiler
China Steel Technical Report, No. 22, pp. 53 58, (2009) Tsung-Feng Wu 53 Failure Analysis for the Economizer Tube of the Waste Heat Boiler TSUNG-FENG WU New Materials Research and Development Department
More informationEVALUATION OF STAINLESS STEEL PLATES OF HEAT EXCHANGER DAMAGE
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Mechanics and Materials in Design, Editors: J.F. Silva Gomes & S.A. Meguid, P.Delgada/Azores, 26-30 July 2015 PAPER REF: 5667 EVALUATION OF STAINLESS
More informationMechanical Properties
Mechanical Properties Elastic deformation Plastic deformation Fracture Fatigue Environmental crack growth Crack Instabilty ß σ T The critical crack length for given σ a a c = Q 2 K Ic σ a 2 a r ß a Sources
More informationDuctile to Brittle Transition Behavior of Super Duplex Stainless Steels
Copyright c 7 Tech Science Press SDHM, vol.3, no.3, pp.191-196, 7 Ductile to Brittle Transition Behavior of Super Duplex Stainless Steels Guocai Chai Abstract: Duplex stainless steels (DSS) are a group
More informationView from the Penthouse
View from the Penthouse The DNFM Technical News Letter David N. French Metallurgists Ph: 502-955-9847 Fax: 502-957-5441 Web: www.davidnfrench.com Stress-corrosion-cracking (SCC) is a well-defined failure
More informationDamage Occurring in FCC Hexmesh Systems Jerry Wilks Senior Corrosion & Materials Engineer Lemont Refinery
Damage Occurring in FCC Hexmesh Systems Jerry Wilks Senior Corrosion & Materials Engineer Lemont Refinery 2010 CITGO Petroleum Corporation. Damage Occurring in FCC Hexmesh Systems Reactor Hexmesh Damage
More informationV11o QUALMINtY ýjxed 1 FAILURE OF COMPONENTS ALTHOUGH THE CAUSES ARE SIMPLE & WELL DOCUMENTED. Fahmida Hossain
FAILURE OF COMPONENTS ALTHOUGH THE CAUSES ARE SIMPLE & WELL DOCUMENTED Fahmida Hossain James J. Scutti Massachusetts Materials Research, Inc. 241 West Boylston Street West Boylston, MA 01583 (508) 835-6262
More informationFAILURE STUDY IN SIDE PLATES OF A VIBRATING SIEVE S. R. Allah Karam 1, M. Khodadad 1, M. Saadat Talab 1 and A.R. Moeini 2
International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (IJMME), Vol. 4 (2009), No. 2, 118 122. FAILURE STUDY IN SIDE PLATES OF A VIBRATING SIEVE S. R. Allah Karam 1, M. Khodadad 1, M. Saadat Talab
More informationMany different metals and alloys
CASE HISTORIES Stress Corrosion Cracking of Various Alloys Part 1 S.J. SUESS, Stork Technimet, Inc., New Berlin, Wisconsin Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) can lead to rapid and catastrophic failure in
More informationATI 2205 ATI Technical Data Sheet. Duplex Stainless Steel GENERAL PROPERTIES. (UNS S31803 and S32205)
ATI 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel (UNS S31803 and S32205) GENERAL PROPERTIES ATI 2205 alloy (UNS S31803 and/or S32205) is a nitrogen-enhanced duplex stainless steel alloy. The nitrogen serves to significantly
More informationSTRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF STAINLESS STEEL SUPER HEATER TUBES IN 200 MW BOILER
National Workshop on Boiler Corrosion, 11-12th April, 1995, NML Jamshedpur, INDIA STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF STAINLESS STEEL SUPER HEATER TUBES IN 200 MW BOILER P. JAIN, A.K. SINHA AND U.C.BHAKTA R&D
More informationReducing the Risk of High Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA) Failures
J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2012) 12:624 627 DOI 10.1007/s11668-012-9605-x LESSONS LEARNED Reducing the Risk of High Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA) Failures Daniel J. Benac Paul McAndrew Submitted:
More informationScienceDirect. Failure Analysis on Fracture of a S135 Drill Pipe
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Materials Science 3 ( 2014 ) 447 453 20th European Conference on Fracture (ECF20) Failure Analysis on Fracture of a S135 Drill Pipe Han
More informationInvestigation of Leakage on Water Wall Tube in a 660 MW Supercritical Boiler
J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2014) 14:657 661 DOI 10.1007/s11668-014-9861-z TECHNICAL ARTICLE PEER-REVIEWED Investigation of Leakage on Water Wall Tube in a 660 MW Supercritical Boiler M. Nurbanasari Abdurrachim
More informationATI ATI 2205 Alloy (UNS S31803 and S32205) Duplex Stainless Steel. Technical Data Sheet
Alloy (UNS S31803 and S32205) Duplex Stainless Steel GENERAL PROPERTIES alloy (UNS S31803 and/or S32205) is a nitrogenenhanced duplex stainless steel alloy. The nitrogen serves to significantly improve
More informationSTRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF STAINLESS STEELS IN HIGH PRESSURE ALKALINE ELECTROLYSERS
STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF STAINLESS STEELS IN HIGH PRESSURE ALKALINE ELECTROLYSERS Haraldsen, K. 1 and Leth-Olsen, H. 1 1 Corporate Research Centre, Norsk Hydro ASA, P.O.Box 2560, 3908 Porsgrunn, Norway
More informationDuctile and Brittle Fracture of 1018 Steel and. 304 Stainless Steel Using Charpy Impact Test. Eman Mousa Alhajji. North Carolina State University
Ductile and Brittle Fracture of 1018 Steel and 304 Stainless Steel Using Charpy Impact Test Eman Mousa Alhajji North Carolina State University Department of Materials Science and Engineering MSE 355 Lab
More informationIMPROVEMENT OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN FE-MN-TI STEEL BY ALLOYING WITH CR AND MO , Tehran, Iran. Tabriz, Iran
IMPROVEMENT OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN FE-MN-TI STEEL BY ALLOYING WITH CR AND MO M. Nili-Ahmadabadi a, S. Hossein Nedjad b, M. Sadeghi a and H. Shirazi a a Deptartment of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering,
More informationNITRONIC 19D LEAN DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL. Excellent Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance. Improved Welding Characteristics
NITRONIC 19D LEAN DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL P R O D U C T D ATA B U L L E T I N Excellent Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance High Strength Improved Welding Characteristics Resists Sigma Phase Formation
More informationMicrostructural analysis of thermal fatigue damage in 316L pipes
Microstructural analysis of thermal fatigue damage in 316L pipes Sergio González Ana Ruiz Karl-Fredrik Nilsson 2013 Report EUR 26445 EN European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Energy and
More informationFailure Analysis of an Aero Engine Ball Bearing
JFAPBC (2006) 6:25-31 ASM International DOI: 10.1361/154770206X156240 1547-7029 / $19.00 Failure Analysis of an Aero Engine Ball Bearing N. Ejaz, I. Salam, and A. Tauqir (Submitted June 10, 2006; in revised
More informationThermal ageing of nickel-base Alloy 690 TT
SAFIR2018 - The Finnish Research Programme on Nuclear Power Plant Safety 2015-2018 RG5 Structural Integrity: THELMA (Thermal Ageing of Materials) one topic in the project: Thermal ageing of nickel-base
More informationHigh Temperature Effects on Vessel Integrity. Marc Levin, Ayman Cheta Mary Kay O Connor Process Safety Center 2009 International Symposium
High Temperature Effects on Vessel Integrity Marc Levin, Ayman Cheta Mary Kay O Connor Process Safety Center 2009 International Symposium Outline Motivation Basics / Basis for Pressure Vessel Design Conditions
More informationFractography: The Way Things Fracture
Fractography: The Way Things Fracture S.K. Bhaumik Materials Science Division Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) Bangalore 560 017 Outline Introduction Classification of fracture Fracture
More informationFracture analysis of a castellated shaft
Engineering Failure Analysis 14 (2007) 573 578 www.elsevier.com/locate/engfailanal Fracture analysis of a castellated shaft Y.J. Li *, W.F. Zhang, C.H. Tao Failure Analysis Center of AVIC, Beijing Institute
More informationA Case Study: Corrosion Failure of Tube Heat Exchanger
doi: 10.14355/me.2015.04.007 A Case Study: Corrosion Failure of Tube Heat Exchanger Ibrahim M Ghayad, Z. Abdel Hamid, N. Gomaa Central Metallurgical Research & Development Institute (CMRDI), P.O.Box:87
More informationTo Study the Effect of Austempering Temperature on Fracture Behaviour of Ni-Mo Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI)
Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, Vol. 7, No.4, pp 307-316, 2008 jmmce.org Printed in the USA. All rights reserved To Study the Effect of Austempering Temperature on Fracture
More informationTHE EFFECT OF HIGH CYCLE FATIGUE DAMAGE ON TOUGHNESS OF EN8 GRADE STEEL PART II
Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2013 P Talukdar et al., 2013 Research Paper ISSN 2278 0149 www.ijmerr.com Vol. 2, No. 2, April 2013 2013 IJMERR. All Rights Reserved THE EFFECT OF HIGH CYCLE FATIGUE DAMAGE
More informationINVESTIGATION OF PHOSPHOROUS EFFECT ON THE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF HIGH STRENGTH SPRING STEELS BY INTEGRATED ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY TECHNIQUES
INVESTIGATION OF PHOSPHOROUS EFFECT ON THE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF HIGH STRENGTH SPRING STEELS BY INTEGRATED ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY TECHNIQUES M Jenko 1, V Leskovšek 1, B Senčič 2 and N Pukšič 1 1 Institute
More informationStress Corrosion Cracking of Novel Steel for Automotive Applications
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 10 (2011) 3381 3386 ICM11 Stress Corrosion Cracking of Novel Steel for Automotive Applications Muhammed. Khalissi a, R.K. Singh Raman a,b,
More informationStress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Hardening-Treated 13Cr Stainless Steel
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering PAPER OPEN ACCESS Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Hardening-Treated 13Cr Stainless Steel To cite this article: Li-Bin Niu et al 2018 IOP Conf.
More informationAnnex to the Accreditation Certificate D-PL according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005
Deutsche Akkreditierungsstelle GmbH Annex to the Accreditation Certificate D-PL-19221-01-00 according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 Period of validity: 11.04.2017 to 19.05.2019 Holder of certificate: DEKRA
More informationPREVENTION OF SCC OCCURRING IN A EXPANSION TRANSITION REGION OF STEAM GENERATOR TUBING BY Ni-PLATING IN PWRS
PREVENTION OF SCC OCCURRING IN A EXPANSION TRANSITION REGION OF STEAM GENERATOR TUBING BY Ni-PLATING IN PWRS J. S. Kim, M. J. Kim, D. J. Kim, H. P. Kim Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute(KAERI), Korea
More informationIntergranular Corrosion (IGC)
Intergranular Corrosion (IGC) Microstructure of metals and alloys is made up of grains (separated by grain boundaries) Intergranular corrosion is a localized attack along the grain boundaries, or immediately
More informationNITRONIC 19D LEAN DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL
Chemical Processing Desalination/Water Treatment Oil Field Undersea Tubing AK STEEL NITRONIC 19D STAINLESS STEEL is a molybdenum-free, low nickel lean duplex stainless steel. The combination of strength,
More informationEFFECTS OF MECHANICALLY DRILLED PITS ON TENSILE DUCTILITY AND FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF A STRUCTURAL STEEL
EFFECTS OF MECHANICALLY DRILLED PITS ON TENSILE DUCTILITY AND FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF A STRUCTURAL STEEL Somayeh ALIPOUR, Hassan FARHANGI and Changiz DEHGHANIAN School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering,
More informationChapter Outline: Failure
Chapter Outline: Failure How do Materials Break? Ductile vs. brittle fracture Principles of fracture mechanics Stress concentration Impact fracture testing Fatigue (cyclic stresses) Cyclic stresses, the
More informationMetallurgical Properties Influencing Corrosion
Lecture 38 Metallurgical Properties Influencing Corrosion Keywords: Metallurgical Properties, Intergranular Corrosion, Hydrogen Embrittlement, Iron Pillar Metallurgical properties and structure influence
More informationFracture. Brittle vs. Ductile Fracture Ductile materials more plastic deformation and energy absorption (toughness) before fracture.
1- Fracture Fracture: Separation of a body into pieces due to stress, at temperatures below the melting point. Steps in fracture: 1-Crack formation 2-Crack propagation There are two modes of fracture depending
More informationFatigue Crack Paths in Ferritic-Perlitic Ductile Cast Irons
Fatigue Crack Paths in Ferritic-Perlitic Ductile Cast Irons F. Iacoviello and V. Di Cocco Università di Cassino, Di.M.S.A.T., via G. Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (FR) ITALY, iacoviello@unicas.it ABSTRACT.
More informationInvestigation of aging heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of 316L austenitic stainless steel weld metal
Computational Methods and Experiments in Material Characterisation II 63 Investigation of aging heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of 316L austenitic stainless steel weld metal
More informationMechanics ISSN Transport volume 11, issue 2, 2013 Communications article 0776
Mechanics ISSN 1312-3823 Transport volume 11, issue 2, 2013 Communications article 0776 Academic journal http://www.mtc-aj.com EXAMINATION OF WELDED JOINT FROM THE COOLING SYSTEM OF PHOTOVOLTAIC INSTALLATION
More informationArch. Metall. Mater. 62 (2017), 3,
Arch. Metall. Mater. 62 (2017), 3, 1615-1624 DOI: 10.1515/amm-2017-0247 M. UHRÍČIK* #, P. PALČEK*, M. CHALUPOVÁ*, M. ORAVCOVÁ*, M. FRKÁŇ* THE INFLUENCE OF THE STRUCTURE ON THE FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF Al-Mg
More informationCHAPTER8. Failure Analysis and Prevention
CHAPTER8 Failure Analysis and Prevention The repetitive loading of engineering materials opens up additional opportunities for structural failure. Shown here is a mechanical testing machine, introduced
More informationFailure Analysis of Leaking Stainless Steel Pump Casing
University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange University of Tennessee Honors Thesis Projects University of Tennessee Honors Program 12-2011 Failure Analysis of Leaking
More informationDURATINET COURSE - Testing Techniques for Structures Inspection LNEC Lisbon Portugal May 2012
DURATINET - Testing Techniques for Structures Inspection METALLOGRAPHY AND FRACTOGRAPHY OF IRON AND STEEL M. J. Correia LNEC, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, DM, Av. do Brasil, 101, 1700 066
More informationMicrostructural analysis of the fractured railway freight car axle
Microstructural analysis of the fractured railway freight car axle Z. Odanović IMS Institute, Bulevar vojvode Mišića 43, Belgrade, Serbia INTRODUCTION Railway axles are designed to be highly reliable,
More informationHYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT AND LOW TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON CARBON STEELS
HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT AND LOW TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON CARBON STEELS LAURA VERGANI Politecnico di Milano, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Milano, Italy CHIARA COLOMBO Politecnico di Milano, Department
More informationChapter Outline: Failure
Chapter Outline: Failure How do Materials Break? Ductile vs. brittle fracture Principles of fracture mechanics Stress concentration Impact fracture testing Fatigue (cyclic stresses) Cyclic stresses, the
More informationFailure Analysis of a LP Turbine Free Standing Blade. Sponsored by. IB Thermal Power Station Orissa Power Generation Corporation Ltd.
...;.~,,,,,,I~JI'!!'! 11". ~~ q~\\b fl~ - 'I! '--"',,-,, '--"'~""'~'='-',.,,- ~,'.',..'...,.',,- ~" --, "'-, --- ",-~'~-'~ NML/MST IFA/l.14/2007 Restricted Circulation '< Failure Analysis of a LP Turbine
More informationLIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Figure 1.2: Figure 1.3: Figure 2.1: Figure 2.2: Figure 2.3: Figure 2.4: Figure 2.5: (a) (b) (c): (d) (e) (f):
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Types of surface coatings....4 Figure 1.2: PVD processing techniques...8 Figure 1.3: Schematic of PVD process... 11 Figure 2.1: Formation of intrusion and extrusion marks on
More informationAnalysis of failure mechanisms in a planetary gear
Analysis of failure mechanisms in a planetary gear Katapadi Vadiraja Sudhakar *, Levi George, and Nathan Huft Montana Tech of the University of Montana, Butte, MT 59701, USA * Corresponding Author: Tel.:
More informationSulfur Unit Equipment Problems and Low Silicon Carbon Steel Corrosion Gerald W. Wilks Lemont Refinery CITGO Petroleum
Sulfur Unit Equipment Problems and Low Silicon Carbon Steel Corrosion Gerald W. Wilks Lemont Refinery CITGO Petroleum 2010 CITGO Petroleum Corporation. Summary Weld cracking in piping connecting a reaction
More informationCrack Initiation and Crack Propagation of Pre-corroded Ni-16Cr Alloy in 4.5%NaCl Aqueous Solution
IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) e-issn: 2250-3021, p-issn: 2278-8719 Vol. 3, Issue 8 (August. 2013), V2 PP 11-15 Crack Initiation and Crack Propagation of Pre-corroded Ni-16Cr Alloy in 4.5%NaCl Aqueous
More informationlow susceptibility to delayed fracture. High strength steels are known to be prone to delayed fracture.
Stricter requirements are imposed on collision safety by newly revised regulations such as Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No.214 and Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) 1). To
More informationFINAL TECHNICAL REPORT AN EXPERIMENTAL FRACTURE MECHANICS EVALUATION OF CREEP INDUCED EMBRITTLEMENT. NSF Grant ENG
FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT on AN EXPERIMENTAL FRACTURE MECHANICS EVALUATION OF CREEP INDUCED EMBRITTLEMENT NSF Grant ENG 77-04430 Period from Oct. 1, 1977 to Jan. 31, 1980 SCHOOL OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING GEORGIA
More informationOverview on Recent Failure Investigations of Water Tube Boiler in Fossil-Fired Power Plants
Overview on Recent Failure Investigations of Water Tube Boiler in Fossil-Fired Power Plants J. Purbolaksono a,b, J. Ahmad c a Department of Engineering Design & Manufacture, Faculty of Engineering, University
More informationSHOT PEENING OF NITRIDED LAYER
SHOT PEENING OF NITRIDED LAYER A. Nakonieczny, G. Monka, I. Pokorska Institute of Precision Mechanics, Duchnicka 3, 01-796 Warsaw, Poland ABSTRACT Shot-peening is a method widely used in industrial practice
More informationWHY DID IT BREAK? The Use of Microscopy in Failure Analysis
WHY DID IT BREAK? The Use of Microscopy in Failure Analysis David Taylor Professor of Materials Engineering Mechanical Engineering Dept. Trinity College Dublin How Things Break Mechanism Appearance Mechanical
More informationTransition temperature
Transition temperature Different criteria are used to determine the transition temperature, depending on the purpose of the application. Various criteria of transition temperature obtained from Charpy
More information430 ULTRA FORM 430 STAINLESS STEEL
43 ULTRA FORM 43 STAINLESS STEEL Appliances Food Equipment General Construction Interior Architectural Trim Restaurant Equipment AK STEEL 43 ULTRA FORM STAINLESS STEEL was developed as a more formable
More information441 STAINLESS STEEL. Good High-Temperature Oxidation Resistance. Applications Potential
441 STAINLESS STEEL P R O D U C T D ATA B U L L E T I N Equiaxed Microstructure Good High-Temperature Strength Good High-Temperature Oxidation Resistance Applications Potential AK Steel 441 is used in
More informationFailure Analysis of a Hammer Drill Shaft Under Complex Loading Paths and Severe Environmental Conditions. P. A. Manohar
Materials Science Forum Online: 2010-01-12 ISSN: 1662-9752, Vols. 638-642, pp 3889-3894 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3889 2010 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Failure Analysis of a Hammer
More informationSchedule of Accreditation issued by United Kingdom Accreditation Service 2 Pine Trees, Chertsey Lane, Staines-upon-Thames, TW18 3HR, UK
2 Pine Trees, Chertsey Lane, Staines-upon-Thames, TW18 3HR, UK 19 Wildmere Road Banbury Oxfordshire OX16 3JU Contact: Mr J Guntrip Tel: +44 (0)1295 261211 Fax: +44 (0)1295 263096 E-Mail: qualityuk@wmtr.com
More informationIndex. Atmosphere Effect on fatigue processes, 49, 200 Auger spectroscopy, 51 A533-B steel Mode II fracture, 235, 242 B
STP600-EB/Jun. 1976 Index Abrasion Due to crack closure, 228 On Mode II fractures, 240 AgaMg-AgMg alloys, 160, 166 AISI 1025 steel Hydrogen attack, 88 Microstructure of, 91 Tensile properties, 90 AISI
More informationInfluence of Crystal Orientations on the Bendability of an Al-Mg-Si Alloy
Materials Transactions, Vol. 51, No. 4 (2010) pp. 614 to 619 Special Issue on Crystallographic Orientation Distribution and Related Properties in Advanced Materials II #2010 The Japan Institute of Light
More informationCharacterization of the states of aging of HP austenitic stainless steels through spectral analysis of ultrasonic signals
19 th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing 2016 Characterization of the states of aging of HP austenitic stainless steels through spectral analysis of ultrasonic signals Natalie CHAVES DE SIQUEIRA
More informationSchedule of Accreditation issued by United Kingdom Accreditation Service 2 Pine Trees, Chertsey Lane, Staines-upon-Thames, TW18 3HR, UK
2 Pine Trees, Chertsey Lane, Staines-upon-Thames, TW18 3HR, UK Hareness Circle Industrial Estate Aberdeen Scotland AB12 3LY Contact: Mrs D McAdam Tel: +44 (0)1224-890020 Fax: +44 (0)1224-890220 E-Mail:
More informationSECTION 2.0 REFERENCES
SECTION 2.0 REFERENCES 2.1 Standards... 1 2.2 Other References... 3 This page intentionally left blank. September 2010 API Recommended Practice 571 2-1 2.1 Standards The following standards, codes and
More informationChapter 7. Stainless Steels. /MS371/ Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys
Chapter 7 Stainless Steels Stainless steels at least % Cr in iron is required (max 30% Cr) Cr: to make iron surface by forming a surface oxide film protecting the underlying metal from corrosion Ni: to
More informationMetallurgical Analysis of Cracks Formed on Coal Fired Boiler Tube
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering OPEN ACCESS Metallurgical Analysis of Cracks Formed on Coal Fired Boiler Tube To cite this article: Rajat Kishor et al 2015 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater.
More informationFATIGUE OF DUPLEX STEELS IN CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENT
5th International DAAAM Baltic Conference "INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING ADDING INNOVATION CAPACITY OF LABOUR FORCE AND ENTREPRENEURS" 20 22 April 2006, Tallinn, Estonia FATIGUE OF DUPLEX STEELS IN CORROSIVE
More informationStress Corrosion Cracking in 316L Stainless Steel Bellows of a Pressure Safety Valve
Stress Corrosion Cracking in 316L Stainless Steel Bellows of a Pressure Safety Valve Bijayani Panda, M. Sujata, M. Madan, S.K. Bhaumik Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), National Aerospace
More informationhttp://www.diva-portal.org This is the published version of a paper presented at International Conference on Residual Stresses, 3-7 July 2016, Sydney, Australia. Citation for the original published paper:
More informationLight and electron microscopy of microstructure and fractography of an ultrahigh-strength martensitic steel
Light and electron microscopy of microstructure and fractography of an ultrahigh-strength martensitic steel Shi, X., Wang, W., Ye, W., Sha, W., Shan, Y., Shen, M., & Yang, K. (2014). Light and electron
More informationSCOPE OF ACCREDITATION TO ISO/IEC 17025:2005
SCOPE OF ACCREDITATION TO ISO/IEC 17025:2005 WESTMORELAND MECHANICAL TESTING & RESEARCH, INC. 221 Westmoreland Drive Youngstown, PA 15696 Michael Self Phone: 724 537 3131 E-mail: mself@wmtr.com CHEMICAL
More informationParticle Erosion of SUS403 Tempered Martensitic Stainless Steel
, pp. 728 733 Particle Erosion of SUS403 Tempered Martensitic Stainless Steel Dong Cherng WEN Department of Mechanical Engineering, China Institute of Technology, 245, Yen-Chiu-Yuan (ACADEMIA) Road, Section
More informationASTM Standards for Pipe & Fittings
for Pipe & Fittings There are many International Standards for stainless and carbon steel pipes and fittings. The list below is a basic overview of some of these. For more in-depth details of these Standards
More informationStudy on the layer spalling of the KMPS546 speed reducer input conical
Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 1 (2009) 1599 1604 Procedia Earth and Planetary Science www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia The 6 th International Conference on Mining Science & Technology Study on the
More informationChemical Processing Equipment. Distillation Towers. Oil Refineries
410S STAINLESS STEEL Chemical Processing Equipment Distillation Towers Oil Refineries Trays TYPE 410S is a low-carbon, non-hardening ferritic stainless steel. The ability to cool from elevated temperatures
More informationSeptember 2012 EGO Stainless Steel Tubes - Technical Details page 1 of 9
Table of contents 1) Branches/applications for EGO Stainless Steel Tubes 2) Standard tube program 3) Materials 4) Chemical analysis of tube materials 5) Technology 6) Quality information page 1 of 9 1)
More informationFailure analysis of the multistage de-scaling pump impeller of the hot strip mill plant
Failure analysis of the multistage de-scaling pump impeller of the hot strip mill plant Arbind Kumar Akela, Devaraja K, Rameshwar Sah and Suraja Yekkar R&D and Scientific Services, JSW Steel Ltd, Bellary-583275,
More informationTECH 50 SPECIFICATION
for ELECTROPOLISHED TUBING AND FITTINGS FOR USE IN HIGH PURITY PIPING SYSTEMS Current Issue: Pages not including Title Page 3 Mike Pellegrini Division VP Site Manager Jim Bundschuh Engineering and QA Manager
More informationATI 332 ATI 332. Technical Data Sheet. Stainless Steel: Austenitic GENERAL PROPERTIES TYPICAL ANALYSIS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
ATI 332 Stainless Steel: Austenitic (UNS N08800) GENERAL PROPERTIES ATI 332 alloy is a nickel and chromium austenitic stainless steel designed to resist oxidation and carburization at elevated temperatures.
More informationTHE ROLE OF Mg ON STRUCTURE ANB MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN ALLOY 718
THE ROLE OF Mg ON STRUCTURE ANB MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN ALLOY 718 Xishan Xie, Zhichao Xu, Bo Qu and Guoliang Chen University of Science and Technology, Beijing 100083, China John F. Radavich, School of
More informationHOT COMPRESSION AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF HIGH SPEED STEEL WORK ROLLS. A. Ziadi, B. Serier, B. Boutabout and M. Belhouari
HOT COMPRESSION AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF HIGH SPEED STEEL WORK ROLLS A. Ziadi, B. Serier, B. Boutabout and M. Belhouari Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, BP.89, 22000,
More informationTO STUDY THE EFFECT OF PROCESS PARAMETER ON FRACTROGRAPHY ON EN LOW ALLOY STEEL IN SMAW PROCESS
TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF PROCESS PARAMETER ON FRACTROGRAPHY ON EN-10213-2 LOW ALLOY STEEL IN SMAW PROCESS Sandeep Kumar Om Institute of Technology and Management, Hisar M Tech Scholars, Hisar, Haryana, India
More informationCase studies of steel structure failures
ARCHIVES of FOUNDRY ENGINEERING Published quarterly as the organ of the Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences ISSN (1897-3310) Volume 10 Issue Special1/2010 365-370 71/1 Abstract Case studies
More informationProdec 303/4305 EN , ASTM TYPE 303
Prodec 303/4305 EN 1.4305, ASTM TYPE 303 General characteristics Prodec 303/4305 is for applications that use 303/1.4305. It gives you faster machining, longer tool life, better tolerances, superior machined
More informationJournal of Solid Mechanics and Materials Engineering
and Materials Engineering Effect of Fine Particle Peening Treatment prior to itriding on Fatigue Properties of AISI 4135 Steel* Shoichi KIKUCHI** and Jun KOMOTORI*** ** Graduate School of Science and Technology,
More informationJOINT EUROPEAN SUMMER SCHOOL FOR FUEL CELL AND HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY
JOINT EUROPEAN SUMMER SCHOOL FOR FUEL CELL AND HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY August 22-24, 2011 Hervé Barthélémy HYDROGEN STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES: COMPATIBILITY OF MATERIALS WITH HYDROGEN 1. GENERALITIES 1.1. Compatibility
More informationDATA SHEET ZERON 100 UNS S32760 THE GLOBAL LEADER IN SPECIALTY ALLOYS ALLOYS AND PROCESSING
DATA SHEET ZERON 100 UNS S32760 THE GLOBAL LEADER IN SPECIALTY ALLOYS ALLOYS AND PROCESSING ZERON 100 Data Sheet Contents Specifications, Chemical Composition, Applications and Features...2 Performance
More informationVisual Examination Assisted; RCA of Cracks In Thin Walled Duplex Stainless Steel Welds
More info about this article: http://www.ndt.net/?id=22345 Abstract: Visual Examination Assisted; RCA of Cracks In Thin Walled Duplex Stainless Steel Welds Kuldip KUMBEPHALKAR,P B PATIL, Bhagwan SHINDE
More informationFailure Cases Analysis in Petrochemical Industry
Failure Cases Analysis in Petrochemical Industry S. W. Liu, J. H. Lv, W. Z. Wang Digital Open Science Index, Civil and Environmental Engineering waset.org/publication/10008952 Abstract In recent years,
More information