Critical Melting Points and Reference Data for Vacuum Heat Treating

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1 number 1 Ser Vacuum Furnace Reference i e s Critical Melting Points and Reference Data for Vacuum Heat Treating

2 SOLAR ATMOSPHERES INC. Critical Melting Points and Reference Data for Vacuum Heat Treating Edited by: Virginia Osterman, Ph.D. Harry Antes Jr., Ph.D. Technical Consultants September 2010

3 Acknowledgments This work is an update of the original reference compilation by Charles F. Burns, Jr., Copyright The current booklet contains revisions to the original work as well as numerous additions. This booklet should serve as a handy reference for people that work in the metals industry. Contributors to this body of work include: William R Jones, CEO Don Jordan, Vice President -Technology/Corporate Metallurgist Robert Hill Jr., President - Western PA Trevor Jones, Engineer -Technology Limitations This data is for reference only. Solar Atmospheres Inc. will not assume liability for accuracy. 2

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Definitions 4 Melting Points of: Elements 5 Stainless Steels 7 Corrosion-Resistant Steel Castings 8 Heat-Resistant Alloy Castings 8, 9 Aluminum Alloys 9, 10 Aluminum Casting Alloys 10, 11 Copper Alloys 12, 13 Copper Casting Alloys 13, 14 Magnesium Alloys/ Casting Alloys 14 Magnesium Alloys/Wrought Alloys 15 Nickel Alloys 15 Super Alloys Tin Alloys 18 Zinc Alloys 19 Precious Metal Alloys 19 Ni-Cr-Mo alloys 19 Electrical Resistance Alloys 20 Titanium Alloys 20 Eutectics 21, 22 Onset Temperature of Adverse Reactions Between Oxides or Graphite with Furnace Materials 23 Melting Point of Certain Simple and Complex Metal Oxides 24 Black Body Radiation Graph 25 Emissivity of Common Materials 26 Emissivity of Select Metals 26, 27 Vapor Pressure of the Elements 28, 29 Vapor Pressure of Certain Metal Oxides 30 Richardson-Ellingham Diagram 31 Gas Purge Chart and Dew Point vs. PPM Charts 32 Vacuum Furnace Blank Off Pressure vs. Leak Rate 33 Common English to Metric Conversion 34 Common Pressure Conversion Factors 35 Equivalence Table for Pressure Between PSI Gauge and Absolute Pressure 36 Equivalence Table for Pressure/Vacuum Measurements 37 Temperature Conversion Table 38 Powder Metals: U.S. Mesh Conversion to Microns 39 References 40 3

5 DEFINITIONS ALLOY [MET] Any of a large number of substances having metallic properties consisting of two or more elements; at least one component must be a metal. EUTECTIC ALLOY [Met] A material, predominantly one of a specific microstructure, made up of two or more phases formed simultaneously during solidification of two or more elements. A eutectic alloy melts to become a free running liquid at a single temperature, which is lower than the melting point of any of its components. EMISSIVITY The ratio defined by the radiation emitted by a surface to the radiation emitted by a blackbody at the same temperature. MELTING OF PURE SUBSTANCES [Chem] The temperature, at given pressure, upon which a chemically pure substance changes from a solid state to a liquid state. MELTING POINT OF MIXTURES OR ALLOYS [MET] Unlike pure metals, many alloys do not have a single melting point. Instead, they have a melting range in which the material is a mixture of solid and liquid phases during the melting process. The temperature at which melting begins is called the solidus, and that at which melting is complete is called the liquidus. Special alloys can be designed with a single melting point, however, and these are called eutectic mixtures. VAPOR PRESSURE The vapor pressure of a substance (liquid or solid) is the equilibrium pressure of a vapor above the substance; in other words the vapor (formed from evaporation or sublimation) above the substance when in a closed container. When working in vacuum one must recognize that even if the work is not at the boiling point for the substance there is always vapor forming above the surface and excessive heating of a substance under vacuum has the possibility of evaporating the substance. For example at 760 Torr and 50, if water is heated for an extended period in an open container the water will eventually evaporate. Therefore care must be used when heating under vacuum at high temperatures if one is at or near the known vapor pressure of a substance. SUBLIMATION A phase change process in which a material passes from a solid state to a gaseous state without becoming a liquid. 4

6 ELEMENT MELTING POINTS OF THE ELEMENTS (atmospheric pressure), (s) = sublimes MELTING POINT SYMBOL () 5 MELTING POINT () Aluminum Al Antimony Sb Arsenic As 1135 (s) 613 (s) Barium Ba Beryllium Be Bismuth Bi Boron B Cadmium Cd Calcium Ca Carbon C 6588 (s) 3642 (s) Cerium Ce Cesium Cs Chromium Cr Cobalt Co Copper Cu Columbium (Niobium) Cb Dysprosium Dy Erbium Er Europium Eu Gallium Ga Germanium Ge Gold Au Hafnium Hf Indium In Iodine I Iridium Ir Iron Fe Lanthanum La Lead Pb Lithium Li Magnesium Mg Manganese Mn Mercury Hg Molybdenum Mo

7 ELEMENT MELTING POINTS OF THE ELEMENTS (atmospheric pressure), (s) = sublimes MELTING POINT SYMBOL () MELTING POINT () Neodymium Nd Nickel Ni Niobium (Columbium) Nb Osmium Os Palladium Pd Phosphorus P Platinum Pt Potassium K Praseodymium Pr Rhenium Re Rhodium Rh Rubidium Rb Ruthenium Ru Scandium Sc Selenium Se Silicon Si Silver Ag Sodium Na Strontium Sr Sulfur S Tantalum Ta Tellurium Te Thallium Tl Thorium Th Tin Sn Titanium Ti Tungsten W Uranium U Vanadium V Yttrium Y Zinc Zn Zirconium Zr

8 ALLOY MELTING POINTS Stainless Steels MELTING RANGE MELTING RANGE 301 S/S S/S B S/S S/S S/S S/S S/S S/S S/S S/S S/S S/S S/S S/S S/S S/S S/S S/S S/S S/S S/S S/S S/S F S/S S/S A S/S B S/S C S/S ,443,446 S/S S/S S/S

9 ALLOY MELTING POINTS Corrosion-Resistant Steel Castings MELTING POINT MELTING POINT CA CA CB CC CE CF CF CF-8M CF-12M CF-8C CF-16F CH CK CN-7M ALLOY MELTING POINTS Heat-Resistant Alloy Castings MELTING POINT 8 MELTING POINT HA HC HD HE HF HH HI HK HL HN HP HT HU

10 ALLOY MELTING POINTS Heat-Resistant Alloy Castings MELTING POINT MELTING POINT HA HC HD HE HF HH HI HK HL HN HW HX ALLOY MELTING POINTS Aluminum Alloys EC

11 ALLOY MELTING POINTS Aluminum Alloys MELTING RANGE 10 MELTING RANGE ALLOY MELTING POINTS Aluminum Casting Alloys MELTING RANGE MELTING RANGE A C

12 MELTING POINTS Aluminum Casting Alloys MELTING RANGE MELTING RANGE ALLOY A A A A A A A B

13 ALLOY MELTING POINTS/RANGES Copper Alloys C10200 (Oxygen Free) C11000 (Copper ETP) C12000 (Copper DLP) C12200 (Copper DHP) C14500 (Free Machining [Te]) C17000 (Beryllium Copper) C21000 (Gilding) C22000 (Commercial Bronze [90% Cu]) C22600 (Jewelry Bronze [87.5% Cu]) C23000 (Red Brass [85% Cu]) C24000 (Low Brass [80% Cu]) C26000 (Cartridge Brass [70% Cu]) C27000 (Yellow Brass [65% Cu]) C (Muntz Metal [60% Cu]) C31400 (Leaded Commercial Bronze) C33000 Low Leaded Brass [0.5% Pb]) C34000 (Medium Leaded Brass [1% Pb]) C35300 (High Leaded Brass [1.6% Pb]) C34200 (High Leaded Brass [2% Pb]) C35600 (Extra High Leaded Brass [2.5% Pb]) C36000 (Free Cutting Brass) C36500 (Leaded Muntz Metal) C37700 (Forging Brass) C38500 (Architectural Bronze) C44400 (Inhibited Admiralty) C46400 (Naval Brass) C50500 (Phosphor Bronze [1.25% Sn]) C51000 (Phosphor Bronze [5% Sn]) C52100 (Phosphor Bronze [8% Sn]) C52400 (Phosphor Bronze [10% Sn]) C54400 (Free Cutting Phosphor Bronze) C60600 (Aluminum Bronze [5% Al])

14 ALLOY MELTING POINTS/RANGES Copper Alloys C61000 (Aluminum Bronze [7% Al]) C62300 (Aluminum Bronze [11% Al]) C63200 (Aluminum Bronze [9% Al]) C64200 (Aluminum Silicon Bronze) C65500 (High Silicon Bronze [3% Si]) Low Silicon Bronze (1.5% Si) C67500 (Manganese Bronze) C70600 (Cupro-Nickel [10% Ni]) C71500 (Cupro-Nickel [30% Ni]) C75200 (Nickel-Silver [65% Cu]) C75700 (Nickel-Silver [65% Cu- 12% Ni]) C77000 (Nickel-Silver [55% Cu]) ALLOY MELTING POINTS Copper Casting Alloys 13 Chrome Copper (1% Cr) Tin Bronze, Alloy 1A Tin Bronze, Alloy 1B Tin Bronze, Alloy SAE Navy M Bronze, Alloy 2A Leaded Tin Bronze, Alloy 2B Leaded Tin Bronze, Alloy 2C High Leaded Tin Bronze, Alloy 3A High Leaded Tin Bronze, Alloy 3B High Leaded Tin Bronze, Alloy 3C High Leaded Tin Bronze, Alloy 3D High Leaded Tin Bronze, Alloy 3E Leaded Red Brass, Alloy 4A Leaded Red Brass, Alloy 4B Leaded Semi Red Brass, Alloy 5A Leaded Semi Red Brass, Alloy 5B Leaded Yellow Brass, Alloy 6A

15 ALLOY MELTING POINTS Copper Casting Alloys 14 Leaded Yellow Brass, Alloy 6B Manganese Bronze (59% Cu) Manganese Bronze (57.5% Cu) Manganese Bronze (64% Cu) Manganese Bronze (110,000 psi) Aluminum Bronze, Alloy 9A Aluminum Bronze, Alloy 9B Aluminum Bronze, Alloy 9C Aluminum Bronze, Alloy 9D Nickel Silver (12% Ni) Max: 1900 Max: 1040 Nickel Silver (15% Ni) Nickel Silver (18% Ni) Max: 1930 Max: 1055 Nickel Silver (25% Ni) Low-Silicon Bronze (1% Si) High-Silicon Bronze (3% Si) Silicon Brass ALLOY MELTING POINTS Magnesium Alloys/Casting Alloys AM100A AZ63A AZ81A AZ91A, B & C Alloys AZ92A HK31A HZ32A ZH ZH62A ZK51A ZE41A EZ33A EZ30A EZ41A

16 ALLOY MELTING POINTS Magnesium Alloys/Wrought Alloys MIA AZ31B PE AZ61A AZ80A ZK60A ZE10A HM21A HM31A ALLOY MELTING POINTS Nickel Alloys 15 A Nickel D Nickel Duranickel Cast Nickel Monel K Monel Monel (Cast) H Monel (Cast) S Monel (Cast) Inconel Inconel (Cast) Ni-O-Nel Hastelloy Alloy B Hastelloy Alloy C Hastelloy Alloy D Hastelloy Alloy F Hastelloy Alloy N Hastelloy Alloy W Hastelloy Alloy X

17 ALLOY MELTING POINTS/RANGES Superalloys Inconel Alloy Inconel Alloy Inconel Alloy 601GC Inconel Alloy 603XL Inconel Alloy Inconel Alloy Inconel Alloy 625LCF Inconel Alloy Inconel Alloy Inconel Alloy Inconel Alloy Inconel Alloy Inconel Alloy 718SPF Inconel Alloy Inconel Alloy Inconel Alloy X Inconel Alloy Inconel Alloy MA Inconel Alloy MA Inconel Alloy Inconel Alloy Inconel Alloy C Inconel Alloy G Inconel Alloy HX Inconel Alloy Incoloy Alloy Incoloy Alloy 800H/800HT Incoloy Alloy Incoloy Alloy Incoloy Alloy

18 ALLOY MELTING POINTS/RANGES Superalloys Incoloy Alloy Incoloy Alloy Incoloy Alloy Incoloy Alloy Incoloy Alloy Incoloy Alloy MA Incoloy Alloy DS Incoloy Alloy Incoloy Alloy 25-6MO Incoloy Alloy A Brightray Alloy B Brightray Alloy C Brightray Alloy F Brightray Alloy S Brightray Alloy Nimonic Alloy Nimonic Alloy 80A Nimonic Alloy Nimonic Alloy Nimonic Alloy Nimonic Alloy Nimonic Alloy Nimonic Alloy Nimonic Alloy Nimonic Alloy PE Nimonic Alloy PE Nimonic Alloy PK Udimet Alloy Udimet Alloy L

19 ALLOY MELTING POINTS/RANGES Superalloys Udimet Alloy Udimet Alloy Udimet Alloy D Udimet Alloy R Udimet Alloy Udimet Alloy Nilo Alloy Nilo Alloy Nilo Alloy Nilo Alloy K ALLOY MELTING POINTS Tin Alloys Hard Tin (pure tin) Antimonial Tin Solder Tin-Silver Solder Soft Solder (70% Sn) Soft Solder (63% Sn) Soft Solder (50% Sn) Tin Babbitt Alloy Tin Babbitt Alloy Tin Babbitt Alloy Tin Babbitt Alloy Tin Babbitt Alloy Tin Die Casting Alloy White Metal Pewter

20 ALLOY MELTING POINTS Zinc Alloys Pure Zinc AG40A AC41A Zinc-Base Slush-Casting Alloy (4.75% Al) Zinc-Base Slush-Casting Alloy (5.5% Al) Commercial Rolled Zinc (0.08% Pb) Commercial Rolled Zinc (0.06% Pb) Commercial Rolled Zinc (0.3% Pb) Copper Hardened Rolled Zinc Rolled Zinc Alloy (1% Cu) Zn-Cu-Ti ALLOY MELTING POINTS Precious Metal Alloys Silver % Gold 30% Platinum % Pd 40% Cu ALLOY MELTING POINTS Ni-Cr-Mo-Cu Alloys Illium B Illium G Illium R

21 ALLOY MELTING POINTS Electrical Resistance Alloys MELTING POINT MELTING POINT 80 Ni -20 Cr Ni -24 Fe-16 Cr Ni-45 Fe-20 Cr Constantan MELTING POINTS Titanium Alloys ALLOY 99.2% % Ti- 6 Al - 4V Ti 5 Al Sn Max: 2890 Max: 1590 Ti 2 Fe 2 Cr - 2Mo Ti 8 Mn Ti 4 Al -4 Mn

22 ALLOY (Element-Wt. %) MELTING POINTS Eutectics MELTING POINT 21 MELTING POINT Aluminum-Gold (Au-96) Aluminum-Beryllium (Be-0.8) Aluminum-Copper (Cu-33) Aluminum-Iron ( Fe-98) Aluminum-Lithium (Li-93) Aluminum-Magnesium (Mg-66) Aluminum-Nickel (Ni-5.7) Aluminum-Silicon (Si-12.6) Aluminum-Zinc (Zn-94) Aluminum-Zirconium (Zr-57) Beryllium-Chromium (Cr-13) Beryllium-Copper (Cu-94.7) Beryllium (Fe-22.6) Beryllium-Nickel (Ni-95) Beryllium-Silicon (Si-64) Carbon-Iron (Fe-22.6) Carbon-Molybdenum Carbon-Nickel (C-2.5) Chromium-Carbon (C-3.6) Chromium-Cobalt (Co-59) Chromium- Molybdenum (Mo-21) Chromium-Nickel (Ni-46) Chromium-Tantalum (Ta-34) Chromium-Titanium (Ti-53) Chromium-Zirconium (Zr-86) Cobalt-Carbon (C-2.6) Cobalt-Molybdenum (Mo-39) Cobalt-Tantalum (Ta-21) Cobalt-Tin (Sn-34) Cobalt-Titanium (Ti-73) Cobalt-Vanadium (V-38) Cobalt-Tungsten (W-45) Copper-Magnesium(Mg-66)

23 ALLOY (Element-Wt. %) MELTING POINTS Eutectics MELTING POINT 22 MELTING POINT Copper-Silicon Copper-Titanium (Ti-12) Iron-Carbon (C-4.2) Iron-Molybdenum (Mo-37) Iron-Niobium (Nb-19) Iron-Silicon (Si-20 &Si-53) Iron-Tin (Sn-49) Iron-Tantalum(Ta-20)) Iron-Titanium (Ti-67) Magnesium-Nickel (Mg-24) Magnesium-Silicon (Si-1.34) Magnesium-Tin (Sn-98) Magnesium-Zinc (Zn-53) Manganese-Titanium (Ti-59) Molybdenum-Nickel (56-Mo) Molybdenum-Silicon (Si-94) Nickel-Carbon (C-0.6) Nickel-Niobium (Nb-23) Nickel-Silicon (Si-29) Nickel-Tantalum (Ta-63) Nickel-Tin (Sn-33) Nickel-Titanium ((Ti-73) Nickel-Vanadium (V-47) Silicon-Tantalum (Ta-5) Silicon-Zinc (Zn-99.98) Silver-Aluminum (Al-26.5) Silver-Beryllium (Be-0.03) Silver-Calcium (Ca-60) Silver-Copper (Cu-28) Silver-Magnesium (Mg-51.4) Silver-Tin(Sn-96.5) Tantalum-Carbon (C-2) Tungsten-Carbon (W-1.3)

24 ONSET TEMPERATURE FOR ADVERSE REACTIONS BETWEEN GRAPHITE OR OXIDES AND FURNACE COMPONENTS Surface to Surface Contact Temperature Temperature Al 2 O 3 -C <2912 <1600 Al 2 O 3 -Mo Al 2 O 3 -Ta Al 2 O 3 -W BeO-C BeO-Mo BeO-MgO BeO-W C-Mo * C-Ta * C-W * BeO-ZrO MgO-C MgO-Mo MgO-Ta MgO-W ** MgO-ZrO ZrO 2 -C ZrO 2 -Mo ZrO 2 -W *Strong Carbide Formation at higher temperatures. ** Strong Magnesia evaporation 23

25 MELTING POINTS OF CERTAIN SIMPLE AND COMPLEX REFRACTORY OXIDES Compound Chemical Formula Melting Point Alumina Al 2 O Aluminum Silicate (mullite) 3Al 2 O 3 2SiO * Aluminum Titanate Al2O3 TiO Aluminum Titanate Al2O3 2TiO Barium Aluminate BaO Al2O Barium Aluminate BaO 6Al2O Barium Orthosilicate BaO SiO Barium Zirconate BaO ZrO Berylium Oxide BeO Chromic Oxide Cr 2 O Iron (II) Oxide FeO Iron (III) Oxide Fe 2 O Iron (IV) Oxide Fe 3 O Magnesium Aluminate MgO Al 2 O Magnesium Ferrite MgO Fe 2 O Magnesium Oxide MgO Manganese Oxide Mn 3 O Niobium Pentoxide Nb 2 O Nickel Oxide NiO Silicon Dioxide SiO Tantalum Pentoxide Ta 2 O Titanium Dioxide TiO Vanadium Oxide V 2 O Zinc Aluminate ZnO Al 2 O Zinc Oxide ZnO Zirconium Oxide ZrO Zirconium Oxide (stabilized) ZrO 2 (stabilized) Zinc Zirconium Silicate ZnO ZrO 2 SiO Tungsten Oxide WO

26 25

27 EMISSIVITY OF COMMON MATERIALS MATERIAL TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE EMISSIVITY NUMBER Blackbody Black Paint, CuO Carbon, Lamp Black Soot, acetylene Cement White ceramic, Al2O Carbon, unoxidized Water EMMISSIVITY OF SELECT METALS MATERIAL TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE EMISSIVITY NUMBER Aluminum unoxidized Aluminum oxidized Aluminum heavily oxidized Brass unoxidized Brass oxidized Bronze polished Chromium unoxidized Chromium oxidized Copper cuprous oxide Copper heavily oxidized, black Copper polished Copper Dow Metal GOLD polished or unoxidized Iconel X Iconel B Iron cast unoxidized Iron cast oxidized Iron cast heavily oxidized Iron unoxidized Iron oxidized Iron heavily oxidized (rust) Iron (Wrought) Lead oxidized Magnesium

28 EMMISSIVITY OF SELECT METALS MATERIAL TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE EMISSIVITY NUMBER Mercury Molybdenum Molybdenum Monel Ni-Cu Monel Ni-Cu, oxidized Nickel unoxidized Nickel oxidized Niobium unoxidized Niobium oxidized Nichrome wire unoxidized Nichrome wire oxidized Nickel unoxidized Nickel oxidized Platinum Platinum Black Silver polished Steel unoxidized Steel oxidized Steel type 301 polished Steel type 303 oxidized Steel type Tantalum unoxidized Tin unoxidized Titanium C110M Tungsten unoxidized Zinc Bright galvanized Zinc unoxidized Zinc oxidized

29 VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE ELEMENTS (s-sublime) Element 10-4 Torr 10-3 Torr 10-2 Torr 10 1 Torr Aluminum Beryllium Boron Cadmium Calcium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chromium Cobalt Copper Gallium Germanium Gold Iron Lead Magnesium Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Nickel Niobium Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Potassium Rhenium Rhodium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Sulfur Tantalum Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium

30 VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE ELEMENTS (s-sublimes) Element 1.0 Torr 10 1 Torr 10 2 Torr 760 Torr Aluminum Beryllium Boron (s) 4581(s) Cadmium Calcium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chromium Cobalt Copper Gallium Germanium Gold Iron Lead Magnesium Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Nickel Niobium Palladium Phosphorus , 808 Platinum Potassium Rhenium Rhodium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Sulfur Tantalum Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium

31 Vapor Pressures of Certain Metal Oxides 10-5 Torr (0.01 micron) 10-4 Torr (0.1 microns) 10-3 Torr (1.0 micron) 10-2 Torr (10 microns) 10-1 Torr (100 microns) 760 Torr 760,000 microns Compound Formula Aluminum Oxide Al 2 O Barium Oxide BaO Beryllium Oxide BeO Calcium Oxide CaO Chromic Oxide Cr 2 O Iron (III) Oxide Fe 2 O Magnesium Oxide MgO Molybdenum MoO Trioxide Potassium Oxide K 2 O Silicon Dioxide SiO Sodium Oxide Na 2 O Titanium Oxide TiO Zirconium Oxide ZrO

Richardson-Ellingham Diagram The Richardson-Ellingham Diagram is a graphical representation of the standard Gibbs free energy changes for chemical reactions.

32 Richardson-Ellingham Diagram The Richardson-Ellingham Diagram is a graphical representation of the standard Gibbs free energy changes for chemical reactions. It can be used to determine necessary furnace conditions for prevention of unwanted oxidation of metals or the reduction of metal oxides. The main uses of this diagram are: 1. Determine the partial pressure of oxygen that is in equilibrium with the metal oxide for a given temperature; 2. Calculate the CO/CO 2 ratio required to reduce an oxide at a given temperature. 3. Determine the ease of oxidation for a given temperature and dew point. 4. Predict the temperatures at which a metal is stable and the temperature that it will readily oxidize. Gaskell, David R. Introduction of the Thermodynamics of Materials, 4 th Edition. New York: Taylor & Francis,

33 Torr, Log 10 (approx.) PPM by Volume, Log 10 Gas Purge Chart Dew point vs. PPM by Volume and Vacuum 1.E E E E E-01 1.E E E E Trevor Jones Solar Atmosheres Inc. Dew Point (F ) 32

34 Leak Rate (micron Hg/hr) Vacuum Furnace Blank Off Pressure vs. Leak Rate 100 Typical Vacuum Chamber Blank Off Pressure vs. Leak Rate E E E E E-03 Solar Atmospheres Inc. Blank Off Pressure in Torr 33

35 Common English to Metric Conversions Conversion Factors for Common Units of Length 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters (cm) = 25.4 millimeters (mm) 1 foot = meters 1 centimeter = inches 1 meter = inches = 3.28 feet = yards Conversion Factors for Common Units of Area 1 square inch = 6.45 square centimeters 1 square foot = square meter = 930 square centimeters 1 square centimeter = square inches 1 square meter = square feet= 1550 square inches Common Conversion Factors for Units of Volume (Solid and Liquid) 1 cubic inch = 16.4 cubic centimeters (cc) 1 cubic inches = 16.4 milliliters (ml) 1 cubic foot = cubic meters 1 cubic foot = 7.48 U.S. gallons 1 U.S. gallon = 3.78 liters 1 cubic foot= 28.3 liters (L) 1 cubic centimeter (cc) = cubic inches 1 milliliters (ml) = cubic inches 1 cubic meter = cubic feet 1liter = cubic feet Common Conversion Factors for Units of Mass (Weight) 1 pound (avoirdupois) lb. = gram 1 ounce = lb. = grams 1 gram = pounds = ounces 34

36 Common Pressure Conversion Factors Multiply by to calculate Atmosphere (Atm) Torr Pascal Bar Micron Psia (lb/in 2 ) Atm X X Torr 1.316X X X10-2 Pascal X X X X10-4 Bar X X X Microns X10-6 1X X X X10-5 Psia Lb/In X X To convert from one pressure unit to another use the left column to locate the old unit and multiply by the conversion factor to obtain the value in the new pressure unit. Example: To convert Atmospheres to Bar 1 Atm = Bar 1 Pascal = X10-6 Atm 35

37 36 Equivalence Table for Pressure/Vacuum Measurements (Relating Furnace Vacuum Gauge Readings (Inches Hg) to Absolute Pressure Values) Micron Hg Millibar (mbar) Torr (mmhg) Inches Hg* Vacuum Gauge Inches Hg Absolute Psia (lb/in. 2 absolute) Atm 760, , , , , , , , , , ,000 90, ,000 70,000 60,000 51, ,000 40,000 30,000 25, ,000 10,000 7,600 1,

38 37 EQUIVALENCE TABLE FURNACE VACUUM GAUGE READINGS (PSIG OR PSI) TO ABSOLUTE PRESSURE VALUES Bar Torr Psig (Furnace gauge) Psia (lb/in 2 absolute) Atm

39 TEMPERATURE CONVERSION FAHRENHEIT TO CELSIUS OR KELVIN K K K Formulas: = ( - 32)/1.8 K = ( )/1.8 = (1.8*K) = (1.8 *) + 32 = K K=

40 POWDERED METALS U.S. MESH TO MICRON CONVERSION CHART U.S. Mesh Microns Millimeters Inches Appearance Beach Sand Fine Sand Cement Silt Plant pollen 39

41 References ASM Handbook, 8 th ed. Materials Park, OH: ASM International, ASM Handbook, 9 th ed. Materials Park, OH: ASM International, ASM Handbook, 10 th ed., vol.1. Materials Park, OH: ASM International, ASM Handbook, 10 th ed., vol. 2. Materials Park, OH: ASM International, Baker, Hugh, managing ed. Metals Handbook, 9 th ed, vol. 2. Metals Park, OH: American Society for Metals, Bauccio, Michael, ed. ASM Metals Reference Book, 3 rd ed. Materials Park, OH: ASM International, Burns, Jr., Charles F., ed. Critical Melting Points for Metals and Alloys. Souderton, PA: Solar Atmospheres, Inc Emissivity of Common Materials Omega Engineering, Inc. 3 June Emissivity Table. Calex Electronics Limited, 9 June Gaskell, David R. Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Materials, 4 th ed. New York: Taylor & Francis Group, Hansen, Max, and Kurt Anderko. Constitution of Binary Alloys. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc, Harvey, Philip D., ed. Engineering Properties of Steel. Metals Park, OH: American Society for Metals, Hatch, John E., ed. Aluminum: Properties and Physical Metallurgy. Metals Park, OH: American Society for Metals, High Performance Alloys Special Metals: The Alloy Experts. 10, 13 June Hunt, Margaret W., ed. Guide to Engineered Materials. Advanced Materials & Processes December Kohl, Walter H., Handbook of Materials and Techniques for Vacuum Devices. American Institute of Physics, Lide, David R., Editor in chief. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 85 th Edition, Boca Raton, Fl. CRC Press Matweb: Material Property Data Automation Creations, Inc. 23 & 24 May Okamoto, Hiroaki. Desk Handbook: Phase Diagrams for Binary Alloys. Materials Park, OH: ASM International, Standards Handbook Part 2 Alloy Data. Greenwich, CT: Copper Development Association, Inc, Standards Handbook Part 7 Alloy Data. New York: Copper Development Association, Inc, Steel Castings Handbook, Supplement 8: High Alloy Data Sheets, Corrosion Series Steel Founders Society of America. 23 May Steel Castings Handbook, Supplement 9: High Alloy Data Sheets, Heat Series Steel Founders Society of America. 23 May Total of Emissivity of Various Surfaces. Mikron Infrared, June faktorer.pdf. 40

42 ATMOSPHERES Solar Atmospheres Eastern PA Plant A 1969 Clearview Road, Souderton, PA p Solar Atmospheres Eastern PA Plant B 255 Township Line Road, Hatfield, PA p Solar Atmospheres Western PA 30 Industrial Road, Hermitage, PA p Solar Atmospheres CA 8606 Live Oak Avenue, Fontana, CA p Copyright 2011 Rev. 4/ Clearview Road, Souderton, PA p

SUB-Programs - Calibration range Fe Base for "FOUNDRY-MASTER UV"

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