Document Name: 0101r199. Section: TAPPI PRESS

Transcription

1 Document Name: 0101r199 Section: TAPPI PRESS Title: Nonwovens: Theory, Process, Performance, and Testing TAPPI PRESS Nonwovens: Theory, Process, Performance, and Testing Edited by Albin F. Turbak Prepared for the Nonwovens Division pp., 8-1/2" x 11" hard cover. Item Number: 0101R199 ISBN: X Dr.Turbak, former professor and director of applied research at the Southern College of Technology, has chosen authors who are considered experts in their particular areas in the field of nonwovens development, engineering, and manufacture. Contents include: overview of nonwovens; nonwoven terminology; polymer chemistry and physics; capillarity and surface phenomena; nonwoven engineering principles; wet-laid systems; dry-laid systems; polymerlaid systems; filtration theory & applications; and absorbency and testing. Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Overview of Nonwovens Manufacturing of nonwoven fabric Classification of nonwovens Finishing of nonwovens Properties, Uses and Testing of nonwovens Chapter 2: Nonwoven Terminology Chapter 3: Polymers: Chemistry and Physics Polymer types Polymer synthesis and structure Natural polymers Synthetic polymers Polymer structure/property relationships Physical properties Solution properties Chapter 4: Capillarity and Surface Phenomena Equilibrium contact angle Contact angle and work of adhesion Capillary condensation of moisture Interfacial and capillary properties Liquid flow in capillary tubes Liquid wicking measurements Flow through porous media Capillary adsorption measurements Chapter 5: Nonwoven Engineering Principles Material Balance Steady State Complex Steady State Transient State Energy Balance Heat Transfer Fluid Flow and Viscosity Fluid Flow and Viscosity Fluid Types Capillary Flow

2 Flow Through Cylinders Flow Through Porous Media Nonwoven Structures and Characteristics Fiber Structural Arrangements Bonding Types and Locations Effects of Fiber and Component Properties and Fabric Structure on final fabric properties Nonwoven Deformation and Repture Mechanisms Mechanics of Deformation Tensile Mechanics Bending Mechanics Mechanics of Multiplex Structures Chapter 6: Wet-laid Systems Raw Materials Forming machinery Bonding Drying Hydroentanglement Chapter 7: Dry-laid Systems Fiber preparation, blending, opening, feeding Web formation and layering Mechanical web formation Carding and Garnetting Aerodynamic web formation Rando webber and Random card Bonding and web stabilizing Mechanical bonding Needle punching and stitch bonding Thermal bonding Chemical bonding Saturation, print, foam and spray bonding Hydroentanglement Chapter 8: Polymer-laid Systems Spunbonding processes Docan, Reicofil, Flash Spinning and Lutravil Systems Process Variables Properties and Applications of Spunbonded Webs The Melt-blown Process Process description Process variables Properties and applications of melt blown webs Spunbond and melt-blown process mechanics Mass, force, energy and air flow rate balances Chapter 9: Filtration Theory and Applications Filtration/separation mechanisms Impingement, coalescence and interception Fibers used for filter media Filter media constructions Designing nonwoven filter media Triboelectric effects Chapter 10: Absorbency and Testing Part A: Testing Methods and Techniques Description of INDA, ASTM, and AATCC tests Part B: Techniques of absorbency measurement Demand absorbency and Wicking test Liquid retention tests Rate of fluid uptake Subject Index: AATCC-Standard test methods of testing nonwoven fabrics Abrasion resistance Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics Absorbency Absorbency characteristics Absorbency characteristics of nonwoven fabrics Absorbency measurement Absorbent capacity of fabrics Absorption Absorption measurement techniques Absorption-exsorption Accelerator Method Accumulation Acetal polymer Addition polymers Adhesive forces Adhesive shear strength Adiabatic process Adsorption Adsorption isotherm Aerodynamic web formations Agglomerated bonding structures Air flow rate Air manifolds Air Permeability Air-laid webs Alcohol repellency of nonwovens Alginates Amino-acid polymers Amorphous polymers Amylopectin Amylose Animal-hair fibers Anti-microbial finish Apparent maximum opening size of geotextiles Applications Applications of melt-blown webs Applications of spunbond webs Area bonding

3 Asphalt retention and area change of paving engineering fabrics ASTM ASTM-standard methods of testing Attenuated fibers Automotive Background Bale opening Basis weight Bending mechanics of fiberweb structures Bending modulus Bending modulus of a multiplex structure Bending rigidity Beta linkage Biocomponent fibers Biocomponent filaments Binder Binder concentration Bingham plastic fluids Bleaching of nonwovens Blended Blending Bond failure mechanism Bond strength of laminates Bond structural arrangements Bonding Bonding agents Bonding element compositions Bonding element failure Breaking load and elongation of geotextile Breaking load/elongation Brushing Bulk polymerization Bursting strength Calendering Cantilever stiffness Capillarity Capillary Capillary flow Capillary properties Caprolactam Carbohydrate polymers Card Carded webs Carding Carding action CARDMASTERS card Carothers equation Cellulose Cellulose acetate Cellulose ethers Cellulose gums Cellulosic fibers Centrifugal dynamic random card Centrifugal dynamic web formations Chain-transfer agents Characteristics Characteristics and properties melt-blown webs Characteristics and properties of spunbond webs Characteristics and properties Characteristics and properties of nonwovens Characterization of the nonwoven products Charge Decay Chemical Chemical bonding Chemical finishing Chemical/adhesive Chemical/adhesive bonding Chute feeding Civil engineering Classification based on fiber type Classification based on web consolidation Classification based on web formation Classification based on web structure Classification on nonwovens Closed systems Clothing Coalescence Coarse opening Coefficient of friction of nonwovens Cohesion Cohesive failure Cohesive forces Cold flow Collagen Complex steady state Composite Composite nonwovens structures Composite structure Condensation Condensation of vapor Condensation polymers Conduction Conductive Consistency Contact angle Contact angles Contaminate removal efficiency Contraction factor Convective heat transfer Conversion factor table Copolymerization Copolymers Creep Creping Crimped fibers Cross layering Cross-directional Cross-laid webs Crosslapper Crystalline polymers Curl Cylinder dryers

4 Cylinder machine Cylinder machines Darcy's law Definition of nonwoven fabrics Definition of tensile properties Deformation mechanisms Degree of polymerization Degree of substitution Deltaformer Demand Absorbency and Wicking Test Demand wettability Denier Density Deposition Deposition ratio Desorption Determination of air flow rate Diapers Die assembly Die block assembly Die nosepiece Dilatant fluids DIN Dispersion polymerization Disposable element Docan system Drawing Dry laid Dry spinning Dry-laid system Dry-web process Drying Drying methods Duplex sheet Dyeing Dynamic wettability Dynamics of melt spinning Dynamics of the melt spinning process EDANA Edge Tear Effects of bonding element properties Effects of fabric structure Effects of fiber properties Effects of fiber stress-strain properties Effects of nonwoven components Elastic collisions Electrical responses Electrostatic properties Embossing Emulsion polymerization Energy balance Energy method analysis Energy of absorption Energy transport Entangler unit Enthalpy Entropy Envelopes Epoxide rings Equilibrium contact angle Erosion control Exsorption Extraction tests Extruder Fabric elongation Fabric modulus Fabric stiffness properties Fabric/web structures Factors affecting absorbency Failure mechanism Failure mechanisms Fan pump Felting needles Fiber curl Fiber curl factor Fiber curl frequency distribution Fiber failure Fiber orientation angles Fiber preparation Fiber selection Fiber structural arrangement Fiber surface charging Fiber type Fiber-bonding element interface Fiber/raw material selection Fibers Fiberweb bending Fiberweb structures Fillet clothing Filter media Filter media constructions Filtration Fine opening Finishing of nonwovens Flame-retardant finish Flammability Flash spinning Flexible wire Flexing and Abrasion Flexural rigidity Floater dryers Flocculation Flow behavior index Flow conductivity Flow through porous media Fluid flow through cylinders Fluid rheological parameters Fluid types Fluid viscosity Fluid-flow Foam bonding Force balance Forming machinery Fourdrinier Free energy

5 Free-radical polymerization Frequency distribution function Fuel water separator Garnett GAT Gelatin Geotextile fabric tests Glass-transition temperatures Glossary Grain of the sheet Gravimetric absorbency tester Guar gum Gurley stiffness test Hagen-Poiseuille law of laminar Handle-o-meter stiffness Heat Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat transfer Heat transfer mechanisms Heat transfer rates Heavy web formations Hemiacetal Hemicelluloses Histogram Homo polymers Hopper feeding Household Hydroentanglement Hydroentangling Hydroformer Hydrostatic tension Hydroxyethyl cellulose Hysteresis Impaction Impingement dryers Inclined wire fourdriniers Incontinence devices INDA INDA-Standard methods of testing nonwoven fabrics INDA STANDARD TESTS Inflated Diaphragm Initiation and propagation Insulation Interface energy Interfaces Interfacial properties Interlaminar bonding Internal bond strength Internal energy Internal Tear Resistance Interphase attraction Isobaric Isothermal Isotherms Isotropic Kelvar Kelvin Eq. Kinetic energy Klemm test Kozeny-Carmen Kozeny-Carmen equation Laminar flow Lamination Langmuir Laparotomy sponges Laplace Laplace equation Law of Conservation of Matter Layering Liquid absorbency time Liquid absorptive capacity Liquid retention tests Liquid wicking Liquid wicking rate Literature on spunbonding and melt blowing Load sharing Low-melting binder fibers Lucas-Washburn equation Lutravil system Machine directional webs Makeup rate Man-made microfibers Manufacturing of nonwovens Mass balance MASTERCARD MASTERCHUTE Material balance Material balance calculations Material variables Mean pore size Measurement of rate of fluid uptake Measuring the wicking rate Mechanical Mechanical bonding Mechanical bonding technique Mechanical finishing Mechanical properties Mechanical web formations Mechanics of deformation Mechanics of multiplex structures Mechanics of net-like structures Mechanistic models Melamine-formaldehyde resins Melt index Melt spinning Melt-blowing process Melt-blown process Meltable fibers

6 Metallic clothing Metallic wire Metering pump Micro-Tuft Opener Microfibers Microporous solids Modified demand wettability test Mohr's circle Moisture Molar substitution Molecular-weight distribution Motor vehicle interior fabric flammability Multilayered structures Multiplex fabric flexural modulus Multiplex fabric tensile modulus Multiplex structures Natural Natural gums Natural polymers Needle punch Needle punching Needle-punched fabrics Needling Net-like structures Network Model Newtonian fluid Nomex Nonwoven deformation mechanisms Nonwoven fabric Nonwoven fabric rupture mechanisms Nonwoven fabrics Nonwoven filter media Nonwoven terminology Nonwovens Nylon Nylon 6,6 Nylon-6 Nylon-6,6 Off-line variables Oil Repellency Hydrocarbon Resistance Test On-line variables Opacity Operational variables Optical properties OPTIMIX head OPTOMIX Orientation angle Orthotropic structures Orthotropic theory Oscillating Cylinder Packaging Packaging material Papermaking Papermaking machinery Partial solvation bonding Pariculate building up Particulate clusters Peptide linkage Performance characteristics Permanent filter unit Permeability Permeability k Permittivity of geotextiles Physical properties PINSONIC Plasticizers Point bonding Point-bonded structures Poiseuilles Law Poissons' ratio Polar plots Polyester Polyesters Polyethers Polyethylene Polymer feed distribution Polymer laid Polymer manufacturing methods Polymer residence time in an extruder Polymer Solution Dynamics Polymer solutions Polymer synthesis Polymer types Polymerization mechanism Polymers Polypropylene Polyurethane Pond regulator Pore structure Pore volume Porosity Potential energy Power Law fluids Practice problems Predicted contraction factor values Predicting nonwoven tensile mechanics Print bonding Probability density function Process description Process variables Production rate Protein based gum Protein polymers Pseudoplastic fluids Puncture strength of geotextiles Pyranose-ring Radiant heat source Radiation Rando web machines Rando webber Random web Random webs Rayon

7 Rayons Rectifier roll Regenerated cellulose Reicofil system Repellency Reservoir lining Residence time in nip during calendering Resistence to dry cleaning and laundering Resistence to linting Resistance to penetration of bacteria Retention capacity Rheology Roller-top card Rotary Platform Rotoformer Saline repellency of nonwovens Sampling of geotextile for testing Sanitary and medical Saturation bonding Screw extruder Seam breaking test Segmented bonding structures Separation mechanism Shear deformation Shear flow Shear modulus Shear rate Shear stress Sieving Silos Sizing Solubility Solubility parameter Solution behavior Solution flash-spun system Solution polymerization Solution properties Solution rheology Solvation "sheaths" Solvation shells Sonic pulse propagation techniques Spark Energy Spinnerettete Spinning Spontaneous uptake Spray bonding Spreading of a liquid Spunbond and melt-blown process mechanics Spunbonding process Spunlacing Starch Steady state Steady-state saturated flow Stereo-regular polymers Stereoregularity Stick temperature stitch bonding Stitch-bonded fabrics Stitch-bonding Stress Stripping action Structure/property relationships Super slurpers Surface Resistivity Surface tension Surface tensions Surfacing Surfactant Swelling Synthetic Synthetic fibers Synthetic polymers T G Tear Tear Strength Techniques of absorbency measurement Technological importance-moisture absorption Tensile mechanics Tensile properties Tensile strength of adhesives Termination Testing Testing methods Testing of nonwovens Thermal Thermal area bonding Thermal bond Thermal bonding Thermal calendering Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Thermal insulation Thermal techniques Thermoset systems Theta Solvent Thickness Three-dimensional webs Through-air oven Through-dryers Torricelli's theorem Transient heat conduction Transient state Transverse webs Transverse-oriented Trapezoid Tearing Strength Trapezoid tearing strength of geotextiles Triboelectric effect Two-dimensional webs Two-phase headbox Ultrasonic vibrations Uniaxial tension and bending Uniform Abrasion Unsteady-state flow

8 Unsteady-state material balance Uses of nonwovens Vibrafeed Vinyl polymers Viscoelastic behavior Washburn equation Washburn expression Water Repellency Tumble Jar Dynamic Absorption Test Water Repellency Static Absorption Test Water Repellency: Spray Test Water Resistance Hydrostatic Pressure Test Water Resistance Impact Penetration Test Water Resistance Rain Test Water retention value Water Vapor Transmission Water-soluble gums Web consolidation Web finishing and converting Web formation Web stabilizing formations Web uniformity test Weight (grammage) Wet laid Wet spinning Wet-laid nonwovens Wettability Wetting rate Wicking Wicking rate Wilhelmy Wilhelmy equation Winding Wool Work Work of adhesion Work of cohesion Worker/stripper action Yankee dryers Young Young's modules Young-DuPre equation Ziegler catalysts