Food Safety Pest Management & Fumigation Services Regional Companies Nationwide Service Global Network

Transcription

1 Food Safety Pest Management & Fumigation Services Regional Companies Nationwide Service Global Network

2 FPA is an organization of Regional companies formally organized to provide National capabilities of: Pest Management / Food Safety Fumigation Alternatives to Fumigation

3 Coverage in North America

4 To learn more, visit us at Regional Companies // Nationwide Services // Global Network Food Safety Pest Management & Fumigation Services

5 Phosphine Resistance Management Tom Phillips Department of Entomology Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA

6 Topics/Questions Covered Today Basic of stored grain insects and their economic impacts on grain What is PH 3 Resistance? How can PH3 resistance be detected? Weak R and Strong R: the bad.and the ugly Can we manage phosphine resistance?

7 Internal Grain Feeders Larvae develop inside whole kernels to produce adult Lesser Grain Borer Rice Weevil External Grain Feeders Larvae use broken kernels, dust; outside the kernel Red flour beetle Rusty grain beetle Indian meal moth Many, many more.

8 Lesser Grain Borer

9 Lesser Grain Borer Damage 100 adults left in grain for 7 days and then removed 86 o F 0 days 28 days 56 days 76 days 106 days 128 days

10 Rice Weevil

11 Rusty Grain Beetle

12 Indianmeal Moth

13 Phosphine gas: Comes from Phosphide Salts Aluminum Phosphide reacts with water vapor to produce PH 3 AlP + 3H 2 O Al(OH) 3 + PH 3 **Phopshine is the hammer to use selectively only when needed to assure that grain is not damaged or delivered with detectable living insects**

14 What is Insecticide Resistance? Resistance occurs when an insect acquires a new gene that allows that one insect to survive an exposure to a toxin that would normally kill others in the same species that lack that trait. Resistance is heritable and can be selected quickly in a population with each application of the toxin, once the proper genes are present.

15 Resistance development: One healthy insect is born with a mutation for resistance to a specific pesticide Human selection by spraying: Insects with the resistanceconferring gene(s) live and mate with others or may/may not have the genes Repeated use of the insecticide selects for all resistant survivors in the population!!! O=susceptible individual O=resistant individual

16 How to detect resistance: Discriminating Dose Test Use normal, susceptible insects Expose groups of these to increasing concentrations of PH 3 Highest concentrations should give 100% kill Intermediate doses should give intermediate kill Plot results and analyze with statistical test Calculate LD 99, the lethal dose to kill 99%

17 Controlled Laboratory Fumigation Tests

18 %Kill of Susceptible Insects from Increasing Doses LD 99 Statistics can Predict Needed Discriminating Dose

19 PH 3 Resistance 30 yrs later in OK

20 Phosphine Resistance in OK LGB 10 Adults per vial; 20 ppm gas for 20 hours as discriminating dose Counties % Resistance Replicate 1 Replicate 2 Payne Payne Payne Garfield Logan Susceptible 0 0

21 Estimates of Doses to Kill Phosphine Susceptible and Resistant LGBs in 3 days Sample LC 99 (95% CI) Susceptible 2.26 ( ) Payne ( ) Logan ( ) Garfield ( )

22 Lethal Concentrations Required to Kill 99% of Resistant Lesser Grain Borer Populations in OK Samples compared Payne 1 vs Susceptible Logan vs Susceptible Garfield vs Susceptible # of concentration groups Lethal conc. ratios LC 99 (95% CI) ( ) ( ) ( ) Weak Strong Strong

23 Kansas Red Four Beetles: Detecting Phosphine Resistance RFB Discriminating Dose: 30 ppm

24 Detecting Strong Phosphine Resistance: Do Test at Higher Dose Red Flour Beetle in Kansas: 30 ppm and then 180 ppm

25 Pest Species in US Confirmed Resistant to PH 3 Lesser Grain Borer, Rhyzopertha dominica Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum Rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus Rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae Cigarette Beetle, Lasioderma serricorne

26 Managing Phosphine Resistance First:.Is there is a problem controlling insects with PH 3? If any resistance is suspected, stop using phosphine! Susceptible genes will build up, and formerly resistant populations might be killed with high conc/long exp. Weak resistance might be eliminated with high conc/long exp. Or use a totally different fumigant or good grain protectant! New mode of action can work; must kill all PH3 resistant pests! PH 3 can be resumed only when problem is managed. Practice good stored grain IPM: prevention, sanitation, monitoring, targeted action when needed.

27 Needed: Stored Grain Beetles for Phosphine Resistance Testing We need: Lesser grain borer Red flour beetle Rice weevil Rusty grain beetle..or anything else you can send us! **Send live beetles or infested grain samples to Tom Phillips at K State** Tom Phillips Dept. of Entomology 123 Waters Hall Kansas State University Manhattan, KS phone twp1@ksu.edu

28 Questions about Phosphine Resistance Testing **Contact Tom Phillips at K State** Dept. of Entomology 123 Waters Hall Kansas State University Manhattan, KS phone twp1@ksu.edu

29 FUMIGATION Phosphine Resistance Series

30 Storage Pests: The Grain Weevil The GOAL; Start with ZERO!

31 Innovation in Fumigation

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33 Innovation in Fumigation

34 Innovation in Fumigation

35 Storage Trends Bigger Cheaper Harder to Fumigate Innovation in Fumigation

36 Fumigation> What have we learned about fumigation in the last two years? Fumigation is still the only method to kill ALL life stages of the insect. Fumigation is NOT 100% elimination of all pests in a structure. Fumigation gas levels MUST be monitored. Innovation in Fumigation

37 Grain Fumigation Treatment Choice 6000 Fumigant Efficacy Relationship Concentration (PPM) Phosphine Methyl Bromide Sulfuryl Fluoride

38 More testing is needed on phosphine resistance? How do you identify phosphine resistance? Support university grants Commercial testing availability Quick field test kits

39 More testing is needed on phosphine resistance?

40 More testing is needed on phosphine resistance? How do you identify phosphine resistance? Support university grants Commercial testing availability Quick field test kits

41 More testing is needed on phosphine resistance?

42 More testing is needed on phosphine resistance? FAO 1970 s Narcosis Opit & Phillips found resistance above +3,000 ppm (LGB)

43 More testing is needed on phosphine resistance?

44 What Next? Let s Stop Continued Phosphine Resistance. 1) Seal Better 2) Monitor All Fumigations

45 Gas Tightness Most US grain storages are not sealed. Most non sealed grain storages are not sealed properly in preparation for fumigation. Innovation in Fumigation

46 Innovation in Fumigation

47 Innovation in Fumigation

48 Innovation in Fumigation

49 Innovation in Fumigation

50 Innovation in Fumigation

51 Gas Monitoring Most grain fumigations are not monitored for efficacy. Most fumigators do not understand what is required to deliver an effective fumigation. Innovation in Fumigation

52 Phosphine Resistance Series FUMIGATING or FUMIGUESSING Innovation in Fumigation

53 Innovation in Fumigation

54 Innovation in Fumigation

55 WHAT IS YOUR FUMIGATION STRATEGY? Do you have phosphine resistance? Do you sealing bins tight enough? Are you monitoring your fumigations? Innovation in Fumigation

56 John Mueller 701 North First Street East St. Louis, IL (cell) Member