Engineered Lubricant System for Demanding Applications. Peter Sokolowski and Chris Schade Hoeganaes Corporation Cinnaminson, NJ 08077
|
|
- Sabina Newman
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Engineered Lubricant System for Demanding Applications Peter Sokolowski and Chris Schade Hoeganaes Corporation Cinnaminson, NJ Abstract Over the years, admixed lubricants used in Powder Metallurgy (PM) have been effective at meeting the needs of the industry to manufacture traditional PM parts. With increasing demand to improve upon part tolerances, surface finish, density, weight consistency, and reduced environmental impact; the conventional lubricants have been pushed to their physical limitations. Currently, there is no single lubricant used in large scale PM production that satisfies every need of the market. In an effort to provide the PM industry solutions, Ancorlube has been developed as an engineered lubricant system that can be tailored to meet multiple criteria for robust part manufacturing. Laboratory data on compressibility and ejection characteristics is presented using FC-0205 premixes comparing conventional lubricants to Ancorlube. Ancorlube demonstrates comparable ejection characteristics as Kenolube over a range of concentrations and die temperature. To better replicate manufacturing conditions, compaction of a 1 inch diameter spur gear was performed on a production size mechanical press comparing Ancorlube with a Kenolube containing premix using a heated die. The Ancorlube containing mix exhibited slightly better weight consistency than a Kenolube containing mix at a reduced compaction pressure. Introduction Traditional PM lubricants typically consist of metallic stearates, synthetic amide waxes, and composite hybrids of stearates and waxes admixed into premixes at mass percent [1-4]. Lubricants have a strong influence on powder behavior such as apparent density and flow and are critical for providing even
2 distribution of forces for uniform green density during compaction. Furthermore, lubricants are necessary to reduce ejection forces to improve tool life and permit production of high precision components with good surface finish. Ideally, a single lubricant would provide these advantages while maintaining high compressibility of the powder, provide excellent green strength of the powder compact, and burn out cleanly during sintering. Currently, there is no single lubricant that can meet all these demands in one package, whereby selection of a lubricant over another could possibly lead to a sacrifice in one property in order to improve another for a specific processing requirement or application need. Consequently, a need exists to develop a lubricant that can better support all the demands needed to enable robust part manufacturing and reduce environmental impact. This paper will focus on comparing traditional admixed lubricants with a recently developed lubricant system, Ancorlube. Laboratory test samples were compacted at room temperature and using a warm die at a temperature of 60 C. When using lubricants designed for warm die compaction, this approach can effectively lower the necessary ejection forces and increase the achieveable green density, often resulting in improved properties overall [5]. All lubricants in this study were added to premixes at levels of 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% by mass, showing the advantages and disadvantages of each lubricant in a common PM FC-0205 premix. Experimental Procedure Laboratory premixes of similar composition were prepared for this study using commercially available Ancorsteel 1000B base iron powder from Hoeganaes Corporation. All four premixes contained 2.0 mass % Royal Cu 155 powder, 0.6 mass % Asbury type 3203H graphite, and 0.4, 0.6, or 0.8 mass % lubricant content. The nominal compositions for each premix are shown in Table 1. Commonly used lubricants, Acrawax C and Kenolube, were used as a reference for evaluation against Ancorlube from Hoeganaes. Table 1: Nominal compositions and identifications of lubricants studied (mass %). Acrawax C Kenolube Ancorlube Base Iron Balance Balance Balance Cu Graphite Lubricant 0.4, 0.6, or , 0.6, or , 0.6, or 0.8 All laboratory procedures were carried out in accordance with the appropriate MPIF standards [6]. The green density and ejection characteristics were observed on rectangular bars with 32 x 12.7 x 12.7 mm dimensions according to MPIF Standard 15. Using a hydraulic compaction press, the initial ejection pressure (strip) and pressure applied as the bar is exiting the die (slide) was measured over time. Green density and ejection data were evaluated using compaction pressures of 414, 552, and 690MPa (30, 40, and 50 Tsi) at room temperature and a heated die at 60 C (140 F). The burn-out characteristics of each of the lubricants was characterized through the use of a weight loss evaluation. The weight loss of each lubricant was measured using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) on a Netzsch STA 449 C. The total weight loss was measured in air over a temperature range from room temperature to 800 C in order to simulate lubricant burn-out during sintering.
3 Results The compressibility curves for test bars pressed at room temperature and 60 C are shown in Figure 1. At room temperature compaction, Acrawax and Kenolube provided similar compressibility of the premix over the range of lubricant content. Ancorlube was found to have lower overall compressibility under these conditions, though only by 0.05g/cm 3 less at the highest lubricant content evaluated. At 60 C die temperature, all premixes showed an increase in compressibility, by +0.05g/cm 3, compared with compaction at room temperature. At lubricant levels between wt%, the difference in compressibility between lubricants are small, however, Ancorlube displays a marginally lower compressibility at higher compaction tonnages. Figure 1: Compressibility at room temperature and heated die at 60 C at levels of 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% lubricant content.
4 Figure 2 illustrates the green strength for each premix based on lubricant type, content, and compaction temperature. At room temperature, Ancorlube was found to provide equivalent green strength as Kenolube. Acrawax containing premixes exhibited the lowest green strength at room temperature over the range of lubricant content evaluated. Using a heated die, Kenolube and Ancorlube exhibited similar green strength behavior. As the amount of lubricant is increased from 0.4 to 0.8%, the green strength improves slightly at lower green densities for Ancorlube and Kenolube. Conversely, Acrawax shows a decline in green strength at increased levels and warm compaction. A downside of increasing lubricant content is effectively reducing the pore free density (PFD); this generally results in reduced green strength as the material system approaches and exceeds 98% of the PFD. This is evident as the green strength plateaus and starts to decline around a green density of 7.25 g/cm 3 with a lubricant content of 0.8%. Figure 2: Green strength vs. green density at room temperature and 60 C; 0.4 wt% 0.6 wt%, and 0.8 wt% lubricant content.
5 The ejection characteristics at room temperature compaction conditions for each premix can be seen in Figure 3. For both the strip and slide pressures, Acrawax typically demonstrated the highest ejection forces, requiring ~3,000 4,500 Psi to initiate movement and 2,000 3,500 Psi to slide the bar out of the die. Kenolube and Ancorlube displayed similar ejection behavior, requiring ~ 2,800 3,500 Psi to start ejection and 1,200 2,000 Psi to fully extract the bar. There does appear to be a point of diminishing return with regards to the amount of lubricant and a subsequent reduction in ejection forces as there is only a marginal drop in forces going from 0.6 to content. This observation is relative to part size, fill depth, and therefore distance the part must travel to be removed from the die. Larger and/or taller parts generally require a greater amount of lubricant content to sufficiently compact and eject without scoring the part or die surface. Figure 3: Ejection characteristics over a range of compaction pressures at room temperature.
6 The ejection characteristics at 60 C compaction conditions for each premix are provided in Figure 4. As with room temperature compaction, strip and slide pressures for an Acrawax containing premix typically demonstrated the highest ejection forces. Acrawax required a pressure of about ~3,500 7,000 Psi to initiate movement based on lubricant content and compaction pressure and 2,000 3,500 Psi to slide the bar out of the die. Kenolube and Ancorlube displayed lower ejection behavior as before, requiring ~ 3,000 5,000 Psi to start ejection and 1,000 2,500 Psi to fully extract the bar. Figure 4: Ejection characteristics over a range of compaction pressures and 60 C die temperature. Production Press Trial A production trial was performed in order to compare the weight consistency of a premix with 0.75% Ancorlube to that of 0.75% Kenolube using a Dorst TPA 140 mechanical press. The part compacted was a 1-inch spur gear having 16 teeth and a 3/8 inch core rod diameter, Figure 5. Approximately 300 gears
7 were compacted to a density of 7.0g/cm 3 with a heated die at 63 C (145 ± 3 F). During the compaction run, all parts were collected and weighed to determine weight consistency, which is a reflection on the flow and fill behavior of the premix into the die cavity. Figure 6 illustrates the trends in weight for both premixes with the statistical results listed in Table 2. The results of the trial indicate that the Ancorlube containing premix compared favorably with that of a Kenolube containing premix. Spur gear production utilizing Ancorlube demonstrated a low standard deviation (± 0.1 g) with a reduced compaction pressure (579 MPa) compared with Kenolube containing parts (620MPa). This finding is somewhat contrary to results found during lab scale tests, as reported in Figure 1, where Ancorlube exhibited slightly lower compressibility under like compaction conditions. Additionally, the surface finish of the gears was found to be similar between the two different premixes. Table 2 Production Trial Kenolube Ancorlube Average Weight (g) Standard Deviation (g) Range (g) σ Compaction Pressure (MPa) Figure 5: Spur Gear A B Figure 6: Spur gear weight measurements based on a premix containing (A) Kenolube (B) Ancorlube. Burn-out Study The burn-out characteristics were evaluated using TGA, where weight loss of the lubricant is measured vs. temperature over a range of 100 to 800 C, Figure 7. As seen in the figure, Acrawax and Ancorlube burn out more completely at lower temperatures in the heating cycle. Approximately 0% of the lubricant remains after the temperature exceeds 600 C. This means that 100% of the lubricant was vaporized and is no longer present. Meanwhile, Kenolube and zinc stearate begin to burn off between 400 and 500 C, but level out at about 600 C and reach a minimum value of remaining lubricant between 5 and 15%. This means that after reaching a temperature equivalent to that seen in the de-lubrication zone of a
8 sintering furnace, approximately 5% Kenolube and 15% zinc stearate remains. This portion of the lubricant is left behind in the form of soot on the sample surface. The implication of residual lubricant can potentially lead to issues with sinter quality, dimensional change, quality inspection systems, and the aesthetics of the component in general. Figure 7: Thermogravimetric Analysis of select lubricants, heated from room temperature to 800 C in flowing air. [7] To further evaluate the lubricant burn out behavior, cylinders were compacted having a diameter of 1.75 inch (4.5 cm) and weighing 400 grams from a FC-0208 premix with either Ancorlube or Kenolube as the lubricant at 0.75%. The cylinders were sintered at 1120 C (2050 F) in an 90% Nitrogen + 10% Hydrogen atmosphere using a ceramic belt sintering furnace with a total gas flow of 900 scfm. The surface appearance was documented in Figure 8, where the Kenolube containing sample exhibited some surface sooting and the Ancorlube sample surface was found to be clean. Figure 8: Cylinders with a diameter of 1.75 inch (4.5 cm) weighing 400g; sintered at 1120 C using 90%N 2+10%H 2 atmosphere: (left) Kenolube containing FC-0208 premix; (right) Ancorlube containing FC-0208 premix.
9 Conclusions Traditional PM lubricants are typically unable to satisfy every requirement now being requested by part manufacturers. In an effort to meet these demands, Ancorlube has been developed with a focus on good lubricity over a range of compaction temperatures and excellent burn out characteristics. Serial production of a spur gear with Ancorlube revealed promising weight consistency with a low variation and at a reduced compaction pressure when compared with an equivalent premix containing Kenolube. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Ryan Hendrickson and Jon Baumgartner for their contributions to this work. References 1. D. Saha and D. Apelian, Control Strategy for the De-lubrication of P/M Compacts, International Journal of Powder Metallurgy, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp , H. Rodrigues, S. Madill, M. Folliard, T. Liu, Optimizing Compacting Lubricant Selection A Comparison Study of Various Commercially Available Lubricants, Proceedings of the 2008 World Congress on Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materials, Washington, D.C., June 8 12, S. St-Laurent, Y. Thomas, L. Azzi, High Performance Lubricants for Demanding PM Applications, Advances in Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials, Vol. 1, Part 3, pp. 1-13, V. Paris, S. St-Laurent, Y. Thomas, Key Advantages of High Performance Lubricants for the Manufacturing of Powder Metallurgy Parts, Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materials, Orlando, Florida, May F. Hanejko, Single Press/Single Sinter Solutions to High Density, Powder Metallurgy, Vol. 53, No. 2, pp , Standard Test Methods for Metal Powders and Powder Metallurgy Products, published by MPIF, C. Schade, P. Sokolowski, K. McQuaig, Improved Lubricant System for Enhanced Premix Performance, EuroPM 2013, Gothenburg, Sweden, European Powder Metallurgy Association.
Development of a Lubricant System for Improved Performance of Premixes
Development of a Lubricant System for Improved Performance of Premixes Kylan McQuaig, Chris Schade, Peter Sokolowski Hoeganaes Corporation Cinnaminson, NJ 08077 Abstract Particulate lubricants are commonly
More informationAtomized Low Apparent Density (AD) Iron Powder For Advanced PM Applications
Atomized Low Apparent Density (AD) Iron Powder For Advanced PM Applications Peter Sokolowski and Francis Hanejko Hoeganaes Corporation Cinnaminson, NJ 08077 ABSTRACT A low apparent density atomized iron
More informationEFFECT OF MOLYBDENUM CONTENT IN PM STEELS
EFFECT OF MOLYBDENUM CONTENT IN PM STEELS Bruce Lindsley and Howard Rutz Hoeganaes Corporation Cinnaminson, NJ 08077, USA ABSTRACT Molybdenum (Mo) is a highly effective alloying element in ferrous powder
More informationEvaluation of Innovative High Performance Lubricants for Compaction of Complex Powder Metallurgy Parts
Presented at the Euro PM2013 congress held in Gothenburg, Sweden in September 2013 and published in the congress conference proceedings available from the European Powder Metallurgy Association (EPMA).
More informationADVANCED PROPERTIES OF HIGH DENSITY FERROUS POWDER METALLURGY MATERIALS
ADVANCED PROPERTIES OF HIGH DENSITY FERROUS POWDER METALLURGY MATERIALS H. G. Rutz, A. J. Rawlings and T. M. Cimino HOEGANAES CORPORATION RIVERTON, NJ 08077 Presented at PM 2 TEC '95 May 14-17, 1995 -
More informationMethods to Improve the Fatigue Life of Sinter-Hardened Components
Methods to Improve the Fatigue Life of Sinter-Hardened Components Alan Taylor GKN Sintered Metals Salem, Indiana Francis Hanejko Hoeganaes Corporation Cinnaminson, NJ Abstract: Previous experimental work
More informationPROPERTIES OF DIFFUSION BONDED ALLOYS PROCESSED TO HIGH DENSITIES. F. G. Hanejko and H. G. Rutz Hoeganaes Corporation Riverton, NJ 08077
PROPERTIES OF DIFFUSION BONDED ALLOYS PROCESSED TO HIGH DENSITIES F. G. Hanejko and H. G. Rutz Hoeganaes Corporation Riverton, NJ 08077 U. Engström and B. Johansson Höganäs AB Höganäs, Sweden Presented
More informationPresented at PM2010 World Congress in Florence, Italy Manuscript refereed by Prof Didier Bouvard, Grenoble INP
Presented at PM2010 World Congress in Florence, Italy Manuscript refereed by Prof Didier Bouvard, Grenoble INP ACHIEVING HIGH DENSITY BY SINGLE COMPACTION OF STEEL POWDER PREMIXES Sylvain St-Laurent *,
More informationP/M High Strength Magnetic Alloys
P/M High Strength Magnetic Alloys Igor Gabrielov, Christopher Wilson, Timothy Weilbaker, & Arthur Barrows Borg Warner Corporation Livonia, Michigan Francis Hanejko & George Ellis Hoeganaes Corporation
More information25 s/50g. The Effect of Compaction Pressure on Ancorsteel 85 HP with 0.5 w/o Zinc Stearate Green Density. Green Strength (MPa)
71-AS8HP-D-2 Pg 1 of 7 Ancorsteel 8 HP Typical Analysis and Properties Composition (weight %) (w/o) Ancorsteel 8 HP is a water atomized, prealloyed low-alloy steel powder for high performance applications.
More informationSTUDY OF COMPACTION AND EJECTION PROPERTIES OF POWDER MIXES PROCESSED BY WARM COMPACTION. S. St-Laurent *, F. Chagnon * and Y.
STUDY OF COMPACTION AND EJECTION PROPERTIES OF POWDER MIXES PROCESSED BY WARM COMPACTION by S. St-Laurent *, F. Chagnon * and Y. Thomas ** * Quebec Metal Powders Limited ** Industrial Materials Institute,
More informationChallenges in Processing of P/M Chromium Manganese Low-Alloy Steels
Challenges in Processing of P/M Chromium Manganese Low-Alloy Steels Robert J. Causton 1 and Bruce A. Lindsley 2 1 Hoeganaes Corporation, Buzau, Romania 2 Hoeganaes Corporation, Cinnaminson, NJ 08077, USA
More informationFaster, consistent flow is obtained.
DUST AND SEGREGATION-FREE POWDERS FOR FLEXIBLE P/M PROCESSING Sydney H. Luk and Jack A. Hamill, Jr. Hoeganaes Corporation, Riverton, NJ 08077 ABSTRACT During the past few years, there has been increasing
More informationA SUPERIOR SINTER-HARDENABLE MATERIAL. M.C. Baran, A.H. Graham, A.B. Davala, R.J. Causton, and C. Schade Hoeganaes Corporation Cinnaminson, NJ 08077
A SUPERIOR SINTER-HARDENABLE MATERIAL M.C. Baran, A.H. Graham, A.B. Davala, R.J. Causton, and C. Schade Hoeganaes Corporation Cinnaminson, NJ 08077 Presented at PM 2 TEC 99 International Conference on
More informationEFFECT OF POST SINTERING THERMAL TREATMENTS ON DIMENSIONAL PRECISION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN SINTER-HARDENING PM STEELS
EFFECT OF POST SINTERING THERMAL TREATMENTS ON DIMENSIONAL PRECISION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN SINTER-HARDENING PM STEELS Bruce Lindsley and Thomas Murphy Hoeganaes Corporation Cinnaminson, NJ 08077
More informationALUMINUM POWDER METALLURGY
ALUMINUM POWDER METALLURGY Increased demand for light weight components, primarily driven by the need to reduce energy consumption in a variety of societal and structural components, has led to increased
More informationEffect of Molybdenum Content on Mechanical Properties of Sintered PM Steels. Candido Ruas, Sylvain St-Laurent Quebec Metal Powders Limited
Effect of Molybdenum Content on Mechanical Properties of Sintered PM Steels Candido Ruas, Sylvain St-Laurent Quebec Metal Powders Limited Keywords: Molybdenum Steel Powder, Binder Treatment, Diffusion
More informationSURFACE-HARDENABLE HEAT TREATED P/M STEELS
ABSTRACT SURFACE-HARDENABLE HEAT TREATED P/M STEELS W. Brian James and Robert J. Causton Hoeganaes Corporation Riverton, NJ 08077 USA Presented at the Powder Metallurgy World Congress, San Francisco, CA,
More informationLean Hybrid Low-Alloy PM Molybdenum Steels
Lean Hybrid Low-Alloy PM Molybdenum Steels W. Brian James, Bruce Lindsley, Howard G. Rutz, and K.S. Narasimhan Hoeganaes Corporation, Cinnaminson, NJ, USA Abstract The volatility in the price of alloy
More informationDESIGNING LOW ALLOY STEEL POWDERS FOR SINTERHARDENING APPLICATIONS
DESIGNING LOW ALLOY STEEL POWDERS FOR SINTERHARDENING APPLICATIONS F. Chagnon and Y. Trudel Quebec Metal Powders Limited Paper presented at the 1996 World Congress on Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materials
More informationEffect of Case Carburizing on Mechanical Properties And Fatigue Endurance Limits of P/M Steels. *Hoeganaes Corporation Cinnaminson, NJ 08077
Effect of Case Carburizing on Mechanical Properties And Fatigue Endurance Limits of P/M Steels George Fillari*, Thomas Murphy*, Igor Gabrielov** *Hoeganaes Corporation Cinnaminson, NJ 08077 **Borg Warner
More informationApplication of Fluidization for Powder Delivery and Die Filling Tony F. Zahrah and Rod Rowland MATSYS, Inc
Application of Fluidization for Powder Delivery and Die Filling Tony F. Zahrah and Rod Rowland MATSYS, Inc Abstract Production of high quality PM parts using the conventional press and sinter approach
More informationA Metallographic Investigation Into the Effect of Sintering on an FC-0205 Premix. Thomas F. Murphy, George B. Fillari, Gerard J.
A Metallographic Investigation Into the Effect of Sintering on an FC-0205 Premix Thomas F. Murphy, George B. Fillari, Gerard J. Golin Hoeganaes Corporation 1001 Taylors Lane Cinnaminson, NJ 08077 Abstract
More informationChapter 18: Powder Metallurgy
Chapter 18: Powder Metallurgy ผ ช วยศาสตราจารย เร อโท ดร. สมญา ภ นะยา Reference: DeGarmo s Materials and Processes in Manufacturing 18.1 Introduction Powder metallurgy is the name given to the process
More informationMachinability Enhancement of PM Stainless Steels Using Easy-Machinable Stainless Steel Powder. Bo Hu, Roland T. Warzel III, Sydney Luk
Machinability Enhancement of PM Stainless Steels Using Easy-Machinable Stainless Steel Powder Bo Hu, Roland T. Warzel III, Sydney Luk North American Höganäs, Hollsopple, PA 15935 USA ABSTRACT PM stainless
More informationEFFECT OF CURING CONDITIONS ON PROPERTIES OF IRON-RESIN MATERIALS FOR LOW FREQUENCY AC MAGNETIC APPLICATIONS.
EFFECT OF CURING CONDITIONS ON PROPERTIES OF IRON-RESIN MATERIALS FOR LOW FREQUENCY AC MAGNETIC APPLICATIONS. C. Gélinas, F. Chagnon, S. Pelletier* and L.-P. Lefebvre*. Quebec Metal Powders Limited Tracy,
More informationABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
EFFECT OF CARBON CONTENT AND POST-SINTERING COOLING RATE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH DENSITY SINTERED MATERIALS MADE FROM DIFFUSION-BONDED POWDERS L. Tremblay and F. Chagnon Quebec Metal Powders Limited
More informationHOEGANAES INSULATED POWDER COMPOSITES CHARACTERISTICS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC APPLICATION GUIDELINES
HOEGANAES INSULATED POWDER COMPOSITES CHARACTERISTICS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC APPLICATION GUIDELINES HOEGANAES INSULATED POWDER COMPOSITES INTRODUCTION The molecular field theory was developed nearly years
More informationEvaluation of High Pressure Water Atomized Powders for Large Scale PIM Production using Different Binder Formulations
Evaluation of High Pressure Water Atomized Powders for Large Scale PIM Production using Different Binder Formulations Volker Arnhold, Nicola De Cristofaro, Jack Hamill* GKN Sinter Metals, *Hoeganaes Corporation
More informationCONTRACT MANUFACTURER OF PRECISION POWDERED METAL PARTS
ASCO Sintering Co. CONTRACT MANUFACTURER OF PRECISION POWDERED METAL PARTS Precision Powdered Metal Gears Net Shape to AGMA 8 Certification at reduced cost Executive Summary Asco produces over 16,000,000
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF STAINLESS STEEL AND HIGH ALLOY POWDERS. Christopher T. Schade Hoeganaes Corporation, Cinnaminson, NJ
DEVELOPMENT OF STAINLESS STEEL AND HIGH ALLOY POWDERS ABSTRACT Christopher T. Schade Hoeganaes Corporation, Cinnaminson, NJ John Schaberl ANCOR Specialties, Ridgway, PA Advanced melting technology is now
More informationProcessing of Ferro-Phosphorus-Containing Mixes in Low Hydrogen Atmospheres
Processing of Ferro-Phosphorus-Containing Mixes in Low Hydrogen Atmospheres K.S. Narasimhan, D.J. Kasputis & G. Fillari Hoeganaes Corporation & J. C. Lynn DaimlerChrysler Corporation Presented at PM 2
More informationFluidized Fill Shoe for Uniform Die Filling Tony F. Zahrah and Rod Rowland MATSYS, Inc. and George Gasbarre, Jr. Gasbarre Products, Inc.
Fluidized Fill Shoe for Uniform Die Filling Tony F. Zahrah and Rod Rowland MATSYS, Inc. and George Gasbarre, Jr. Gasbarre Products, Inc. Abstract In dry compaction of metal powders, uniform fill of die
More informationThe Influence of Silicon on the Mechanical Properties and Hardenability of PM Steels
The Influence of Silicon on the Mechanical Properties and Hardenability of PM Steels Chris Schade & Tom Murphy Hoeganaes Corporation Cinnaminson, NJ 08077 Alan Lawley & Roger Doherty Drexel University
More informationRAPID PATTERN BASED POWDER SINTERING TECHNIQUE AND RELATED SHRINKAGE CONTROL
RAPID PATTERN BASED POWDER SINTERING TECHNIQUE AND RELATED SHRINKAGE CONTROL Jack G. Zhou and Zongyan He ABSTRACT Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics Drexel University 3141 Chestnut Street
More informationVACUUM SINTERING AND SINTER-HARDENING OF Mo AND Ni LOW ALLOYED STEEL
Powder Metallurgy Progress, Vol.4 (2004), No 2 79 VACUUM SINTERING AND SINTER-HARDENING OF Mo AND Ni LOW ALLOYED STEEL V. Stoyanova, A. Molinari Abstract The main purpose of this work is to investigate
More informationProcessing of Metal Powders
Chapter 17 Processing of Metal Powders QUALITATIVE PROBLEMS 17.15 Why is there density variation in the compacting of powders? How is it reduced? The main reason for density variation in compacting of
More informationRubber isostatic pressing RIP of powders for magnets and other materials
Ž. Materials and Design 21 2000 243 249 ž / Rubber isostatic pressing RIP of powders for magnets and other materials Masato Sagawa, Hiroshi Nagata, Toshihiro Watanabe, Osamu Itatani Intermetallics Co.
More informationNEW HEAT TREATMENT FOR Al HIGH PRESSURE DIE-CASTINGS
NEW HEAT TREATMENT FOR Al HIGH PRESSURE DIE-CASTINGS Conventionally produced H aluminum alloy high pressure die-castings containing normal porosity levels can be successfully heat treated without incurring
More informationFree Sintering or Hot Pressing? A Decision Support
Free Sintering or Hot Pressing? A Decision Support Christian H. Kühl Diamond Tool Consulting Neuhofer Straße 13b, 24558 Henstedt-Ulzburg christian.h.kuehl@gmx.de www.diamond-tool-consulting.de Abstract
More informationA Study on the Powder Forging of Aluminum Alloy Pistons
International Journal of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Vol. 2, No. 4, November 2001. A Study on the Powder Forging of Aluminum Alloy Pistons Jong-Ok Park 1,Chul-WooPark 1 and Young-Ho Kim
More informationIRON COMPACTS FOR LOW FREQUENCY AC MAGNETIC APPLICATIONS: EFFECT OF LUBRICANTS. L.-P. Lefebvre, S. Pelletier, Y. Thomas and C.
IRON COMPACTS FOR LOW FREQUENCY AC MAGNETIC APPLICATIONS: EFFECT OF LUBRICANTS L.-P. Lefebvre, S. Pelletier, Y. Thomas and C. Gélinas * Industrial Materials Institute/National Research Council Canada,
More informationPowder-Metal Processing and Equipment
Powder-Metal Processing and Equipment Text Reference: Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, Kalpakjian & Schmid, 6/e, 2010 Chapter 17 Powder Metallurgy Metal powders are compacted into desired and
More informationCost effective manufacturing of tungsten heavy alloy foil and sheet material
Manuscript refereed by Mr Dov Chaiat (Tungsten Powder Technology, Israel) Cost effective manufacturing of tungsten heavy alloy foil and sheet material D. Handtrack, B. Tabernig, H. Kestler, L.S. Sigl PLANSEE
More informationThe Improvement in Strength of Sintered Machine Parts
[ Technical Article ] The Improvement in Strength of Sintered Machine Parts Takahiro OKUNO* Naoki YASHIRO* Sintered machine parts are used in many industrial fields. Especially, these are widely used for
More informationPowder Metallurgy. Powder-Metal Processing and Equipment 11/10/2009
Powder Metallurgy Powder-Metal Processing and Equipment Metal powders are compacted into desired and often complex shapes and sintered* to form a solid piece * Sinter: To heat without melting Text Reference:
More informationPROPERTIES OF HEAT TREATED P/M ALLOY STEELS. Robert J. Causton, Jack A. Hamill, Jr. Hoeganaes Corporation, Riverton, NJ 08077
PROPERTIES OF HEAT TREATED P/M ALLOY STEELS Robert J. Causton, Jack A. Hamill, Jr. Hoeganaes Corporation, Riverton, NJ 08077 ABSTRACT Suresh O. Shah Remington Powder Metal Products, Hazen, AR 72064 Further
More informationCertification Program
INTRODUCTION The Powder Metallurgy Technologist (PMT) was created by APMI International (APMI) to recognize individuals who possess defined bodies of knowledge encompassing the broad field of powder metallurgy
More informationMICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A BAINITIC PM STEEL
MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A BAINITIC PM STEEL Chris Schade & Tom Murphy Hoeganaes Corporation Cinnaminson, NJ 08077 Alan Lawley & Roger Doherty Drexel University Philadelphia, PA 19104
More informationPROPERTIES AND MICROSTRUCTURES OF SINTERED STAINLESS STEEL PREPARED FROM 304L AND 410L POWDERS
PROPERTIES AND MICROSTRUCTURES OF SINTERED STAINLESS STEEL PREPARED FROM 304L AND 410L POWDERS B. Vetayanugul, N. Tosangthum, R. Krataitong, M. Morakotjinda, A. Daraphan, T. Yotkaew, O. Coovattanachai
More informationBulk Deformation Processes
Bulk Deformation Processes Bachelor of Industrial Technology Management with Honours Semester I Session 2013/2014 TOPIC OUTLINE What is Bulk Deformation? Classification of Bulk Deformation Processes Types
More informationISOTHERMAL FORGING OF P/M FeAl ALLOYS. T. ŚLEBOD, S. BEDNAREK, A. Łukaszek-SOLEK
ISOTHERMAL FORGING OF P/M FeAl ALLOYS T. ŚLEBOD, S. BEDNAREK, A. Łukaszek-SOLEK AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza
More informationBOST-BRONZ Oil-Impregnated Sintered Bronze Bearings
OST-RONZ Oil-Impregnated Sintered ronze earings OST-RONZ is oston Gear s all-purpose, oil-impregnated porous bronze bearing material. It is manufactured of highest purity metal powders by the powder metallurgy
More informationThe following steps are used in the powder metallurgy techniques:
Advantages of Powder Metallurgy Virtually unlimited choice of alloys and non metallicswith associated properties. * A variety of metal or non metal powders can be used. * Refractory materials are popularly
More informationDepartment of Metallurgical Engineering
PRACTICAL WORKBOOK MY-406: POWDER METALLURGY Name Roll No Batch Year NED University of Engineering and Technology 1 PRACTICAL WORKBOOK MY-406: POWDER METALLURGY PREPARED BY: ENGR. MUHAMMAD RIZWAN (LECTURER
More informationA Methodology for Evaluating Sinter-Hardening Capability
A Methodology for Evaluating Sinter-Hardening Capability Michael A. Pershing of Caterpillar Inc., and Hill Nandi of CompAS Controls, Inc. Caterpillar Inc. Advanced Compacting Technology Group 315 Cardiff
More informationCasting. Forming. Sheet metal processing. Powder- and Ceramics Processing. Plastics processing. Cutting. Joining.
Traditional Manufacturing Processes Casting Forming Sheet metal processing Powder- and Ceramics Processing Plastics processing Cutting Joining Surface treatment FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL FORMING Overview of
More informationA SHORT NOTE ON MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF METAL POWDERS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS AND ROBOTICS ISSN 2320-7345 A SHORT NOTE ON MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF METAL POWDERS 1 R.Raja, 2 M.Rajkumar 1 Assistant Lecturer, St. Joseph College
More informationJournal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2017, 9(1): Review Article. Pure Iron and Low Carbon Steels - Soft Magnetic P/M Materials
Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2017, 9(1):225-229 Review Article ISSN : 0975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Pure Iron and Low Carbon Steels - Soft Magnetic P/M
More informationBOST-BRONZ (OIL-IMPREGNATED SINTERED BRONZE)
earings Section Contents OST-RONZ (OIL-IMPREGNTE SINTERE RONZE) General escription...136 137 Catalog Selections/imensions...138 144 ER-N-RONZ (660 CST RONZE) General escription...145 Catalog Selections/imensions...146
More informationBOST-BRONZ (OIL-IMPREGNATED SINTERED BRONZE)
earings Section Contents OST-RONZ (OIL-IMPREGNTE SINTERE RONZE) General escription...136 137 Catalog Selections/imensions...138 144 ER-N-RONZ (660 CST RONZE) General escription...145 Catalog Selections/imensions...146
More informationPowder Metallurgy Products. From Ore To Powder, To Meet Your Requirements!
Powder Metallurgy Products From Ore To Powder, To Meet Your Requirements! Rio Tinto Metal Powders Powder Metallurgy Products Rio Tinto Metal Powders (RTMP, formerly QMP) is the only major powder producer
More informationSINTERABILITY OF HIGH-SPEED STEELS M2, M3/2 AND T15
SINTERABILITY OF HIGH-SPEED STEELS, M3/2 AND Romário Mauricio Urbanetto Nogueira CEFET/PR UNED/MD romarioun@ig.com.br César Edil da Costa DEM-CCT/UDESC edil@joinville.udesc.br Keywords high speed steels,
More information1 INTRODUCTION TO HIGH INTEGRITY DIE CASTING PROCESSES 1.1 ORIGINS OF HIGH PRESSURE DIE CASTING
INTRODUCTION 1 INTRODUCTION TO HIGH INTEGRITY DIE CASTING PROCESSES 1.1 ORIGINS OF HIGH PRESSURE DIE CASTING Casting processes are among the oldest methods for manufacturing metal goods. In most early
More informationTABLETABILITY, COMPACTABILITY, AND COMPRESSIBILTY: WHAT S THE DIFFERENCE?
WHITEPAPER TABLETABILITY, COMPACTABILITY, AND COMPRESSIBILTY: WHAT S THE DIFFERENCE? { To patients and consumers, tablets are a simple and convenient dosage form. But the science behind compressing a block
More informationSPECIALTY GRAPHITE MATERIALS FOR SINTERING. PDF PAGE PAGE 3VOLETS.indd 6 03/02/11 12:01
SPECIALTY GRAPHITE MATERIALS FOR SINTERING PDF PAGE PAGE 3VOLETS.indd 6 03/02/11 12:01 Pressure Sintering Mersen graphite is being used extensively through out the pressure sintering industry to produce
More informationMaximizing the Value and Performance of Chromium, Manganese, and Silicon Containing PM Steels
Maximizing the Value and Performance of Chromium, Manganese, and Silicon Containing PM Steels Michael L. Marucci & Bruce Lindsley - Hoeganaes Corporation USA 31. Hagern Symposium Outline Introduction &
More informationELECTRICAL CONTACTS BY POWDER METALLURGY. Submitted by Priyanshu Jain (12518)
ELECTRICAL CONTACTS BY POWDER METALLURGY Submitted by Priyanshu Jain (12518) 1 OUTLINE Electrical contacts: Introduction Desirable Properties of contact material Contact material selection Manufacturing
More information1. 3 Extrusion molding
1. 3 Extrusion molding 9 Extrusion is a widely used technique, both in the field of traditional and technical ceramics. This method allows the continuous manufacture of products with a constant cross-
More informationInjection Moulding and Heat Treatment of Ni-Cr-Si-B Alloy Powder
Injection Moulding and Heat Treatment of Ni-Cr-Si-B Alloy Powder M. Y. Anwar 1, M. Ajmal 1, M. T. Z. Butt 2 and M. Zubair 1 1. Department of Met. & Materials Engineering, UET Lahore. 2. Faculty of Engineering
More informationDE-LUBRICATION DURING SINTERING OF P/M COMPACTS: OPERATIVE MECHANISM AND PROCESS CONTROL STRATEGY
DE-LUBRICATION DURING SINTERING OF P/M COMPACTS: OPERATIVE MECHANISM AND PROCESS CONTROL STRATEGY Report No. 00-2 Research Team: Deepak Saha (508) 831 5681 saha@wpi.edu Prof. Diran Apelian (508) 831 5992
More informationPrimary shaping - Powder Metallurgy
Chair of Manufacturing Technology Primary shaping - Powder Metallurgy Manufacturing Technology II Exercise 2 Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering Chair of Manufacturing Technology Prof.
More informationINFLUENCE OF GRAPHITE TYPE ON COPPER DIFFUSION IN Fe Cu C PM ALLOYS KRISHNAPRAVEEN JONNALAGADDA
INFLUENCE OF GRAPHITE TYPE ON COPPER DIFFUSION IN Fe Cu C PM ALLOYS KRISHNAPRAVEEN JONNALAGADDA 1 Acknowledgement This thesis would not have been possible without the support and guidance of several individuals
More informationTechniques and Tips to Optimize, Control and Control and Stabilize the Atmosphere Inside a Continuous Sintering Furnace
Techniques and Tips to Optimize, Control and Control and Stabilize the Atmosphere Inside a Continuous Sintering Furnace Thomas Philips, John J. Dwyer, Jr. and Zbigniew Zurecki Air Products and Chemicals,
More informationHÖGANÄS HANDBOOK FOR WARM COMPACTION
HÖGANÄS HANDBOOK FOR WARM COMPACTION Foreword The purpose of this book is to explain the major possibilities created in powder metallurgy by warm compaction technology, as compared with conventional cold
More informationPTFE BELLOWS POLY FLUORO LTD. POLY FLUORO LTD.260A. Bommasandra Industrial Area, Hosur Road, Bangalore TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
PTFE BELLOWS TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION 1. MATERIALS 1.1 PTFE Only virgin (not reprocessed) PTFE conforming to ASTM D 1457, type III, IV or V shall be used for the production of bellows; the PTFE raw material
More informationA Survivability Model for Ejection of Green Compacts in Powder Metallurgy Technology
Paper 272, ENG 106 A Survivability Model for Ejection of Green Compacts in Powder Metallurgy Technology Payman Ahi 1, Kouroush Jenab 2, Ahmad Ghasempoor 3, Mark Rajai 4 1,2,3 Ryerson University, Toronto,
More informationDust Core with Low Core-loss for High-frequency Applications
Dust Core with Low Core-loss for High-frequency Applications Hirofumi HOJO *1, Tomotsuna KAMIJO *1, Yuji TANIGUCHI *1, Nobuaki AKAGI *1, Hiroyuki MITANI *2 *1 Takasago Steel Powder Plant, Steel Powder
More informationMANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY UNIT II Hot & Cold Working - Drawing & Extrusion Drawing Drawing is an operation in which the cross-section of solid rod, wire or tubing is reduced or changed in shape by pulling
More informationPreserving Profitability, Quality & the Environment: How Plunger Lubricants can help
This paper is subject to revision. Statements and opinions advanced in this paper or during presentation are the author s and are his/her responsibility, not the Association s. The paper has been edited
More informationCork Institute of Technology. Autumn 2005 Manufacturing Engineering (Time: 3 Hours)
Cork Institute of Technology Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) in Mechanical Engineering Stage 3 (Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering Stage 3) Instructions Answer FIVE questions. Answer TWO
More informationScienceDirect. Effect of lubricant content to the properties of Fe-based components formed at above ambient temperature
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 68 ( 2013 ) 425 430 Malaysian International Tribology Conference 2013 (MITC2013) Effect of lubricant content to the properties
More informationChapter 15 Extrusion and Drawing of Metals
Introduction Chapter 15 Extrusion and Drawing of Metals Alexandra Schönning, Ph.D. Mechanical Engineering University of North Florida Figures by Manufacturing Engineering and Technology Kalpakijan and
More informationBinder Optimization for the Production of Tungsten Feedstocks for PIM
Binder Optimization for the Production of Tungsten Feedstocks for PIM Travis E. Puzz, A. Antonyraj, and Randall M. German Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems Mississippi State University James J. Oakes
More informationHot Forging Behaviour of Sintered AISI 8720 P/M Steels
Hot Forging Behaviour of Sintered AISI 8720 P/M Steels 1 L. Arulmani, 2 K.S. Pandey 1 Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, R.R. Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India. 2 Department of Metallurgical and
More informationTHE ANALYSIS OF FORGING INCONEL 718 ALLOY. Aneta ŁUKASZEK-SOŁEK, Janusz KRAWCZYK, Piotr BAŁA, Marek WOJTASZEK
THE ANALYSIS OF FORGING INCONEL 718 ALLOY Aneta ŁUKASZEK-SOŁEK, Janusz KRAWCZYK, Piotr BAŁA, Marek WOJTASZEK AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, 30 Mickiewicza Av., e-mail address:
More informationHeat Treatment and Sintering Effects on High Density Powder Metallurgical 4600 Series/AISI 9310 Low-Alloy Steels and Select Wrought Steels
Heat Treatment and Sintering Effects on High Powder Metallurgical 4600 Series/AISI 9310 Low-Alloy Steels and Select Wrought Steels Karthik Nagarathnam Senior Materials Scientist and Dennis Massey CEO/President
More informationRealization of ITS-90 from K through K: One Company s Approach
Realization of ITS-90 from 273.15 K through 1234.93 K: One Company s Approach Xumo Li, Steve Iman, Mike Hirst, Mingjian Zhao Hart Scientific, Inc. Abstract All of the fixed points of the International
More informationCasting Process Part 2
Mech Zone Casting Process Part 2 (SSC JE Mechanical/ GATE/ONGC/SAIL BHEL/HPCL/IOCL) Sand Casting cope: top half drag: bottom half core: for internal cavities funnel sprue runners gate cavity {risers, vents}
More informationA.2.a Random Riprap... Table
3601 RIPRAP MATERIAL 3601.1 SCOPE Provide stone and filter layer material for use in random or hand-placed riprap, gabion, and revet mattress construction. 3601.2 REQUIREMENTS A Stones A.1 Quality Provide
More informationLIQUID-SPECIFIC PRODUCT LINE: ABRASIVE LIQUID PUMPS SERIES DESCRIPTION OPERATING RANGE: IMPROVEMENTS NOMINAL FLOW RATES:
SERIES 4624B (Cast Iron - Replaces Series 4625 Models) Page 410.1 Issue K SERIES DESCRIPTION The Abrasive Liquid Series heavy duty internal gear pumps utilize hard parts in key wear areas, combined with
More informationMetal Powder the Raw Material of Future Production
Metal Powder the Raw Material of Future Production Introduction and Overview Applications for Powder Metallurgy Methods &Systems for Powder Production Physical and Chemical Properties of Metal Powder Economic
More informationAbsolutely. Positively. Precise.
1 Absolutely. Positively. Precise. Troemner s Philosophy Calibration & Traceability Philosophy Troemner is the world s largest independent mass calibration company. Our philosophy is to provide the highest
More informationPrimary Shaping Powder Metallurgy
Primary Shaping Powder Metallurgy Manufacturing Technology II Lecture 2 Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering Chair of Manufacturing Technology Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr.-Ing. E.h. F. Klocke
More informationFULL-DENSIFICATION OF SLS PARTS BY RE-MELTING. Abstract
FULL-DENSIFICATION OF SLS PARTS BY RE-MELTING T. NIINO and H. YAMADA Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro Tokyo, 153-8505 Japan Reviewed, accepted August 4, 2004
More informationSELECTIVE LASER SINTERING OF METAL MOLDS: THE RAPIDTOOLTM PROCESS. Uday Hejmadi Kevin McAlea
SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING OF METAL MOLDS: THE RAPIDTOOLTM PROCESS ABSTRACT Uday Hejmadi Kevin McAlea Materials and Process Development Group DTM Corp., Austin TX 78759 Complex three dimensional parts can
More informationMetal Printing Process: A Rapid Manufacturing Process Based on Xerography using Metal Powders
Materials Science & Technology 2005, September 25-28, Pittsburgh, USA Metal Printing Process: A Rapid Manufacturing Process Based on Xerography using Metal Powders Casper van der Eijk, Olav Åsebø, Øyvind
More informationQuality Blanks direct from the Manufacturer
Mechanical Applications Division Quality Blanks direct from the Manufacturer Expanded range of colors for translucent zirconium oxide On a long term basis, high quality is the basic requirement to become
More informationFriction and Wear Properties of Copper/Carbon/RB Ceramics Composite Materials under Dry Condition
Tribology Online, 3, 4 (28) 222-227. ISSN 1881-2198 DOI 1.2474/trol.4.222 riction and Wear Properties of /Carbon/RB Ceramics Composite Materials under Dry Condition Kei Shibata 1)*, Takeshi Yamaguchi 1),
More informationBorax as flux on sintering of iron Ancor Steel 1000 under glow discharge
Journal of Physics: Conference Series PAPER OPEN ACCESS Borax as flux on sintering of iron Ancor Steel 1000 under glow discharge To cite this article: H G Ariza Suarez et al 2016 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 687
More information