Artificial spin ice in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanoscale ferromagnetic islands
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1 Artificial spin ice in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanoscale ferromagnetic islands D. Kochkov, Y. Kulinich, N. Laracuente, Y. Lao December 6, 2013 Wang, 1. RF, et al. Artificial spin icein a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanoscale ferromagnetic islands. Nature (2006): / 15 D. Kochkov, Y. Kulinich, N. Laracuente, Y. Lao Artificial spin ice in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanosca
2 Introduction Overview Spin ice is a magnetic material whose spin configurations obey ice rules. No single ground energy state Exhibits magnetic monopole characteristics Frustrated interactions Figure: Electromagnetic Monopoles en.wikipedia.org Figure: Lattice configuration en.wikipedia.org 2 / 15 D. Kochkov, Y. Kulinich, N. Laracuente, Y. Lao Artificial spin ice in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanosca
3 Results Fabricated magnetic lattice exhibits spin ice behavior Fabricated lattice behaves like real spin ice Ice rule is applicable for artificial spin ice Variations in fabrication allow for the study of spin ice phenomena Figure: Resulting fabricated material 3 / 15 D. Kochkov, Y. Kulinich, N. Laracuente, Y. Lao Artificial spin ice in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanosca
4 Critical Analysis Object: 2-d Square Lattice 2 dimensions Fixed size, variable lattice parameters Shape anisotropy = magnetic moment aligned along long axis Accessible at room temperature Figure: Artifical of spin ice topology 4 / 15 D. Kochkov, Y. Kulinich, N. Laracuente, Y. Lao Artificial spin ice in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanosca
5 Critical Analysis Configuration of Vertices Pairs of vertices 4 types, 16 multiplicity Nondegeneracy present in artificial spin ice not seen in real spin ice Figure: Topological types 5 / 15 D. Kochkov, Y. Kulinich, N. Laracuente, Y. Lao Artificial spin ice in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanosca
6 Critical Analysis Experimental Methods Fabrication: E-Beam Lithography (Compare with Photolithography) Characterization: Atomic Force Microscopy(AFM) = topology Magnetic Force Microscopy(MFM) = magnetic phase Figure: Lithographically fabricated islands 6 / 15 D. Kochkov, Y. Kulinich, N. Laracuente, Y. Lao Artificial spin ice in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanosca
7 Critical Analysis Exhibits Ice Rule or Not? Plot the excess of each type of vertex versus spacing Spacing controls the interactions Small spacing = more ice rule vertices Characteristics 1 Exhibits ice rules 2 Not fully at ground state Figure: Main result 7 / 15 D. Kochkov, Y. Kulinich, N. Laracuente, Y. Lao Artificial spin ice in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanosca
8 Comparison With Past Work Motivation for Experiment This is the first artificial spin ice that has been fabricated. Spins of individual materials tough to probe while simultaneously leaving system unaltered. Real vs artificial spin ice Solution: create frustrated system where individual elements can be probed. Topic of current investigation 8 / 15 D. Kochkov, Y. Kulinich, N. Laracuente, Y. Lao Artificial spin ice in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanosca
9 Comparison With Past Work Previous and Current Solutions Previously done Arrays of superconducting rings Interacting moments are trapped flux quanta Figure: Davidovic et. al. 1996, PRL New results Arrays of interacting single-domain ferromagnetic islands Moments intrinsic. (Not from external field) 9 / 15 D. Kochkov, Y. Kulinich, N. Laracuente, Y. Lao Artificial spin ice in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanosca
10 Comparison With Past Work Advantages of Current Approach Advances in lithography allow flexibility in design of such ferromagnetic islands. Allow accessibility at room temperature, improvement over previous results ( 1.16K). Studies of these islands show that pairwise dipolar interactions are significant. Frustration effects important if lattice fabricated with frustrated geometry. 10 / 15 D. Kochkov, Y. Kulinich, N. Laracuente, Y. Lao Artificial spin ice in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanosca
![[Citation Report] [Citations of Citation] Figure: Web of Knowledge, 2013](/docs-images/80/82472695/images/11-2.jpg "11 / 15 D. Kochkov, Y. Kulinich, N. Laracuente, Y.")
11 Citation Analysis Invention of a New Experimental Method 206 citations in Web of Knowledge 209 citations in Scopus 277 citations in Google Scholar According to Web of Knowledge, this is the 1st paper for the topic artificial spin ice ever published! [Citation Report] [Citations of Citation] Figure: Web of Knowledge, / 15 D. Kochkov, Y. Kulinich, N. Laracuente, Y. Lao Artificial spin ice in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanosca
12 Citation Analysis Magnetic Monopoles, Order and Biomaterials Top 5 Citing in Web of Knowledge 1 2 Signature of magnetic monopole and Dirac string dynamics in spin ice (Jaubert, L. D. C. et al 2009) 3 A Star antiferromagnet: A polymeric iron(iii) acetate that exhibits both spin frustration and long-range magnetic ordering (Zeng, Yan-Zhen et al. 2007) 4 Biomorphic mineralization: From biology to materials (Fan, Ton-Xiang et al. 2009) 5 Direct observation of magnetic monopole defects in an artificial spin ice system (Ladak, S. et al. 2010) 12 / 15 D. Kochkov, Y. Kulinich, N. Laracuente, Y. Lao Artificial spin ice in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanosca
13 Citation Analysis Has the Ability to Make Spin Ice Changed the Subfield? Spin ice was discovered in 1997 (Wikipedia citation) now a major topic in condensed matter. Geometrical Frustration in the Ferromagnetic Pyrochlore Ho2Ti2O7M. J. Harris, S. T. Bramwell, D. F. McMorrow, T. Zeiske and K. W. Godfrey, Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 79, p (1997) 13 / 15 D. Kochkov, Y. Kulinich, N. Laracuente, Y. Lao Artificial spin ice in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanosca
14 Citation Analysis But not a perfect record... Correction Issued in 2007 During the field treatment of the samples prior to measurement, the magnetic field was switched in polarity with each step down in magnitude while the sample was being rotated within the magnetic field. A more detailed description of the field treatment can be found in ref nature/journal/v446/n7131/full/nature05607.html Does not appear to negate the impact of this paper. 14 / 15 D. Kochkov, Y. Kulinich, N. Laracuente, Y. Lao Artificial spin ice in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanosca
15 Summary Summary of Conclusion The article presents novel methods to investigate frustrated systems. First fabricated spin ice like systems The paper had a significant impact on condensed matter physics. The article is well written and easy to follow Figure: Triangular Frustration en.wikipedia.org 15 / 15 D. Kochkov, Y. Kulinich, N. Laracuente, Y. Lao Artificial spin ice in a geometrically frustrated lattice of nanosca
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