Relational Analysis. Guidelines for Estimating the High- and Low-Temperature Properties of Metals J. GILBERT KAUFMAN

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1 Relational Analysis Guidelines for Estimating the High- and Low-Temperature Properties of Metals J. GILBERT KAUFMAN ASM International Materials Park, Ohio

2 Copyright 2011 by ASM International All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright owner. First printing, November 2011 Great care is taken in the compilation and production of this book, but it should be made clear that NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE GIVEN IN CONNECTION WITH THIS PUBLICATION. Although this information is believed to be accurate by ASM, ASM cannot guarantee that favorable results will be obtained from the use of this publication alone. This publication is intended for use by persons having technical skill, at their sole discretion and risk. Since the conditions of product or material use are outside of ASM s control, ASM assumes no liability or obligation in connection with any use of this information. No claim of any kind, whether as to products or information in this publication, and whether or not based on negligence, shall be greater in amount than the purchase price of this product or publication in respect of which damages are claimed. THE REMEDY HEREBY PROVIDED SHALL BE THE EXCLUSIVE AND SOLE REMEDY OF BUYER, AND IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHETHER OR NOT CAUSED BY OR RESULTING FROM THE NEGLIGENCE OF SUCH PARTY. As with any material, evaluation of the conditions is recommended. Nothing contained in this book shall be construed as a grant of any right of manufacture, sale, use, or reproduction, in connection with any method, process, apparatus, product, composition, or system, whether or not covered by letters patent, copyright, or trademark, and nothing contained in this book shall be construed as a defense against any alleged infringement of letters patent, copyright, or trademark, or as a defense against liability for such infringement. Comments, criticisms, and suggestions are invited, and should be forwarded to ASM International. Prepared under the direction of the ASM International Technical Book Committee ( ), Michael J. Pfeifer, Chair. ASM International staff who worked on this project include Scott Henry, Senior Manager, Content Development and Publishing; Steven R. Lampman, Content Developer; Sue Sellers, Editorial Assistant; Bonnie Sanders, Manager of Production; Madrid Tramble, Senior Production Coordinator; and Diane Whitelaw, Production Coordinator. Library of Congress Control Number: ISBN-13: ISBN-10: SAN: ASM International Materials Park, OH Printed in the United States of America

3 Relational Analysis Guidelines for Estimating the High- and Low-Temperature Properties of Metals Copyright 2011 ASM International J.G. Kaufman All rights reserved. Contents Preface and Acknowledgments...v About the Author...vi Chapter 1 Introduction and Background Relational Analysis of Temperature Effects Interrelation of Relational Analysis and Parametric Analysis...2 Chapter 2 Relational Analysis Procedures Procedure for Relational Analysis of Tensile Properties with Temperature Other Examples of Relational Analysis Cautions in Using Relational Analysis Chapter 3 Accuracy of Relational Analysis for Several Wrought Aluminum Alloys Alloy Alc 2014-T6 and -T651 (Table 3.1) Alloy 2021-T81 (Table 3.2) Alloy 5005-O (Table 3.3) Alloy 6151-T6 (Table 3.4) Alloy 7079-T6 (Table 3.5) Alloy 7080-T7 (Table 3.6) Conclusions about Accuracy and Precision Chapter 4 Application of Relational Analysis to Archival High- and Low-Temperature Tensile Property Data for Wrought Aluminum Alloys Relational Analyses of Various Tempers of 1xxx and 3xxx Alloys Relational Analyses of Various Tempers of 2x24 and Other 2xxx Alloys Relational Analyses of 4032-T Relational Analyses of Various Tempers of 5xxx Aluminum Alloys Relational Analyses of Various Tempers of 6xxx Aluminum Alloys Relational Analyses of Various Tempers of 7xxx Aluminum Alloys Comparisons of Relational Analyses for Annealed Non-Heat- Treatable Alloys Comparisons of Relational Analyses of Some 2xxx, 5xxx, 6xxx, and 7xxx Alloys Application of Relational Analyses to Cryogenic Tensile Properties Application of Relational Analyses to Elastic Moduli Chapter 5 Application of Relational Analysis to Archival High- and Low-Temperature Tensile Property Data for Cast Aluminum Alloys Analysis of Data for the Sand Cast Alloy Series Analysis of Data for the Permanent Mold Cast Alloy Series Analysis of Data for the Sand Cast Alloy Series Analysis of Data for the Permanent Mold Cast Alloy Series Analysis of Data for the Die Cast Alloy Series Summary of Baseline Relationships for All Casting Alloys Cast Aluminum Alloys of the 400.0, 500.0, and Series Baseline Relationships for Cast Aluminum Alloys Analysis of Subzero Temperature Data for Cast Aluminum Alloys Analysis of Elastic Moduli of Cast Aluminum Alloys Chapter 6 Application of Relational Analysis to New or Untested Wrought and Cast Aluminum Alloys Alloy 1060-H14 and -H18 (Table 6.1) Alloy 1350-O and -H18 (Table 6.2) Alclad 2024-T3 and -T81 (Table 6.3) Propeller Alloys 2025-T6 (Table 6.4) Alloy 2324-T351 (Table 6.5) Alloy 3105-O and -H22 (Table 6.6) Alloy 5457-O and -H25 (Table 6.7) Alloy 6005A-T5 and -T61 (Table 6.8) Alloys 6066-T6 and 6070-T6 (Table 6.9) Alloy 6082-T6 and -T651X (Table 6.10) Alloy 6351-T6 (Table 6.11) Alloy 7049-T73 and -T7352 (Table 6.12) Alloy 7076-T6 (Table 6.13) Permanent Mold (PM) Cast T6 and A357.0-T6 (Table 6.14) Chapter 7 Application of Relational Analysis to the High- Temperature Tensile Properties of Steel, Magnesium Alloys, and Titanium Alloys AISI 200 Steels AISI 300 Steels AISI 400 Steels AISI 600 Steels Representative Examples of Other Steels Baseline Relationships and Summary for Steels Relational Analyses of High-Temperature Moduli for Steels Magnesium Alloys Titanium Alloys Chapter 8 Other Potential Applications of Relational Analysis Compressive, Shear, and Bearing Design Properties at High and Low Temperatures Alloy Selection for Equatorial Environments Alloy Selection for Enhanced Recycling Rates Chapter 9 References iii

4 iv / Contents Appendix A Resource Data Utilized for Relational Analyses A1 Compositions and Resource Data for Aluminum Alloys A2 Compositions and Resource Data for Steels A3 Compositions and Resource Data for Magnesium Alloys A4 Compositions and Resource Data for Titanium Alloys Appendix B SI/Metric Unit Conversions Tensile and Tensile Yield Strengths Temperature Appendix C Terminology and Nomenclature Selected Abbreviations Glossary of Selected Terms Appendix D Aluminum Alloy and Temper Designation Systems Alloy Designations Temper Designations Index...273

5 Relational Analysis Guidelines for Estimating the High- and Low-Temperature Properties of Metals Copyright 2011 ASM International J.G. Kaufman All rights reserved. Preface and Acknowledgments tional analysis in analyzing and extrapolating the properties of metallic alloys at high temperatures and also for estimating the properties of those alloys for which little or no data are available. The use of relational analysis is illustrated by presenting a broad spectrum of high-temperature tensile property data for aluminum alloys, using data generated from a single source and developed using consistent testing procedures and practices. Data for a number of steels, magnesium alloys, and titanium alloys from the literature are also presented and analyzed. Attention is called to the fact that the estimated high- and low-temperature properties of metal alloys presented in this book based on the application of relational analysis are just that, estimates, and have no statistical basis. Therefore, they are not to be considered as the and for making preliminary judgments on materials selection and performance. Attention is also called to the empirical and, to some degree, subjective nature of relational analysis. For this reason, relational analysis should be used with caution, carefully considering the guidelines and limitations described in the text of this book. The author gratefully acknowledges the past support of Alcoa, Inc. in providing the author and ASM International with access to many previously unpublished data for aluminum alloys. The author also acknowledges ASM International for access to a number of its material property data archives. v

6 Relational Analysis Guidelines for Estimating the High- and Low-Temperature Properties of Metals Copyright 2011 ASM International J.G. Kaufman All rights reserved. About the Author John Gilbert (Gil) Kaufman has a background of over 50 years in the aluminum and materials information industries and remains an active consultant in both areas. In 1997, he retired as Vice President of Technology of the Aluminum Association, Inc., then headquartered in Washington, D.C. (now in Arlington, VA), and is currently president of his own consultancy, Kaufman Associates. Earlier in his career, he spent 26 years with the Aluminum Company of America, where he managed engineering properties and fabricating metallurgical research at Alcoa Laboratories. Many of the data presented in this book were generated during the period when the author was active in and/or managing Alcoa Laboratories engineering properties research. Research and Development and, later, Vice President of Research and Engineering. tional Materials Property Data Network where, working with STN International and Chemical Abstracts Service, he established a worldwide online network of more than 25 numeric materials properties databases. Gil is a Fellow and Honorary Member of ASTM International and a Fellow and Life Member of ASM International. He is a licensed professional engineer in Ohio and Delaware. Gil has published more than 140 articles and 5 books on aluminum alloys and materials data systems. vi