PHASE DIAGRAMS UNDERSTANDING BASICS THE. Edited. F.C. Campbell. Materials Park, Ohio The Materials Information Society.

Transcription

1 PHASE DIAGRAMS UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS Edited by F.C. Campbell The Materials Information Society ASM International Materials Park, Ohio i nternational.org

2 Phase Diagrams Understanding the Basics F.C. Campbell, editor Copyright 2012 ASM International" All rights reserved Contents Preface vii CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Phase Diagrams Unary Systems 2 l.2 Binary Systems Temperature and Composition Scales Equilibrium The Phase Rule Theorem of Le Chatelier and the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation The Lever Rule Relationships between Alloy Constitution and Physical Properties Phase Diagram Resources 11 CHAPTER 2 Solid Solutions and Phase Transformations One-Component (Unary) Systems Solid Solutions Interstitial Solid Solutions Substitutional Solid Solutions Intermediate Phases Free Energy and Phase Transformations Kinetics Liquid-Solid Phase Transformations Solid-State Phase Transformations Polymorphism (Allotropy) 36

3 iv / Contents CHAPTER 3 Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams Three Laws of Thermodynamics Gibbs Free Energy Binary Solutions Chemical Potential Regular Solutions Real Solutions 64 CHAPTER 4 Isomorphous Alloy Systems 4.1 Binary Systems Nonequilibrium Cooling CHAPTER 5 Eutectic Alloy Systems 5.1 Aluminum-Silicon Eutectic System Lead-Tin Eutectic System Eutectic Morphologies 5.4 Solidification and Scale ofeutectic Structures Competitive Growth of Dendrites and Eutectics Terminal Solid Solutions CHAPTER 6 Peritectic Alloy Systems Freezing of Peritectic Alloys Mechanisms of Peritectic Formation Peritectic Structures in Iron-Base Alloys Multicomponent Systems 131 CHAPTER 7 Monotectic 135 Alloy Systems 7.1 Solidification Structures of Monotectics 136 CHAPTER 8 Solid-State Transformations Iron-Carbon Eutectoid Reaction Peritectoid Structures 166 CHAPTER 9 Intermediate Phases Order-Disorder Transformations Spinodal Transformation Structures 181

4 Contents / v CHAPTER 10 Ternary Phase Diagrams Space Model of Ternary Systems I9l 10.2 The Gibbs Triangle Tie Lines Ternary Isomorphous Systems Ternary Three-Phase Phase Diagrams Eutectic System with Three-Phase Equilibrium Peritectic System with Three-Phase Equilibrium Ternary Four-Phase Equilibrium (L -> a + p + y) Ternary Four-Phase Equilibrium (L + a > 5 + y) Ternary Four-Phase Equilibrium (L + a + fj > y) Example: The Fe-Cr-Ni System 227 CHAPTER 11 Gas-Metal Systems Free Energy-Temperature Diagrams Isothermal Stability Diagrams Limitations of Predominance Area Diagrams 237 CHAPTER 12 Phase Diagram Determination Cooling Curves Equilibrated Alloys Diffusion Couples Phase Diagram Construction Errors 257 CHAPTER 13 Computer Simulation of Phase Diagrams Thermodynamic Mqdels Computational Methods Calculation of Phase Equilibria Application of CALPHAD Calculations to Industrial Alloys Databases Industrial Applications Limitations of the CALPHAD Approach 285 CHAPTER 14 Phase Diagram Applications Industrial Applications of Phase Diagrams Limitations of Phase Diagrams 300

5 vi / Contents CHAPTER 15 Nonequilibrium Reactions Martensitic and Bainitic Structures Nonequilibrium Cooling TTT Diagrams Martensite in Steels Tempering of Martensite in Steels Nonferrous Martensite Shape Memory Alloys Bainitic Structures CHAPTER 16 Nonequilibrium Reactions Precipitation Hardening Precipitation Hardening Theory of Precipitation Hardening Precipitation Hardening of Aluminum Alloys Precipitation Hardening of Nickel-Base Superalloys 358 APPENDIX A Review of Metallic Structure 363 A.l Periodic Table 363 A.2 Bonding in Solids 365 A.3 Crystalline Structure 371 A.4 Crystalline System Calculations 377 A.5 Slip Systems 384 A.6 Crystallographic Planes and Directions 386 A.7 X-ray Diffraction for Determining Crystalline Structure A.8 Crystalline Imperfections 394 A.9 Plastic Deformation 401 A.10 Surface or Planar Defects 409 A. ll Volume Defects 425 APPENDIX B Fundamentals of Solidification 429 B. l The Liquid State 429 B.2 Solidification Interfaces 430 B.3 Solidification Structures 433. B.4 Segregation 436 B.5 Grain Refinement and Secondary Dendrite Arm Spacing 440 B.6 Porosity and Shrinkage 440 Index 447