MANAGING URBAN WATER, WASTEWATER AND SANITATION LESSONS LEARNED AND BEST PRACTICES AND THEIR APPLICABILITY Thammarat Koottatep Environmental Engineering Management School of Environment, Resources and Development
Safely managed sanitation around the world 39% (~40%) OR 2 IN 5 PEOPLE USED A SAFELY MANAGED SANITATION SERVICE
The Way the World is Measuring Progress in Sanitation is Insufficient. MDGs Post-2015 Targets Sewerage Water closet Sewer network pumping stations Treatment plant Fecal Sludge Management for on-site systems Latrine or septic tank Primary emptying Vacuum truck Transfer Treatment plant Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 3
Pathway of Sanitation Improvement Practices in developing countries Source: WSP, World Bank Group (2015) 4
Population (mns) World Total OD(%) BRICS- India 1% S. Asia- India 14% SSA 28% Scale of sanitation challenges : India in the World Rest of the World 4% INDIA 53% 1400.0 1200.0 1000.0 800.0 600.0 400.0 200.0 0.0 Population India - T: 1210 m., R: 833 m., U: 377 m. OD-50% PL-3% IHL-47% OD-67 % PL-2% IHL-31% TOTAL (1210 mn) RURAL (833 mn) URBAN (377 mn) In-House Latrine Public Latrine Open Defecation Source: Census 2011 OD-13% PL-6% IHL-81% Source: WHO-UNICEF JMP Report 2014 BRICS- India 1% S. Asia- India 7% SSA 35% World Urban OD (%) Rest of the World 5% INDIA 52% MDG Goal/ Target/ Indicator Safe drinking water (T) Improved Sanitation (T) Improved Sanitation (U) Improved Sanitation (R) India s Baseline - 1990 India s Target for 2015 India s achievement in 2012 70 85 93 18 59 36 50 75 60 7 71 25 Source: MOPSI 2013
Open defecation in urban areas has been decreasing, however, there is a long way ahead (1990-2011, India and Analogous Countries) Source: World Health Organization and UNICEF (2013), World Bank (2013) Ethiopia and Vietnam have performed well in terms of reduction of urban open defecation. Indonesia s GDP per capita has increased significantly but reported reduction of urban open defecation has been less significant. India, Nepal and Mozambique have had similar improvement in the reduction of urban open defecation, but India has seen higher growth in per capita GDP in this period.
There is wide recognition of the scale of India s sanitation crisis 52 % of global urban OD 11% of global urban popl 60% additional urban popl (221 m) Indonesia/ Brazil there is also increased discussion of the significance of this crisis : Health Benefits; Miasma-water borne sanitation related - stunting Resource efficiencies Climate Change resilience Economic Benefits Equity and dignity Poor, women, children, work related Sources: JMP 2014, IIHS 2011
Poor FSM is akin to institutional open defecation Sludge direct to the environment when no service chain 20% WC to sewer 79% On-site facility Safely emptied Unsafely emptied Left to overflow or abandoned Leakage Illegally dumped Effectively treated Not effectively treated 2% 2% of fecal sludge safely disposed of fecal sludge 98% unsafely disposed 1% Open defecation Source: WSP analysis, using BMGF funded research 1% 69% Residential environment 9% 9% 1% 9% Drainage systems Receiving waters Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 8
~2.5 BILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE TODAY NEED FECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT (FSM) % of population served by: Sewer Septic Flush/ pour flush pit Pit - Dry Other 1 Environment (Open Defecation) 20 1 79 3 72 17 1 13 5 61 193 19 6 13 25 17 4 114 4 2 7 72 190 57 41 144 5 7 5 1 44 439 12 18 23 3 5 28 2 21 593 40 1,105 13 xx Current population of region with need for FSM (Million) 87 3 1. Open pits, pits without slabs and composting toilets included in "Other" as these do not need FSM (open pits/ pits without slabs covered up when full) Source: UN JMP sanitation data, BCG analysis Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 9
Black water Domestic wastewater and FS Management in Thailand: Daily production 1-100 households >100 households 10 types of Building Building effluent standard BOD < 30 mg/l 1.4 million cu.m. (14.6%) 101 plants Central wastewater treatment system Or Grey water Onsite treatment Real estate effluent standard BOD < 30 mg/l Manhole 9.6 million cu.m Combined sewerage system 8.2 million cu.m (85.4%) (Environment) Effluent standard BOD < 20 mg/l 90% Cesspool Or 8% Commercial DEWAT package Ministerial regulation under Building control Act BOD < 30 mg/l (Environment) Faecal Sludge 0.04 million cu.m. 87% 13% Soil conditioner Agricultural area Emptying truck FS treatment plant 80% Anaerobic Digester
Diarrhea morbidity cases Diarrhea mortality cases Health status in Thailand 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 1990 1991 mortality 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Year morbidity 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Source: Ministry of pubic health (Thailand), 2005 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
Sanitation is not only a Treatment business but Infrastructure Development Policy/regulation Conducive business environment Supply Chain / manufacturing Regulated sanitation services Job creating industry Promote resource recovery Local investment Market structuring Licensing / contracts / tender Service provision standards Competitive business environment Local / regional manufacturing or assembly Marketing of the product Technologies new equipment Innovative systems Waste-to energy processor
Key Messages Urban Water Security & Sanitation - Create enforcement mechanisms in supporting of sanitation policy - Integrate sanitation chains into water management policy - Clearly define roles and responsibilities of all concerned authorities - Nurture innovative financing schemes for sanitation development 13
A Toolkit A simplified policy guidance on wastewater management jointly developed by UNESCAP UN-HABITAT AIT 14
FSM TOOLBOX Accelerating Effective Implementation of FSM Practices Donors Consultants City Planners Tailor-made solutions for FSM practitioners
Advocacy Manual Key Performance Indicator Logistic and Operation Planning (coming soon) Job Profile Matrix SANITECH by CSTEP Stakeholder Analysis Financial & Technical Assessment 15 tools PSP by CEPT SaniTab by CEPT Regulatory and Institutional Assessment SANIPLAN by CEPT Situational Assessment IFSM Citywide Assessment and Planning Toolkit by CEPT one-stop platform www.fsmtoolbox.com
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