IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE Present and potential role in food production and sustainable rural development Prof. dr. Bart Schultz
World population growth Billion 10 8 6 4 2 0 2000 2025 2050 Least developed countries Emerging developing countries Developed countries Year
POPULATION DENSITY Continent Total area in Arable land in Total population in million Population density in persons/km 2 with reference to 10 6 ha 10 6 ha total area arable land Asia 2,745 531 3,508 128 661 Africa 1,820 157 598 33 380 Europe 2,202 295 703 32 239 Americas 3,771 370 757 20 204 Oceania 803 56 23 3 40
Production of Cereals 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0-200 Developed countries Emerging developing countries Least developed countries Pr. in million ton NES in million ton Pr. in kg/person NES in kg/person
WATER MANAGEMENT Continent Total area in 10 6 ha Arable land in 10 6 ha Total population in million Water management practice in 10 6 ha No system Irrigation Drainage Asia Africa Europe 2,745 1,820 2,202 531 157 295 3,508 598 703 303 266 219 179 40 27 49 65 49 Americas Oceania 3,771 803 370 56 757 23 142 51 11 3 4 2
DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATED AREA Million ha 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 Year World Asia Americas Europe Africa
WATER, FOOD AND ENVIRONMENT CHALLENGES feed the still growing worlds population (duplication in food production by 2025) improve the standard of living and environmental conditions in the rural area develop and manage land and water in a sustainable way during the coming decades especially in developing countries
BASIC QUESTIONS government policy on agriculture and rural development agriculture: food security, food self sufficiency, export required area of agricultural land required water management systems
WATER MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS water shortages inefficient water use waterlogging and salinization inadequate operation and maintenance pollution through fertilizers and pesticides flooding of cultivated areas
FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN WATER MANAGEMENT integrated water management sustainable development acceptable environmental impacts
RELEVANT DATA No system Irrigation Drainage (rainfed) Area: - in million ha 1,100 270 130 - in % of total 73 18 9 Crop output in %: - present 45 40 15 - in 2025 (estimated) 30 50 20
DEVELOPMENTS IN IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE required increase in efficiency, water saving institutional reforms in the direction of stakeholder controlled management transfer of systems, or of responsibilities modernisation cost recovery
ACTORS IN AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBLE CONTRIBUTING Consultants Government Policy, legislation, National waters Contractors, manufacturers Universities, schools Agencies Main and distri- Research institutes butary systems Banks, donors Farmers Field systems NGO s, Int. org. Farmers associations
MODERNIZATION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MODERNIZATION Policy and legislation Projects of National importance Funding by Government Gov. budget and loans from dev. banks Main and distriburary systems Funding by Government and farmers Based on an agreed sharing of costs Gov. budget, loans, farmers Field systems Funding or by their labour May be with Government subsidy Gov. budget, loans priv. banks, farmers OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE Policy and legislation National waters and major structures Funding by Government Recurrent budget Main and distributary systems Funding by farmers May be Government subsidy Farmers money, recurrent gov. budget Field systems Funding or by their labour Their own money or labour May be loans from private banks
ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS determination of best modernisation options modernisation cost resulting cost and efforts for operation and maintenance of the modernised systems full cost recovery, or sustainability cost recovery cost sharing capacity to pay
DEVELOPMENTS IN CROP PRICES Price in US$/ton 400 300 200 100 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year Wheat Maize Rice Soybean
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT migration from rural to urban areas higher yields per ha increase in farm sizes, higher value crops, or part time farming mechanisation in agriculture increased application of fertilizer and pesticides depletion of surface and groundwater resources
WHAT CAN FARMERS AFFORD dependent on farmers experience, skill and farmers organisations not more than a certain percentage of the value of their yield (rough indicator 5%) farmers can contribute in cash and in kind
THE IMPORTANCE OF BENCHMARKING information on the performance of the existing system in the broad sense: technically, financially, socially and environmentally indicators for best improvement options for modernisation and their possible effects
A nation that fails to plan intelligently for the development and protection of its precious waters will be condemned to wither because of its short-sightedness. The hard lessons of history are clear, written on the deserted sands and ruins of once proud civilizations. President Lyndon B. Johnson