Product Certification Criteria for. Products Using Recycled Materials

Interpretation Product Certification Criteria for Building Products Using Recycled Materials April 8, 2004 1. Environmental Background The construction industry consumes massive resources and energy in the building process as well as in the production of materials and parts used. Carbon dioxide emissions in the life cycle of architectural structures are said to make up one third of all industries. In addition to minimizing building wastes and effective waste disposal, thorough recycling of disposed wastes and other recyclable materials is the prime responsibility of construction businesses. The Eco Mark Program has had a criterion category for buildings products, but the range is limited to specific product types. For this reason, Eco Mark certification is not applicable to many building products, even those manufactured from recycled materials. This Product Certification Criteria for building products using recycled materials was therefore established to encompass a broad range of products. Recycled materials used for building, however, span a wide range, and negative consequences such as hazardous effects, etc. remain unknown; it is thus not feasible to apply the criteria to all recycled materials. Various challenges pertaining not only to technical aspects but cost-related issues as well in the recycling of building products also remain. Yet to build a recycling-oriented society, active use of recycled materials serves as a very important means. 2. Applicable Products Of JIS designated boards, Glass fiber reinforced plastic corrugated sheets (JIS A 5701) were excluded due to difficulty in use of recycled materials. - Floor materials Based on JIS, only the following materials were included: Straw TATAMIDOKO (JIS A 5901), TATAMI (JIS A 5902), Non straw TATAMIDOKO (JIS A 5914), while floor materials such as flooring, etc. were excluded. - Exterior/interior materials Based on 4-1 (1) For products whose raw materials include metals, metallic materials are not regarded as recycled materials, of materials categorized into exterior and interior materials under JIS, products made of metal such as Curtain rails (Metal) (JIS A 4802) and Metal components for balcony and handrails of dwellings (JIS A 6601) were excluded. - Waterproofing material 123 (Interpretation) 1

It is environmentally significant to collect waste waterproofing materials at the building site for reuse as waterproofing material containing asphalt. Therefore, those materials were included in the Eco Mark certification material list. - Cement Despite concern over possible problems in the use of recycled materials for cement, since many building products use cement, cement was deemed as having importance and included in this Product Certification Criteria. - Other building materials Other than those designated under JIS, many building products with reduced environmental burden are increasingly being developed. Though quality problems of these products are a source of concern, they were nevertheless included in this Product Certification Criteria, taking into consideration the significance in including them under the Eco Mark Program from the viewpoint of reducing waste materials. 3. Terminology Certification of a recycled material is based on the ISO standard Environmental labels and declarations - Self-declared environmental claims (ISO 14021). Waste materials recycled within the same process, or even recycled within the same plant are not recognized as pre-consumer materials, and therefore do not fall into a category of recycled materials. This is because the in-house recycling of waste generated in a factory or plant is by all means the responsibility of the manufacturer, and does not serve as a reason for the Eco Mark Program to give its approval. Consequently, defective products used for recycling in the same factory or plant and chips generated in the production process are irrelevant to the use of recycled material provided by the certification criteria for this category. (Reference) Building Standard Law, Chapter 1, Article 2 Buildings indicates structures built on the ground which have roofs and pillars or walls (including ones pertaining to this). It also includes accompanying gates, trenches, display objects, basement or elevated offices, shops, performance halls, warehouses and other similar facilities (excluding facilities for controlling the operation of trains and along tracks, footbridges, platform sheds, tanks, and other similar facilities), as well as building services. 4. Environmental Criteria Details of 4-1. General environmental criteria, 4-2. General material criteria and 4-3. Specific environmental criteria For setting up the criteria, environmental impacts over the whole life cycle of a product were considered, using a table of environmental impacts at each stage of a product life cycle. As a result, impact items for which establishment of criteria was considered important in Eco Mark certification were selected. For these items, qualitative or quantitative criteria were established. Environmental impact items considered for the category of Building Products Using Recycled Materials are as shown in the table of Environmental impacts at each stage of a product life cycle (X and XX in the table). Out of these, items which 123 (Interpretation) 2

were finally selected as environmental criteria are: A-1, A-8, B-1, B-2, B-3, B-5, B-8, B-9, C-1, C-2, C-7, D-1, D-5, D-8, E-1, E-7, E-8, and F-1 (XX in the table). The blank columns in the table show items that were outside the scope of review or which were reviewed in combination with other items. The following provides details of establishing environmental criteria: Table: Chart for Selecting Environmental Impact Items at Each Stage of Product Life Cycle Product Life Stage Environmental Impact Item A. Resource Extraction B. Manufacturing C. Distribution D. Use/Consumption E. Disposal F. Recycling 1. Resource consumption XX XX XX XX XX XX 2. Discharge of greenhouse gases X XX XX 3. Discharge of the ozone layer depleting substances 4. Destruction of eco systems 5. Discharge of atmospheric pollutants X XX X X X XX XX X X 6. Discharge of water pollutants X X X X 7. Emission/disposal of wastes X XX X XX 8. Use/discharge of hazardous materials XX XX XX XX 9. Other environmental impacts XX XX A. Resource Extraction Stage A-1 Resource consumption (1) The products shall use recycled materials defined in Terminology, and contain materials listed separately. (2) For products whose raw materials include metals, metallic materials are not regarded as recycled materials. (3) The percentage of recycled materials used shall be above the standard mixture amount indicated in the separate table. When multiple categories of recycled materials are used, the mixture amount of recycled material categories that make up 20% or more of the product shall not be less than the standard mixture amount. (4) Sub-materials shall not be used in excess. For item (1), usage rate of recycled materials should be as high as possible. However, based on the current Eco Mark certification criteria, products using similar materials were given the same criteria. For item (2), due to a long history of recycling, metallic materials do not satisfy the purpose of the top runner product certification of the Eco Mark Program. Consequently, it was decided that metallic materials would be excluded from recycled 123 (Interpretation) 3

materials. For item (3), since numerous recycled materials are used for building materials, it is difficult to actually require that every recycled material meet the given criteria. Consequently, requirements of this Product Certification Criteria were applicable only to materials that make up 20% or more of the product. For item (4), due to the difficulty in determining the state of use of sub materials for some building materials, it was not selected as a common criterion. <Material criteria> - Plastic (1) Plastics shall satisfy the requirements provided in the articles 4-1. (3) and (4) of 4. Criteria for Eco Mark Certification, Product Category No. 118 Plastic Products Using Recycled Materials. As criteria have already been established for plastics in existing Eco Mark Product Categories, requirements of such existing criteria were taken to be satisfied in this Product Certification Criteria. - Glass (1) Alkali-aggregate reaction in glass/concrete mixing. Glass was reviewed for alkali-aggregate reaction and this item was selected as a criterion. (1) 100% Recycled materials shall be used for boards made of wood, pulp, slag, desulfurized gypsum plaster, and mineral wool. (2) Cement shall satisfy the criteria in Eco Mark Product Category 30 Blast Furnace Fine Powder Slag and Blast Furnace Cement and Eco Mark Product Category 65 Building Materials of Fly Ash. (3) For silicate materials, fly ash shall be used as recycled material. (4) Test criteria for hazardous materials such as heavy metals included in minute quantities in waste gypsum plasterboards, separation with wallpaper. (5) Products made by processing fiber boards or particle boards shall satisfy the criteria of Eco Mark Product Category 111 Board Made of Wood or the Like. (6) Inorganic fiber material, pearlite, inorganic composite material, silicate silica fume. For item (1), as a result of considering the amount of recycled material used for products on the market at this point and concluding that recycled material can be used to a high degree, usage rate was set at 100%. For item (2), although a high usage rate of recycled material was also taken into account, from the viewpoint of expanding use as a recycled material, requirements in criteria prescribed in existing Eco Mark Product Categories shall be satisfied. 123 (Interpretation) 4

Item (3) was reviewed from the perspective of using recycled material as much as possible, and selected as a criterion. For item (4), the harmfulness of substances included was evaluated in elution and content tests as general criteria. Whether used products can be recycled easily was also taken into consideration. To allow easy separation of different materials, this item was selected as a criterion. For item (5), as criteria have been established in existing Eco Mark Product Categories, requirements of such existing criteria shall be satisfied in this Product Certification Criteria. Since materials indicated in item (6) are used in minimal amounts in products, and substitution with recycled material is difficult with currently available technology, these materials were not taken as recycled materials, but as additives. - Roof Materials (1) Clay rooftile shall satisfy the criteria given in Eco Mark Product Category 109 Tile-blocks made of recycled materials As criteria have been established for roofing materials in existing Eco Mark Product Categories, requirements of such existing criteria shall be satisfied in this Product Certification Criteria. However, mining and quarry waste soil such as ceramic waste soil and minute silica sand are usually used in the manufacture of products, and are therefore not taken as recycled material in this Product Certification Criteria. - Floor Materials (1) Straw mats shall be tatami mats and should be made of 100% rice straw. Under this Product Certification Criteria, rice straw is taken as recycled material. Products shall conform to the criteria in Eco Mark Product Category 27 Straw Matting (Tatami Made from Rice Straw). - Interior Materials (1) Raw material shall be made of more than 50% recycled pulp. As a result of reviewing whether to raise the percentage of recycled material for this item, it was decided that the criteria in Eco Mark Product Category 40 Wallpaper, Fusuma Paper and Shoji Paper Made from Recycled Pulp shall be followed to ensure that quality is maintained. However, plastic coating was excluded from the criteria, taking the growing popularity of plastic wallpaper, etc. into consideration. - Plastering Materials (1) Use of recycled material in admixtures. This item was reviewed from the perspective of using recycled materials. Since 123 (Interpretation) 5

plastering materials are only used in small amounts and the use of recycled materials is difficult, this item was not selected as a criterion. - Coating Materials (1) Coating materials shall satisfy the criteria in Eco Mark Product Category 33 Paint, Coating and Waterproof Coating Containing No Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds. A review of the criteria for this item in existing Eco Mark product Categories is planned. Once new criteria are established, this item will be incorporated. In this Product Certification Criteria, it was determined that requirements of such existing Eco Mark Product Categories be satisfied for this item. - Roofing Materials (1) Recycled material shall be used for sheet material. For item (1), various materials are currently being developed and used. Since recycled material should be used as much as possible, this item was selected as a criterion. - Insulation/Sound Absorbing Materials (1) Steel slug shall be used by more than 100% in mineral wool For this item, it was decided that 100% steel slug is used for mineral wool. - Cement (1) More than 50% recycled material shall be used Despite opinions that the recycled material content of 50% for cement is impossible under current circumstances, taking into consideration that cement containing 50% recycled material is actually being produced, a percentage of more than 50% was set under the Eco Mark Program with the aim of promoting a high usage rate, etc. - Other Building Materials (1) Recycled material shall satisfy the individual criteria of materials Since most building materials use several recycled materials in this category, it was concluded that it is necessary to satisfy the criteria of each material. A-2 Discharge of greenhouse gases 123 (Interpretation) 6

(1) Volume of energy consumed and carbon dioxide emissions in resource extraction shall be less than general products. (2) After estimating carbon dioxide emissions in resource extraction, efforts should be made to reduce their volume. Due to the difficulty in determining the volume of carbon dioxide generated during the extraction of resources, this item was not selected as a criterion. A-3 Discharge of ozone layer depleting substances (1) Use of ozone depleting substances in resource extraction and manufacturing stages As there are no applicable materials to boards, this item was not selected as a criterion. A-5 Discharge of atmospheric pollutants - Coating Materials (1) No air pollutants shall be emitted in resource extraction Despite concerns over the emission of air pollutants even in resource extraction of coating materials, this item was not selected as a criterion due to the lack of quantitative data at present. A-8 Use/discharge of hazardous materials <Material criteria> - Plastics (1) Plastic products shall not contain toxic chemicals. Specifically, they shall satisfy the requirements provided in the articles 4-1. (3) and (4) of 4. Criteria for Eco Mark Certification, Product Category No. 118 Plastic Products Using Recycled Materials (see Appendix 1). (2) No polymer that contains halogen or organic halogenides shall be used as constituents of a product. For item (1), criteria were revised in existing Eco Mark Product Categories and 123 (Interpretation) 7

these shall be followed. For item (2), products containing such constituents shall not be used due to problems of dioxin emission in the event of fire hazards. (1) Board shall not contain radioactive substances such as radon (Rn) This item was reviewed taking into consideration that in the comparison of criteria of different countries such as environment labels, Europe and the US have criteria for this item. However, in Japan, products rarely contain radioactive substances, and it is impossible to determine specific figures, therefore this item was not selected as a criterion. - Roof Materials/Floor Materials (1) Hazardous materials such as asbestos and heavy metals shall not be contained in roof and floor materials, or content level must be below the specified level. (2) Handling of trace constituents. (3) There shall be no problems in use of blowing agents. For item (1), as a result of reviewing the content of asbestos and heavy metals, it was concluded that they are not relevant to this product category. Thus this item was not selected as a criterion. For item (2), due to the difficulty in determining actual figures at the current technological level, the establishment of quantitative criteria was deemed impossible. Thus this item was not selected as a criterion. Item (3) was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-3. - Plastering Materials (1) Indoor/outdoor air pollutants Air pollutants were reviewed for this item. At the same time, a study group in the Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Labor is currently reviewing the problem of indoor air pollution. Since there is no guiding principle for VOC emissions from materials and the testing methods have not been standardized, this item was not selected as a criterion. - Coating Materials (1) Indoor/outdoor air pollutants (2) Handling of trace constituents For item (1), focusing on the influence on the human body, volatile substances from products were reviewed. It was concluded, Coating materials shall not use aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (thinner, toluene, xylene, etc.) as solvents. Materials having a photochemical reaction equal or superior to that of such aromatic 123 (Interpretation) 8

hydrocarbon compounds shall not be included, this item was selected as a criterion. For item (2), due to the difficulty in determining actual figures at the current technological level, the establishment of quantitative criteria was deemed impossible. Thus this item was not selected as a criterion. - Roofing Materials (1) Both raw and recycled materials shall not contain hazardous substances such as asbestos and heavy metal, or the hazardous substance content, if any, of the material shall be below the specified level. (2) Handling of trace constituents. For item (1), as a result of reviewing the use of asbestos and heavy metals in products, this item was selected as a criterion. For item (2), due to the difficulty in determining actual figures at the current technological level, the establishment of quantitative criteria was deemed impossible. Thus this item was not selected as a criterion. - Insulation/Sound Absorbing Materials (1) Product shall not contain hazardous materials such as asbestos. As a result of reviewing use of asbestos in products, this item was selected as a criterion. - Cement (1) Resources shall not contain hazardous materials such as heavy metals. This item was selected as a criterion from the requirement that no hazardous materials should be contained in incineration ash. B. Manufacturing Stage B-1 Resource consumption (1) Percentage of chips, defective products, surplus material, and waste material emitted in manufacturing shall be taken into consideration. (2) Efforts shall be made to ensure a long life and repairability in manufacturing. For item (1), though use of chips and surplus material emitted in manufacturing was considered useful, it was deemed impossible to determine actual figures and establish quantitative criteria. This item was therefore not selected as a criterion. For item (2), repairs and use of products are as significant as the use of recycled material. However, since there were certain products which cannot be repaired, this item was not selected as a general criterion. 123 (Interpretation) 9

- Floor Materials (1) Tatamidoko straw matting shall have features such as changeable tatami-omote rush mat cover, in order to ensure its long-term use. Because it is possible to design tatami mats for a long-term use, this item was selected as a criterion. -Other Building Materials (1) Products shall be used over 20 years. A considerable variety of products in this category are being manufactured and used as construction products using recycled materials. However, there exist no quality standards such as JIS for these products, and they may also include disposable products, etc. This item was selected as a criterion, although it was deemed that such products should not be accepted as Eco Mark products despite the use of recycled materials. B-2 Discharge of greenhouse gases (1) Production process using thermal treatment such as firing shall give consideration to the volume of carbon dioxide emission. (2) Volume of energy consumed and carbon dioxide emissions in manufacturing shall be less than general products. Item (1) was selected as a criterion like other Eco Mark criteria. Item (2) was omitted because it has already been reviewed in A-2. B-3 Discharge of ozone layer depleting substances <Material criteria> - Plastics (1) Foaming resins should not use the specified CFCs, other CFCs, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane, and CFC substitutes (HCFCs), indicated in Attachment 2 (5 types of CFCs) Based on The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, use of specified chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as a blowing agent is prohibited by law, and this should rightly be observed. It was also decided that CFC substitutes (HCFCs) would not be approved to promote a switch to hydrocarbons. This item was therefore selected as a criterion. 123 (Interpretation) 10

(1) Ozone-depleting substances shall not be used in resource extraction and manufacturing. This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in A-3. - Plastering Materials/Coating Materials (1) There shall be no problems in use of blowing agents in manufacturing. This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-3 <Material criteria>. - Insulation/Sound Absorbing Materials (1) Substances with adverse effects on the environment such as ozone-depleting substances shall not be used in manufacturing. (2) Use of blowing agents in manufacturing. This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-3. B-5 Discharge of atmospheric pollutants (1) Hazardous materials shall not be generated or emitted in manufacturing It was determined that generation and emission of hazardous materials from the manufacturing process must be minimized. Criteria requiring the appropriate control of hazardous materials without violation of the agreements, regulations, and laws of the region in which the manufacturing plant is located was established. From this perspective, not only air pollutants, but water pollutants, vibration, noise, odor, and other hazardous materials shall follow the local criteria such as agreement, regulations and laws of the corresponding region. (1) Control of volatile substances and free substances. (2) No generation and emission of air pollutants due to adhesives and admixtures. (3) Measures to reduce air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and dusts shall be implemented. (4) No emission of air pollutants in each process of autoclaving, cutting, and drying. Items (1) to (4) were omitted because they have already been reviewed in 123 (Interpretation) 11

(1). - Coating Materials (1) Coating materials shall not use aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (thinner, toluene, xylene, etc.) as solvents. Materials having a photochemical reaction equal or superior to that of such aromatic hydrocarbon compounds shall not be included. This item was selected as a criterion taking into consideration impact on the human body. - Roofing Materials (1) Use of volatile organic compounds (VOC) such as formaldehyde, toluene, and xylene in manufacturing. This item was not selected as a criterion due to lack of quantitative data and difficulty in establishing Eco Mark criteria. - Cement (1) Hazardous materials shall not be included in surplus material after cement manufacture This item was reviewed concerning the handling surplus material after manufacturing, but was not selected as a criterion. B-6 Discharge of water pollutants (1) No hazardous materials shall be generated or emitted during manufacturing This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed inb-5. B-7 Emission/disposal of wastes (1) Efforts shall be made to minimize the percentage of chips, loss material, defective products, surplus material, and water material produced during manufacturing 123 (Interpretation) 12

This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-1. B-8 Use/discharge of hazardous materials (1) Generation and emission of hazardous materials during manufacturing shall be prevented. (2) Excessive use of additives Item (1) shall be omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-5. Item (2) was not selected as a criterion due to difficulty in determining the state of additives use for concerned building material. <Material criteria> - Wood Material/Rice Straw (1) Products using termiticides, preservatives, and/or insect repellents shall be approved by the Japan Wood Preserving Association, and they shall not use chemicals containing chrome, arsenic, or pyrethroid. (2) Indoor products shall not use toluene or xylene in their manufacturing process, with 0.5mg/l or less formaldehyde emissions from the materials used. This item was selected as a criterion in accordance with the criteria in Eco Mark Product Category 115 Wooden Products Using Waste Wood, Tinned-out Wood, Small-diameter Logs, etc. (1) Use of adhesives and coatings including toluene and xylene, etc. in manufacturing This item was not selected as a criterion because such adhesives and coatings are not used in the manufacturing stage of wood products. - Roof and Floor Materials (1) Solvent adhesives and coatings shall not be used in the manufacturing and installing of products This item was not selected as a criterion because solvent adhesives and coatings are not used in the manufacturing stage of wood products. 123 (Interpretation) 13

- Floor Materials (1) Fireproofing shall conform to the regulations on the use of flame retardants in Eco Mark certified products. This item was not selected as a criterion because it conforms to the regulations on the use of flame retardants in Eco Mark certified products. - Plastering Material/Coating Material (1) No hazardous materials and organic solvents shall be used. (2) Solvents, preservatives, mildewcides, and pigments shall not be used if they are hazardous. Item (1) was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-5. Item (2) was selected as a criterion for chemicals (termiticides, preservatives, and insect repellents) used. Pigments were reviewed for the elution of heavy metals contained in pigments such as Pb, Zn, and Cr, and processing of paint pigments generated in the disposal of painted products. On the other hand, it was pointed out that balance with the effects of prolonging life of buildings through coating be taken into account. Consequently, this item was selected as a criterion. - Insulation/Sound Absorbing Materials (1) No substances with adverse effects on the environment shall be used in the manufacturing process (2) Use of restricted substances such as binders and admixtures Item (1) was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-3. For item (2), it was deemed impossible to determine actual figures and establish quantitative criteria at the current technological level. It was therefore not selected as a criterion. - Cement (1) No hazardous substances shall be included in surplus materials, etc. after manufacture of cement This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-5. B-9 Other Environmental Impact (1) No hazardous materials shall be generated and/or emitted in manufacturing This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-5. 123 (Interpretation) 14

- Floor Materials (1) If implementing moth proofing for floor materials, appropriate measures shall be taken to reduce factors aggravating the residential environment. (2) Appropriate measures shall be taken to reduce factors aggravating residential environment accompanied by generation of mold and mites in manufacturing This item was selected as a criterion in accordance with Eco Mark Product Category 115 Wooden Products Using Waste Wood, Tinned-out Wood, Small-diameter Logs, etc.. C. Distribution Stage C-1 Resource consumption (1) With regard to products with packaging, consideration shall be given to conserve resources. This item was selected as a criterion based on the conclusion that it is important to give consideration to conserve resources, facilitate material recycling, and reduce environmental burden of the incineration disposal process. C-2 Discharge of greenhouse gases (1) With regard to products with packaging, consideration shall be given to reduce environmental burden of the incineration disposal process. (2) Volume of energy consumed and carbon dioxide generated in transportation of resources shall be less than general products Item (1) was selected as a criterion. Item (2) was not selected as a criterion because it is impossible to conform to an alternative distribution method which emits less carbon dioxide at this point. C-7 Discharge/disposal of wastes (1) With regard to products with packaging, consideration shall be given to facilitate material recycling. (2) When packaging materials include metals, they shall be designed to allow 123 (Interpretation) 15

separation/sorting, facilitating recycling after its disposal. This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in C-1. - Coating Materials (1) A system to collect emptied containers which are excluded from regular waste collection systems shall be available. This item was selected as a criterion because it was concluded that it is important for manufacturers to actively construct recovery systems for items which are difficult to dispose by general consumers. D. Use/Consumption Stage D-1 Resource consumption (1) Reuse of surplus materials This item was reviewed focusing on the development of a system between manufacturers and constructors. As some Eco Mark Committee members pointed out that the relation of this criterion with such a system is important, it was agreed that boards should be designed for reuse. However, considering that it is impossible to implement the system in the current situation, this item was not selected as a criterion. Only an explanation is provided by this Interpretation. - Cement (1) The total alkali content of cement shall be below the specified level. (2) The chloride content of cement shall be below the specified level. The concentration of alkalis or chlorides may pose as a problem according to which part of the product they are used for. It is not desirable for the life of a Eco Mark product to shorten with the use of recycled materials. Therefore quality criteria were established for this item. D-3 Discharge of ozone layer depleting substances 123 (Interpretation) 16

- Roof Material/Insulation/Sound Absorbing Materials (1) Use of blowing agents This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-3. - Floor Materials (1) Emission of solvents and interfacial active agents shall be considered in cleansing during the use/consumption stage. This item was not selected as a criterion because the provision above was considered irrelevant to this product category. D-5 Discharge of atmospheric pollutants (1) Instruction manual(s) shall accompany a product. Increase in environmental loads through the construction and use of inappropriate products has been a cause for concern with this item. Criteria were therefore established to require the compilation of manuals on the construction, use, disposal, and recycling to avoid increased environmental loads. (1) Management of volatile substances and free substances. (2) Air pollutants shall be less than the specified value in use. (3) Measures shall be implemented for air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, sulfuric oxides, and dusts. (4) There shall be no emission of air pollutants from adhesives. (5) Wastes during construction (chips) shall be recycled at the plant. Items (1) through (4) were omitted because they have already been reviewed in B-5. Item (5) was selected as a criterion due to the need for the effective use of surplus materials during processing at the construction site. - Floor Materials (1) Indoor/outdoor air pollutants in use shall be below the specified levels. Although criteria have been established for the indoor concentration of air 123 (Interpretation) 17

pollutants, there is no requirement for air pollutants from tatami mats that are included in this product category. It is apparently impossible to set quantitative figures for them. Thus the item was not selected as a criterion. - Plastering Materials (1) Indoor/outdoor air pollutants shall not be contained. (2) Construction manual(s) shall be required for dust-proof measures during construction. This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in D-5 General environmental criteria and Flooring Materials. - Coating Materials (1) Indoor/outdoor air pollutants shall not be contained. (2) Solvents, preservatives, mildewcides, and pigments shall not be used if they are hazardous. (3) Vaporization and scattering of hazardous materials in the construction and hardening of resins must be considered. This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-5. - Roofing Materials (1) Air pollutants and hazardous substances shall not be emitted not only in normal heating, but in unexpected overheating and ignition. This item was selected as a criterion. D-6 Discharge of water pollutants (1) Construction measures shall be implemented. (2) Wastes during construction (chips) shall be recycled at the plant. This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in D-5. - Roofing Materials (1) Hazardous materials such as asbestos and heavy metals shall not be contained in raw and recycled materials, or content level must be below the specified level. This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in A-8. D-7 Discharge/disposal of wastes 123 (Interpretation) 18

(1) Construction measures shall be implemented. (2) Wastes during construction (chips) shall be recycled at the plant. This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in D-5. - Plastering Materials (1) Surplus materials in construction shall be harmless even if buried in soil. This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in D-8. - Coating Materials (1) Containers shall be easy to separate from products, and need not be disposed at managed disposal sites. (2) Surplus materials used shall be harmless. (3) Disposal of wastes generated when cleaning surface in repainting. Since it was pointed out that containers and surplus paint will pose as a major problem in disposal, items (1) and (2) were selected as criteria. Item (3) was not selected as a criterion because waste recovery and disposal are not in the stage of being technically executed. D-8 Use/discharge of hazardous materials (1) During construction and use, elusion of hazardous materials such as heavy metals shall never occur. As for elusion of hazardous materials, products shall comply with the environmental standard concerning soil contamination (Environmental Agency Notification No. 46, 8/23/1991). The materials, to which the elusion standard applies for fired products and goods manufactured at room temperature using recycled materials with melting treatment, shall be six substances, namely: cadmium, lead, hexavalent chromium, arsenic, mercury, selenium. Emission of powdery materials containing hazardous substances such as cadmium, lead, arsenic, and mercury, shall not occur by abrasion, etc. when processed, used, and disassembled. For this item, focus should be placed on the effluence of hazardous materials into the environment in use of the product. There is also concern for hazardous flux; dust from products will be emitted during construction at the construction site, etc. In this sense, to ensure the safety of natural environment, etc., the criteria on soil pollution of the Environmental Agency was adopted. This item was selected as a criterion. 123 (Interpretation) 19

(1) Disposal of wastes at site. (2) Adhesives and coatings containing toluene and xylene shall not be used in manufacturing and installing. Item (1) was omitted because it has already been reviewed in D-8 <General environmental criteria>. Item (2) was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-8. - Roof Materials (1) No solvent adhesives and coatings shall be used in the manufacture and installation of products (2) Construction manual(s) shall indicate that inappropriate adhesives or sealants should not be used at the construction site. Item (1) was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-8 <General environmental criteria>. Item (2) was omitted because it has already been reviewed in D-5. - Floor Materials (1) There shall be no likelihood of emission of solvents from the adhesive in use. (2) Emission of hazardous materials from adhesives in installation and products in use shall be below the criteria. Although it was argued that hazardous materials and volatile substances generated from adhesives should be taken into consideration, due to the difficulty in determining actual figures, this item was not selected as a criterion. - Plastering Materials (1) Chemicals such as thickeners, coagulation retarders, and pigments shall be confirmed as harmless before use. This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in D-8 <General environmental criteria>. - Coating Materials (1) No hazardous materials and organic solvents shall be contained or emitted. (2) No solvents, preservatives, mildewcides, and pigments shall be used if they are hazardous. (3) In installation, volatile organic compounds from organic solvents, adhesives, and other products used shall be minimized. (4) The need for user manual(s) should be considered due to insufficient review of toxicity in the MSDS sheet. Item (1) was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-8. Item (2) was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-5. 123 (Interpretation) 20

Item (3) was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-5 <Individual criteria>. Item (4) was omitted because it has already been reviewed in D-5. - Roofing Materials (1) Air pollutants and hazardous substances shall not be emitted not only in normal heating, but in unexpected overheating and ignition. This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in D-5. D-9 Other environment impact - Coating Materials (1) Submission of construction manual(s) is required. This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in D-5. - Other Building Materials (1) Products shall be usable for 20 years or more. Numerous products for construction using recycled materials are being manufactured and used. However, no quality standard such as JIS exists for such products, and disposable products also cannot be omitted. The Eco Mark Program concludes that these products should not be certified even though they use recycled materials. Thus this item was selected as a criterion. E. Disposal Stage E-1 Resource consumption (1) When disassembled, products shall be recyclable. This product category consists of diverse products. Product design specifications submitted by the applicant alone can hardly ensure that the product has been designed to break into recyclable materials at disassembly. However, some products may apply to this case, and this item was selected as an individual criterion. E-3 Discharge of ozone layer depleting substances 123 (Interpretation) 21

- Roof Materials (1) Disposal of used blowing agents shall be taken into consideration. This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-3. - Floor Materials (1) Disposal of used blowing agents shall be taken into consideration. This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-3. - Insulation/Sound Absorbing Materials (1) Disposal of used blowing agents shall be taken into consideration. This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-3. E-5 Discharge of atmospheric pollutants (1) Air pollutants accompanying disassembly and disposal shall be below the specified levels. This item was not selected as a criterion because architectural structures are rarely disassembled part by part, and it is impossible to set criteria by parts. (1) Management of volatile substances and free substances. (2) No emission of air pollutants from products. Item (1) was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-5. Item (2) was omitted because it has already been reviewed in D-5. E-6 Discharge of water pollutants (1) Measures to reduce water pollutants shall be implemented. 123 (Interpretation) 22

This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-5. E-7 Discharge/disposal of wastes (1) Products shall be designed so that disassembly and sorting are easily done. (2) Products shall ensure their separate recovery after use and shall be recyclable. Otherwise, discharge and disposal shall be as easy as those of general products. For item (1), this product category consists of diverse products. Product design specifications submitted by the applicant alone can hardly ensure that the product has been designed to break into recyclable materials at disassembly. However, it was argued that a major portion of building products are composites combining several different products, materials that differ should be separated. Consequently, this item was selected as a criterion: for boards, roof, floor, interior, and sound absorbing materials, products shall be made to allow their different materials to be easily separated in disassembly. Item (2) was selected as a criterion. <Material criteria> - Plastics (1) Concerning a product consisting mainly of plastics, it shall be assured that the route of the recycling when abandoning is established, 70% or more of plastic parts inside the product are collected, 60% or more of the collected plastic is material-recycled and the remainder of collected plastic is used for energy recovery, etc. However, this article is not applicable to products to be used continuously for 20 years or more. This item was selected as a criterion in accordance with Eco Mark Product Category 118 Plastic Products Using Recycled Materials. - Coating Materials (1) Containers shall be easy to separate from products, and need not be disposed of at managed disposal sites. (2) Surplus materials shall be harmless. This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in D-7. - Cement 123 (Interpretation) 23

(1) Products shall be recyclable for reuse as aggregates in disassembly. This item was selected as a criterion as it should ideally be used as an aggregate of other construction materials after disassembly. - Other Construction Materials (1) Products shall be used for 20 years or more. (2) Products shall be recyclable for reuse as aggregates after use. At the same time, discharge and disposal shall be as easy as general products. (3) For composite materials, the different materials contained (core, resin coating, etc.) should be easy to separate. Standards for Other Constructions Materials are not specified by JIS, quality issues have been pointed out for products under this category. Products made of recycled materials must also not unnecessarily increase waste. Still, these items were considered significant from the perspective of effective use of resources, and were selected as criteria. E-8 (Use and discharge of hazardous materials) (1) Emission of powdery materials containing hazardous substances shall not occur by abrasion, etc. when processed, used, and disassembled. No constituents which need to be disposed at specially-managed disposal sites should be contained. This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in D-8. - Interior Materials (1) No toxic gases shall be emitted during incineration. Interior Materials are likely to be incinerated for disposal in general households, and the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere has been pointed out as a cause for concern. This item was therefore selected as a criterion. - Coating Materials (1) Pigments This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-8. 123 (Interpretation) 24

- Cement (2) There shall be no risk of the emission of water pollutants and hazardous substances during disassembly. This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in E-6. F. Recycling Stage F-1 Resource consumption - Cement (1) Aggregates shall be reusable. (2) Cement shall be recyclable after disassembly of products. Most building waste consists of concrete. To reduce waste, it is important to be able to reuse concrete waste as aggregates of other construction materials during disposal. Presently such efforts are actually being made in the construction industry. For this reason, these items were selected as criteria. F-5 Discharge of atmospheric pollutants (1) Management of volatile substances and free substances. (2) Measures for reducing air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, sulfuric oxides, and dusts shall be implemented. This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-5. F-6 Discharge of water pollutants (1) Measures for reducing emission of water pollutants shall be implemented. This item was omitted because it has already been reviewed in B-6. 123 (Interpretation) 25

4-4. Quality Criteria It is almost impossible to list all quality standards for construction products, which are classified within a variety of product areas. Therefore it was concluded that quality requirements per JIS, if applicable, shall be followed, and quality requirements per the industry's own standards, if JIS is not applicable. When special mention is needed for each product, particulars were indicated as quality criteria. 123 (Interpretation) 26

123 (Interpretation) 27