RECYCLING AND REUSE OF HAZARDOUS AND OTHER WASTES AS PER HAZARDOUS AND OTHER WASTES (MANAGEMENT AND TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENT) RULES, 2016) Dr B Sengupta, Former Member Secretary, Central Pollution Control board bsg161@gmail.com Presented at workshop on Hazardous Waste Management: Waste to Wealth organised by CEE at Ahmedabad on 17 June, 2016
REGULATIONS ON HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Hazardous Wastes Handling) Rules, 1989 (Management and Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008. Hazardous and other wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016)
THE DEFINITION OF WASTE & HAZARDOUS WASTE Waste" means materials, that are not products or byproducts, for which the generator has no further use for the purposes of production, transformation or consumption. Explanation - for the purposes of the clause, Wastes the materials that may be generated during, the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediates and final products, the consumption of final products, and through other human activities and excludes residuals recycled or reused at the place of generation; By-product means a material that is not intended to be produced but gets produced in the production process of intended product and is used as such; Contd
Hazardous waste means any waste which by reason of characteristics such as physical, chemical, biological, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or corrosive, causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or in contact with other waste or substances and shall include:i. Wastes specified in column (3) of Schedule-I; ii. Wastes having equal to or more than the concentration limits specified for the constituents in Class A and Class B of Schedule-II or any of the characteristics as specified in Class C of Schedule II; and iii. Wastes specified in Part-A of Schedule-III in respect of import or export of such wastes or the wastes not specified in Part A but exhibits hazardous characteristics specified in Part-C of Schedule-III. Ref:- Hazardous and other Movement) Rules, 2016) wastes (Management and Transboundary
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE OCCUPIER FOR MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS AND OTHER WASTES For the management of hazardous and other waste, and occupier shall follow the following steps, namely:a) b) c) d) e) f) Prevention; Minimization; Reuse; Recycling; Recovery, utilisation including co-processing; Safe disposal. Contd
The occupier shall be responsible for safe and environmentally sound management of hazardous and other wastes. The hazardous and other wastes generated in the establishment of an occupier shall be sent or sold to an authorised actual user or shall be disposed of in an authorised disposal facility. The hazardous and other wastes shall be transported from an occupier s establishment to an authorised actual user or to an authorised disposal facility in accordance with the provisions of these rules. Ref:- Hazardous and other Movement) Rules, 2016) wastes (Management and Transboundary
GRANT OF AUTHORISATION FOR MANAGING HAZARDOUS AND OTHER WASTES Every occupier of the facility who is engaged in handling, generation, collection, storage, packaging, transportation, use, treatment, processing, recycling, recovery, pre-processing, co-processing, utilisation, offering for sale, transfer or disposal of the hazardous and other wastes shall be required to make an application in Form 1 to the State Pollution Control Board and obtain an authorisation from the State Pollution Control Board within a period of sixty days from the date of publication of these rules. Such application for authorisation shall be accompanied with a copy each of the following documents, namely:a) b) c) consent to establish granted by the State Pollution Control Board under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (25 of 1974) and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (21 of 1981); Consent to operate granted by the State Pollution Control Board under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (25 of 1974) and/or Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, (21 of 1981); in case of renewal of authorisation, a self-certified compliance report in respect of effluent, emission standards and the conditions specified in the authorisation for hazardous and other wastes: Contd
The authorisation granted by the State Pollution Control Board under sub-rule (2) shall be accompanied by a copy of the field inspection report signed by that Board indicating the adequacy of facilities for collection, storage, packaging, transportation, treatment, processing, use, destruction, recycling, recovery, pre-processing, co-processing, utilisation, offering for sale, transfer or disposal of the hazardous and other wastes and compliance to the guidelines or standard operating procedures specified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time. Ref:- Hazardous and other Movement) Rules, 2016) wastes (Management and Transboundary
UTILISATION OF HAZARDOUS AND OTHER WASTES The utilisation of hazardous and other wastes as a resource or after pre-processing either for co-processing or for any other use, including within the premises of the generator (if it is not part of process), shall be carried out only after obtaining authorisation from the State Pollution Control Board in respect of waste on the basis of standard operating procedures or guidelines provided by the Central Pollution Control Board. Where standard operating procedures or guidelines are not available for specific utilisation, the approval has to be sought from Central Pollution Control Board which shall be granting approval on the basis of trial runs and thereafter, standard operating procedures or guidelines shall be prepared by Central Pollution Control Board: Provided, if trial run has been conducted for particular waste with respect to particular utilisation and compliance to the environmental standards has been demonstrated, authorisation may be granted by the State Pollution Control Board with respect to the same waste and utilisation, without need of separate trial run by Central Pollution Control Board and such cases of successful trial run, Central Pollution Control Board shall intimate all the State Pollution Control Board regarding the same. Contd
No trial runs shall be required for co-processing of waste in cement plants for which guidelines by the Central Pollution Control Board are already available; however, the actual users shall ensure compliance to the standards notified under the Environment (Protection) Act,1986 (29 of 1986), for cement plant with respect to co-processing of waste: Provided that till the time the standards are notified, the procedure as applicable to other kind of utilisation of hazardous and other waste, as enumerated above shall be followed. Ref:- Hazardous and other Movement) Rules, 2016) wastes (Management and Transboundary
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATION FROM MAJOR INDUSTRY SECTOR IN INDIA Tanneries Tanneries located in Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh are responsible for generation of huge quantity of Chromebearing sludge(hw) and other Chrome bearing effluent. The disposal of sludge generated from CETPs are major concern. Illegal disposal of Chrome bearing sludge contaminate ground water and soil at Kanpur, Ranipet, Vellore,Tangra(WB) etc. Secondary metallurgical industry (Lead smelters etc) Large quantities of lead bearing sludge (contained 4-8 % Lead) are disposed from about 100-150 secondary lead industry in India. It is reported that 50% of lead bearing slag are disposed illegally on land. Large number of legacy sites of lead waste slag are reported in various states Drug and Pharmaceuticals Industry VOC emission and disposal of distillation residue, mixed solvent and solid waste generated from MEE / Drier are major concern from Pharma Industry. Contd
Pesticide Industry Besides emission of VOC and other carcinogenic gases, distillation residue, MEE salt, drier salt are major hazardous waste. Iron and Steel Industry Coke oven sludge, SMS slag, BF slag and other solid waste generated from steel industry are major concern. In some industry PCB containing waste are kept from many year for disposal. Thermal Power Plant 118 million tonnes per annum ash generated which contain toxic metals like Hg, F and other heavy metals (likely to increase to 150 million tonnes by 2020). Presently most of the ash are disposed in ash pond. (which are either lined or unlined). Flyash is considered as high volume low toxic waste and not hazardous waste. Oil Refinery Present oily sludge generation from 12 oil refineries are about 65000 tonnes per annum. In few refineries only, remediation of oily sludge is practiced. Contd
Aluminium Industry Spent pot-lining(spl) which contain Cyanide is major concern from aluminium industry beside secondary emission of fluoride. SPL disposal is major issue specially from old aluminium plants. Further in Alumina plant huge quantity of solid waste (Red mud) are generated which are kept in lagoon. Ground water and soil pollution is reported. Redmud is classified as high volume low toxic waste. Coke oven plants Besides emission of PAH, VOCs and other carcinogenic chemicals disposal of coke oven battery sludge and coal-tar are major hazardous waste from coke oven plants. Distillery From about 380 distilleries about 1,90,000 Kld per day of spent wash is generated. Few distilleries are practicing zero discharge by concentrating the effluent in evaporator and incinerating the spent wash in boiler. Huge soil and ground water pollution is reported from old distilleries specially in Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh
RECYCLING IS IMPORTANT TO SAVE NATURAL RESOURCES AND PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT Power consumption (kwh/mt) Energy saving (%) Solid waste generation %age of metal produced Primary Recycler Aluminum 15,000 100 Primary Recycler Primary Recycler 0 99.33 40 0.5 0 94 200 0.5 0 95.7 70 2 0 84.6 40 2 Released quantity of CO2 per tone of metal produced Primary Recycler 10.6 0.73 5.5 1.98 7.95 1.77 5 1.5 Primary 4 (hindalco, Nalco, Vedanta, Malco) 3 (Birla, Sterlite, Hindustan copper Ltd) 2 (HZL and Binani) 1 (HZL) Recycler & fabricators SSI more than 5000 SSI more than 5000 SSI more than 1500 SSI more than 1500 Manufacturer in India Copper 850 50 Zinc 3500 150 Lead 650 100
WASTE RECYCLING/ REUSE OPPORTUNITY IN INDIA S. No. Type of Waste generated Quantity of Waste generation Area of utilization / recycling / reuse 1. Fly ash from thermal power plant 200 Million Tonnes Fly ash pozzolona Per Year (600 MTA cement, increase of by 2030) ash dyke height, road construction, brick manufacturing 2. Blast furnace slag from iron and steel plant 10 MTA Slag cement 3. Steel melting shop slag (SMS) from steel plant - Slag cement after removal of iron 4. Phospho gypsum 8 MTA Cement making 5. Distillery spent wash About 100 distillery in operation (capacity 60-600 KLPD) Concentrated spent wash for power generation Contd
S. No. Type of Waste generated Quantity of Waste generation Area of utilization / recycling / reuse 6. Spent pot lining (aluminium industry waste) - Carbon portion of SPL can be used as fuel in cement kiln 7. Pharmaceutical / pesticide industry (distillation residue, process residue, mixed waste solvent, high COD waste) 200,000 TPA Can be used as partial fuel in cement kiln 8. Municipal solid waste 1,30,000 Tonnes /day RDF from MSW can be used as fuel in cement kiln / boiler 9. Plastic waste 15,500 Tonnes /day Can be recycled / used as a fuel in cement kiln 10. Municipal waste water 35,000 Million litres /day Treated water can be used in industrial process / irrigation etc. 11. Used tyres 83,000 TPA Shredded tyres can be used as fuel in cement kiln
TYPES OF HAZARDOUS WASTE o o o o o Industrial source Non Industrial source Used consumer products - components Biomedical waste Nuclear waste Industrial Source o Process waste o Spent catalysts/ chemicals o Waste water treatment sludge containing toxic constituents o Off specification products having hazardous constituents/ date expired pesticides/ medicines o Used containers of hazardous substances Non Industrial Source o Service stations/ garages/ workshops o Power generation, transmissions & distribution o Ports o Airports o Storage battery recyclers
HAZARDOUS WASTE MINIMIZATION AND REUSE IN CASE OF PESTICIDE INDUSTRY
CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE Organic residue from the process Organic mother liquor Distillation residue Organic sludge ETP sludge
PRODUCT--WISE WASTE STREAM AND THEIR SOURCE PRODUCT Product Monocrotophos Profenophos Acephate Chloropyrophos Ethion Zinc phosphide Waste streams Process waste (organic residue) ETP waste Bio-sludge Process waste (phenolic reside) Source Solvent recovery unit ETP ETP Profenophase preparation ETP sludge (Calcium phosphate Bio-sludge Process waste (organic mother liqor) ETP ETP Filtration of acephate ETP sludge (chemical sludge Process waste (Distillation residue) ETP Solvent recovery unit ETP sludge (chemical sludge) Bio-sludge Process waste (Distillation residue) ETP ETP Solvent recovery ETP sludge (chemical sludge Process waste (Phosphorous sludge) Process waste (Phosphoric acid classification sludge) Phosphorous melting and filtration section Filtration of P2O5 for phosphoric acid recovery Contd unit
Process waste (Phosphorous sludge) Phosphorous melting and filtration section Aluminium phosphite Process waste (Phosphoric acid phosphoric acid classification sludge) recovery unit Process waste (Toluene Distillation Toluene recovery unit residue) Endosulfan ETP sludge (chemical sludge) ETP Process waste (Detoxification sludge) Detoxification unit Cypermetharin ETP sludge (chemical sludge) ETP Process waste (organic residue) Fenvalerate Malathion Isopropyl bromide preparation section Process waste (Detoxification sludge) Detoxification unit ETP sludge Process waste (organic residue) ETP Solvent recovery unit ETP sludge (chemical sludge) ETP Process waste (organic residue) Toluene distillation unit ETP sludge ETP Dimethoate
PRODUCT WISE RECOVERY OF RAW MATERIALS Product Monocrotophos Profenophos Acephate Chloropyrophos Ethion Zinc phosphide Recovery of raw material for reuse Recovery of Isopropyle alcohol and Ethylenedichloride Recovery of by products for sale Methyl chloride from gases and Calcium phosphate from ETP is recovered for sale Recovery of aquos HCl, Recovery of hydrogen bromide or Chlorobenzene and Propylene sodium bromide from gases. bromide Trimethyl aniline from effluent for sale Recovery of methylene chloride and ethyl acetate Recovery of ethylene dichloride, ortho dichloro benezene solvent Recovery of Toluene NaHS solution from scrubber is recovered Recovery of product dust Phosphoric acid from scrubber is recovered Contd
Aluminium phosphite Recovery of product dust The sludge contains phosphates which is good as manure and can be sold as such. Phosphoric acid solution form scrubber is recovered. Endosulfan Recovery of toluene Aq. Hydrochloric acid scrubber is recovered Cypermetharin Fenvalerate Recovery of hexene -- Aq. HCl from scrubber, Sodium bromide, Sodium sulphate from aq. Layer is recovered Malathion Recovery of benzene, NaHS solution from scrubber is toluene, ethanol recovered Recovery of Toluene NaHS solution from scrubber, Methanol from amidation step is recovered Dimethoate from
PRODUCT WISE WASTE MINIMIZATION OPTIONS Product Monocrotophos Profenophos Acephate Chloropyrophos Waste Minimisation Options In the manufacturing process of Monocrotophos, chlorination efficiency can be improved by providing multiple entries of chlorine in the reactor. Process conditions are to be optimized to minimize formation of dichlorides of Monocrotophos Aceto Acetamide (MMA), which are, resulting in formation of other products going in the waste. Purer Trimethyl Phosphite (TMP) is to be used to minimize input of impurities coming along with TMP leading to waste. Improving distillation to minimize EDC and degradation product in residue. In the manufacturing process of Profenophos, efficiency of bromination needs to be improved by adopting stagewise bromination and optimizing the process parameters. This will minimize formation of other bromides and impurities which form waste. Recovery of Trimethyl Ethyl Amine Bromide (TMEABr) from aqueous layer will reduce the load on ETP and presence of organic impurities in ETP sludge. Optimisee the process to minimize dibromochlorophenol and subsequent organinc intermediates In the manufacturing process of Acephate, lower overall efficiency of the process and lower recovery efficiencies for solvent are leading to waste. There is a scope to optimize process efficiency and improve solvent recovery system and thereby reduce the waste. In chloropyrophos, manufacturing process, lower extraction efficiency is resulting in loss of Chlorpyriphos in the waste. Use of centrifugal extractors with optimized process conditions will improve extraction of Chlorpyriphos and thereby reduce the waste. Contd
Ethion Zinc/Aluminium phosphide Endosulfan Cypermetharin Fenvalerate Malathion and Dimethoate In the manufacturing process of Ethion, direct controlled addition of P2S5 in alcohol and elimination of solvent may result in total elimination of process waste. In the manufacturing process of phosphides of zinc and aluminium part of the phosphorous is burnt for generating high temperature. This in turn results in generation of waste. Developing an electric arc furnace will solve this problem. Dusting of the product also needs to be minimized. In the manufacturing process of Endosulfan, recovery of Endosulfan needs to be improved by improving centrifugation and thereby reducing Endosulfan in the waste In Cypermetharin manufacturing process, there is a scope to reduce the quantity of sodium cyanide used and thereby reduce the load on detoxification and generation of detoxification sludge. In the manufacturing process of Fenvalerate, better heat transfer and temperature control will the loss of alkyl in alkyl distillation in Fenvalerate. Use of acidic ion exchange resin can minimize requirement of acid and thereby generation of waste. In the manufacturing process of Malathion and Dimethoate, minimizing water content of methanol, P2S5 and equipment will minimize generation of phosphoric acid, which results in formation of waste. Drying of Malathion and Dimethoate at lower temperature, using higher vacuum will reduce thermal degradation of the product. Source : CPCB s COINDS document
WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - PESTICIDE STUDY Waste streams ETP Sludge Calcium Phosphate sludge Chemical sludge Bio - Sludge Process waste Recycling Incineration EXCESS Sold to poultry feed manufacturer if no pesticide residue Secured Landfill ASH
WASTE STREAMSTREAM-WISE EXISTING WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ADOPTED BY PESTICIDE STUDY Product Monocrotophos Profenophos Acephate Chloropyrophos Waste streams Process waste residue) ETP waste phosphate sludge) Bio-sludge Process waste reside) ETP sludge phosphate sludge) Disposal (organic Incineration, ash for land disposal (Calcium Sold to poultry feed manufacturers before ensuring the sludge do not contains pesticide residue Recycling and excess for landfill (phenolic Incineration, ash for land disposal (Calcium Sold to poultry feed manufacturers before ensuring the sludge do not contains pesticide residue Recycling and excess for landfill (organic Incineration, ash for land disposal Bio-sludge Process waste mother liqor) ETP sludge (chemical sludge Secure landfill Process waste (Distillation Incineration, ash for land disposal residue) ETP sludge (chemical sludge) Secure landfill Contd Bio-sludge Recycling and excess for landfill
Process waste (Distillation Ethion residue) ETP sludge (chemical sludge) Process waste (Phosphorous Zinc sludge) phosphide Process waste (Phosphoric acid sludge) Process waste (Phosphorous Aluminium sludge) phosphite Process waste (Phosphoric acid sludge) Process waste (Toluene Distillation Endosulfan residue) ETP sludge (chemical sludge) Process waste (Detoxification Cypermetharin sludge) ETP sludge (chemical sludge) Process waste (organic residue) Fenvalerate Process waste (Detoxification sludge) ETP sludge Process waste (organic residue) Malathion ETP sludge (chemical sludge) Process waste (organic residue) Dimethoate ETP sludge Incineration, ash for land disposal Secure landfill Incineration, ash for land disposal Incineration, ash for land disposal Incineration, ash for land disposal Incineration, ash for land disposal Incineration, ash for land disposal Secure landfill Incineration, ash for land disposal Incineration, ash for land disposal Incineration, ash for land disposal Dried and incineration Secure landfill Incineration, ash for land disposal Secure landfill Incineration, ash for land disposal Secure landfill
BEST HW MANAGEMENT OPTIONS Process modifications / Clean technologies Minimizing waste residues or re-use within process Permit environmentally sound recycling faculties (for Schedule-IV wastes) Utilization of waste (Recovery of resource) Utilization of waste by co-processing (cement kiln) Utilization of waste for energy recovery (boiler/furnace) Destruction of waste in Captive/Common Incinerators (energy recovery..?) Stabilization of waste Secure land filling (Captive or common landfill sites)
UTILIZATION OF WASTE OTHER THAN IN COCO-PROCESSING S.No Hazardous Waste proposed for utilization Product to be manufacture 1 Hydro Fluo Silicic acid waste Sodium Silica Fluoride 2 Waste Pickling liquid Ferrous Sulphate 3 Spent Chromic acid solution Chromate & Dichromate Salts 4 Spent Anode Butt Carbon Electrode, carbon source in steel smelting 5 Ethylene Glycol Residue As a fuel in captive boiler 6 Spent acid containing Molybdenum Ammonium Molybdate Compound 7 Anode mud Manganese Sulphate. 8 ETP Sludge Cardboard/Mill Board/ Egg trays 9 Spent Pickling Acid As a coagulant aid in ETP 10 Gas cleaning plant sludge Manganese Oxide 11 Carbon Slurry Carbon Black
PROCESS FOR UTILIZATION OF SPENT CARBON (CARBON SLURRY/CAKE FOR MANUFACTURING OF CARBON BLACK Injection of Quench water mixed with Carbon slurry
Process Flow Diagram for utilization of Spent acid for manufacturing Ferric Chloride Spent Acid Iron Scrap Steam Reaction Tank Aqueous solution of Ferrous Chloride Filter Press Iron scrap to reactor Aqueous FeCl2 solution for sale Aqueous FeCl2 Solution to Evaporator Evaporator Crystallizer Centrifuge FeCl2 4H2O crystal For Sun Drying/Drying to make Anhydrous FeCl2
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR UTILIZATION OF OIL BASED SLUDGE AND WATER BASED SLUDGE FOR MANUFACTURING OF FERROUS SULPHATE Fresh Water 98% H2SO4 Reaction Tank Manual Oil Removal Storage Sold to registered recycled/ re-processor Sludge washing to recover un-reacted ferrous Sludge (HW) storage yard (with un-recoverable Fe content) TDSF Site Hazardous Waste Crude Mother Liquor Holding Tank Filter Press Series of Crystallization Tank Ferrous Sulphate crystals (Product) Mother Liquor (un-crystallized liquor)
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR UTILIZATION OF SPENT CATALYST TO RECOVER PRECIOUS METALS
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR UTILIZATION OF USED ANODE BUTT FOR MANUFACTURING ELECTRODE CARBON PASTE
CO--PROCESSING OF WASTE IN CO CEMENT PLANT
ALTERNATIVE FUELS WHICH CAN BE USE TO INCREASE THERMAL SUBSTITUTION RATE (TSR) IN CEMENT INDUSTRY (USE OF CV OF WASTE AS FUEL IN CEMENT KILN) S. NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Fuel RDF from Municipal Solid Waste Used Tires Hazardous Waste Industrial Plastic Waste Biomass Slaughter House Waste Poultry Litter Dried Sewage Sludge Calorific Value (kcal / kg) 2800-3800 6700-7700 4000-9500 4070-6620 2500-3800 700-1400 2700-3800 1700-1900 Source : Holtech & CPCB
POTENTIAL AVAILABILITY OF WASTE FOR CO--PROCESSING IN INDIA CO A. Fuel Hazardous Waste Biomass Used Tyre Industrial Plastic Waste 0.65 MTA 150 MTA 0.83 MTA 0.20 MTA RDF from MSW 6.88 MTA B. Alternate Raw Material Flyash 200 MTA Blast Furnace Slag 10 MTA Source : CPCB & Holtec
AVAILABLE HAZARDOUS WASTE WHICH CAN BE USED AS PARTIAL FUEL IN CEMENT KILN Organic residue from Pharmaceuticals and Pesticide industry Spent solvent Sludge from petrochemical / oil refinery Slaughter House Waste Waste Oil Paint sludge Effluent Treatment Plant Sludge Spent Pot Lining from Aluminum Industry Spent Carbon
EMISSION STANDARDS FOR COCO-PROCESSING OF WASTE IN CEMENT KILN MOEF&CC NOTIFICATION NO. G.S.R. 497 (E) DATED 10 MAY, 2016 Contd
UTILIZATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE SOME EXAMPLES Contd
Source: CPCB s Website
RECOMMENDATIONS 1. For hazardous waste management following hierarchy should be followed:a) Prevention Waste generation can be prevented using clean technology b) Minimization waste generation can be Minimized by using good practices c) Reuse; d) Recycling; e) Recovery, utilisation including co-processing; f) Safe disposal. Contd
2. For chemical industry (pharma, pesticides, dye and dye intermediates etc.) the waste minimization as prescribed by CPCB should be followed. 3. Utilization of waste for making new products as elaborated in earlier slides should be followed as far as possible. 4. After following waste minimization scheme the high COD waste to be segregated and high CV waste should be co-processed in cement kiln. 5. The spent solvent / mix solvent generated by chemical industry should be co-processed in cement kiln. Contd
6. Setting of pre-processing plant to be encouraged either at cement plant site or at TSDF site. 7. The last option for hazardous waste management may be disposal of waste in TSDF. However, the leachate quality w.r.t. COD and TDS should be regularly monitored. 8. The MEE / drier salt should be encouraged to be reused. Last option for disposal of the same may be in landfill after packing in HDPE bags. 9. Recycling of waste such as used lead batteries, aluminum, copper, zinc waste, waste oil, used oil, etc. to be promoted. Financial incentives for recycling and recovery of metals like lead, zinc, aluminum, may be given in order to save natural resources and reduce green house emission. Contd
10. RDF from MSW to be used as partial fuel in cement kiln. This may be included as a part of CSR programme to manage the MSW disposal problem. 11. Fly ash (ESP ash) should be used to produce fly ash pozzolona cement. 12. Blast furnace slag from steel industry should be granulated and used for cement making. 13. Coke oven sludge / distillation residue / mixed waste solvent, spent carbon etc. should be used as partial fuel in cement kiln 14. Oily sludge from oil refinery / petrochemical industry should be used for co-processing in cement plant Contd
15. Spent pot lining from aluminum industry should be used as partial fuel in cement kiln. 16. Plastic waste should be recycled and also can be used for road making and co-processing in cement plant. 17. Distillery units for spent wash management should go adopt concentration cum incineration and power generation for disposal of waste. 18. Chemical gypsum to be used for cement production.