How does the spectrum of light affect the human health? Joan E. Roberts, Ph.D. Professor of Chemistry Fordham University, Lincoln Center, NY 10023 2015 Copyright Materials This presentation is protected by US and International copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is prohibited. Lighting is not neutral! It will have either a positive or negative effect on Human Health 2015 Daylight At noon there is high intensity in the blue light region [400-500 nm] Late Afternoon Light Blue light is preferentially scattered out of (removed) from incoming sunlight Late afternoon/early evening sun is red and orange light [600-700 nm]
Night There is only starlight Very weak visible light Humans Physiology Changes exposed to a different spectrum of light in the morning, afternoon and evening of Health and Lighting Ignoring the appropriate spectrum and timing natural lighting is hazardous to human health What is DayLight? Part of the Electromagnetic Spectrum that reaches from UV-C through Infrared. Wavelengths of Light UV C = 200-280 nm UV B = 280-315 nm UV A = 315-400 nm Visible Light = 400 nm - 700 nm Positive Effect or Hazard of Light? Spectrum [Wavelength] absorbed Spectrum [Wavelength] emitted Chromophores present Time of Day Direction of the Light emitted Intensity Mechanism
The Biological Effects of light depend upon Spectrum [Wavelength] Absorbed The longer the wavelength the deeper the penetration The Biological Effects of light depend upon Spectrum [Emitted] Absorbed Light Emitted Sun Full Spectrum 1. Full spectrum fluorescent lamps (CFL) do NOT!!!) 2. Metal Halides more balanced 3. White LED s balanced 4. Incandescent appropriate for evening Laws of Photobiology An Action Spectrum is a parameter that describes the relative effectiveness of energy at different wavelengths in producing a particular biological response. Action Spectrum for Circadian Rhythm Area under the curve from 460-500 nm
Laws of Photobiology When measuring the effectiveness of a light source to produce a biological effect you must use the appropriate instruments. Instruments for Measuring Biologically Relevant Irradiances E eff spectral integral max Vit D 3 E( ) E( ) d UV-B meter 296 nm Vision E( ) V( ) d Lux meter 555 nm Circadian E( ) C( ) d MSS 1000* 480 nm *D. Kockott, H. Piazena, R. Sippel Spectroradiometer full spectrum 280-800 nm Circadian Rhythm hormonal changes pineal sleep/wake pituitary growth, blood pressure, reproduction adrenal stress Previous Measurements for Circadian Responses Not Reproducible Numerous studies published in medical journals have examined the influence of circadian dysfunction on sleep, dementia, increased risk of breast and prostate cancer, obesity and diabetes without a specific definition of light used!!!! Bright light is the most common adjective, although at times lux is reported. thyroid metabolism Peer Reviewed papers not white papers Experimental Controls Spectrum- Each wavelength can potentially have a unique effect Intensity- Bright is not a sufficient descriptor Lux is insufficient for Circadian Effects Timing- Daily,Monthly,Seasonal Duration- Microseconds, Hours Direction- Reflective v direct Summary: Blue Light Hazards Macular Degeneration Afternoon Migraine Headaches and Visual Disturbances Headlight Blindness Intensive Care Psychosis Light at Night Myopia Sleep Disturbances Increased Risk of Disease
Lighting is not neutral! It will have either a positive or negative effect on Human Health Lighting must be appropriate for time of day AGE function of the space Good Health and Proper Circadian Rhythm Early Morning and Afternoon - Daylight and Lamps with Circadian Blue Sunset incandescent or LED s without Circadian Blue Later Afternoon Early Evening Night after 10 pm total darkness or RED That includes TV, Computer Screens and Gadget lights More Information JRoberts@fordham.edu The WELL Building Standard International WELL Building Institute!IWBI launched by Delos as part of Clinton Global Initiative Commitment in 2013!Goal of sharing WELL Building Standard!Two-stage Scientific and Technical Review process It will literally change the way we live - FORMER PRESIDENT BILL CLINTON ON THE WELL BUILDING STANDARD THE WELL BUILDING STANDARD..marries best practices in design and construction with evidence-based health and wellness interventions harnesses the built environment as a vehicle to support human health, wellbeing, and comfort Protocol Performance Requirement Types Design
AIR WATER NOURISHMENT LIGHT FITNESS COMFORT MIND THE SEVEN CONCEPTS of the WELL BUILDING STANDARD LIGHT Lighting for Visual Acuity Lighting for Circadian Alignment Color Quality Glare Control Daylighting Metrics for the iprgc Melanopic Ratio of LEDs EQUIVALENT MELANOPIC LUX [EML] EQUAL ENERGY: R M = 1.00 2700 K LED: R M = 0.44 4000 K LED: R M = 0.76!Proposed by Robert Lucas et al in the Irradiance Toolbox to accompany Trends in Neuroscience article.!weights electromagnetic spectrum to response of iprgcs!eml lux at CIE E!"! #$! %&! '() *! +, #' " %-! #'.%&'() *! +, #' " %/! #' % " 00-380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 Lamp data circadian visual Lamp data circadian visual Lamp data circadian visual Melanopic Ratio of other sources 4000 K FLUORESCENT: R M = 0.59 NATURAL LIGHT: R M = 1.13 Scope of WELL!WELL v1.0 for Commercial & Institutional Offices!Five pilots currently available " Residential, Education, Retail, Restaurant, Commercial Kitchen!Four pilots planned for future development " Public Assembly, Healthcare, Exercise, Neighborhood 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 Lamp data circadian visual 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 Lamp data circadian visual
WELL + LEED Working together to optimize building performance for human health and our environment. IWBI + GBCI INTER N AT IONA L WEL L BUIL D IN G INSTI T UT E TM WELL Certification Process!1. REGISTRATION!2. DOCUMENTATION SUBMISSION!3. FIELD ASSESSMENT!4. CERTIFICATION!5. RECERTIFICATION! (not applicable for Core and Shell Compliance) Accredited Professionals Outreach WELL AP Team Leader Process Healthy lighting for people in buildings All Living Things React To Light On A Cellular Level
All Living Things React To Light On A Cellular Level The Qualities of Light Intensity Direction Color Diffusion The Perception of Light How Do We Create Healthy, Invigorating Space? Emotional Connection to the Natural world Intellectual Physical Visually Comfortable Daylight Visually Comfortable Electric Light Visual Variety High Color Rendering Sources Personal Control of Visual Environments Lighting Support For Circadian Rhythms Visually Comfortable Daylight Deployable shades programmed to be open as much as possible. Protection from Sunlight Glare Deployable Shades
Visually Comfortable Electric Light Visual Comfort Glare Indirect Illumination Visual Variety The Quality of Light Color Rendering Spectrum Non visual photoreceptors Personal Control Circadian Light Task lighting Personal Control
Circadian Light Computer Screens
Daylight Quality Health Daylight Quality - Views Daylighting in buildings improves health and well-being by: Increasing the connection to the outdoors Providing views to vegetation and nature Providing access to light that is dynamic and gives clues to the human body Daylight Quality Recharge and Refresh Daylight Quality Balanced Daylight Daylighting Strategies Color, Reflectivity and Materials Daylighting Strategies Sidelighting Research shows access to quality daylight improves: Productivity Visual Comfort Mood/morale Health and Circadian Rhythm
Daylighting Strategies Toplighting Daylighting Strategies Toplighting Daylight can play an integral role in the lighting strategy and activation of a space, even from above: Toplighting via clerestory glazing can provide full spectrum daylight to enhance a space while indicating time of day without views Daylighting Strategies Borrowed Daylight Langone Medical Center Masterplan, NYU Ennead and NBBJ Allowing daylight to penetrate across spaces from sidelighting or toplighting can provide a unique connection to the sky that can benefit interior spaces that may not have direct access to daylight Atelier Ten is developing NYULMC s environmental framework, which will help the campus significantly reduce both carbon emissions and its overall environmental footprint, while enhancing the health of patients, employees and visitors. LOCATION: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, NY AREA: 3.7M SQ FT Langone Medical Center Masterplan, NYU Ennead and NBBJ Site & Landscape Kimmel Pavilion Establishing design guidelines for new construction, renovations and infrastructure
Facades & Daylight Framework Façade Analysis Kimmel Pavilion Façade Analysis Kimmel Pavilion NYULMC Kimmel Touch Panel controls
High Quality Daylight Uniform daylight levels Reduced glare Daylight Responsive lighting controls Bright sunny rooms significantly reduced length of stay and mortality in depressed and cardiac patients compared to dull, dark rooms. Green and Healthy Buildings for the Healthcare Industry, October 2002 Gardens by the Bay Grant Associates & Wilkinson Eyre Architects This distinctive waterfront gardens in the heart of Marina Bay will define Singapore as the world s premier tropical garden city. The gardens aim to become a national and international exemplar of sustainable practice. LOCATION: SINGAPORE BAY MARINA COST: SINGAPORE $1 BILLION CLIENT: NATIONAL PARKS, SINGAPORE AREA: 30,000m BIOMES DATE: 2013 2010-2013 VARIOUS AWARDS Environmental Concept Cool Dry Biome
Cool Moist Biome Solar Control FIN TRUSS GRID SHELL Solar Control Glazing Analysis Shading Deployment for 65% VLT Glass Target Lux Level Solar Control
Daylight Analysis Solar Control
Environmental Concept Esplanade Theatres on the Bay Michael Wilford & Partners and DPA Atelier Ten helped developed the iconic external shades that are now the emblem of this waterfront arts complex. The facade, inspired by the indigenous architecture of South East Asia, balances solar shading with transparency and views out to Singapore's city center. LOCATION: SINGAPORE AREA: 80,500 SQ MET COST: 40M (EXTERNAL SHELLS) DATE: 2002 2005 WORLDWIDE AWARD RIBA
Esplanade Theatres on the Bay Michael Wilford & Partners and DPA Esplanade Theatres on the Bay Michael Wilford & Partners and DPA Esplanade Theatres on the Bay Michael Wilford & Partners and DPA
Esplanade Theatres on the Bay Michael Wilford & Partners and DPA Esplanade Theatres on the Bay Michael Wilford & Partners and DPA Esplanade Theatres on the Bay Michael Wilford & Partners and DPA Esplanade Theatres on the Bay Michael Wilford & Partners and DPA Esplanade Theatres on the Bay Michael Wilford & Partners and DPA