Nanotechnology and Energy Dipl.-Ing. J. Lambauer Dr. rer. pol. U. Fahl. Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Voß Institut für Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung Universität Stuttgart, Germany
Agenda 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Conclusion Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 2/ 24
Introduction Background: The importance of innovation in the way that energy is currently used is crucial given the finite resources and the impact of their use on the global environment in the form of climate change Novel breakthroughs in the cutting edge field of nanotechnology as a crosssectional technology show potential to be applied across the whole value chain of the energy sector Intention: To give an overview of nanotechnological applications within the value chain of the energy sector To evaluate selected applications and their direct and indirect impacts on the energy system Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 3/ 24
Primary energy consumption [PJ] Share of net import at PEC (fossil) [%] Development of primary energy consumption in Germany 20000 80% 18000 70% 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 14905 11% 15% 35% 21% 14269 14402 14537 14012 12% 13% 12% 20% 21% 11% 22% 22% 40% 38% 36% 35% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 2000 12% 11% 11% 11% 10% 15% 14% 14% 12% 11% 0 0% foreign trade balance electricity others other renewable hydro, wind, PV nuclear natural gas oil coal lignite share fossil fuel import source: BMWi 2011 Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 4/ 24
Energy Energy related related CO CO 2 2 emissions emissions [mill. [mill. t t CO CO 2 ] 2 ] CO CO 2 2 emissions per per capita capita [t/capita] Development of energy related CO 2 emissions in Germany 1200 1200 12 12 1000 1000 800 800 600 600 400 400 948 948 17% 17% 23% 23% 16% 16% 10 10 840 840 800 800 772 772 740 8 21% 751 8 21% 23% 21% 23% 21% 21% 20% 6 23% 6 23% 22% 21% 22% 21% 20% 20% 13% 12% 12% 4 13% 12% 12% 13% 14% 4 200 200 44% 44% 42% 43% 47% 42% 43% 47% 47% 46% 2 2 0 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 generation Generation and conversion 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 5/ 24 2000 2001 2002 Industry Hosueholds, Households, Tertiary Sector, agriculture, military traffic Traffic CO2 2 emissions per capita 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0 0 source: BMWi 2011, UBA 2011 UBA (2011),BMWI (2011
Agenda 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Conclusion Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 6/ 24
Methodology General screening Identification of applications with relevance for the energy sector Detailed analysis Identification of input parameters for scenario calculations Theoretical potential Scenario development Identification of main drivers for energy demand Sensitivity analysis Summary of detailed and potential analysis Technical potential Comprehensive overview Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 7/ 24
Nanotechnology and energy sector Nanotechnological applications with impact on the energy sector sources conversion transport storage distribution usage / utilization energy sector direct Nanotechnology indirect other sectors Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 8/ 24
Nanotechnological applications in the energy sector Energy sources Energy conversion Energy distribution Energy storage Energy use Regenerative Photovoltaic: Nano-optimized cells (dye, quantum dot, thin film polymeric), antireflective coatings Wind energy: Nano-composites for lighter and stronger rotor blades, wear and corrosion protection nanocoatings for bearings and power trains Geothermal: Nano-coatings and composites for wear resistant drilling equipment Hydro- / tidal power:nanocoatings for corrosion protection Biomass: Yield optimization by nano-based precision farming with the help of nanosensors, controlled release and storage of pesticides and nutrients Fossil Wear and corrosion protection of oil and gas drilling equipment, nanoparticles for improved oil yields Nuclear Nano-composites for radiation shielding and protection (personal equipment, container, etc.), long term option for nuclear fusion reactors Gas turbines Heat and corrosion protection of turbine blades (e.g. ceramic or intermetallic nano-coatings) for more efficient turbine power plants Thermoelectrics Nanostructured compounds (interface design, nanorods) for efficient thermoelectrical power generation, e.g. usage of waste heat in automobiles and power plants or body heat for personal electronics (long term) Fuel cells Nano-optimized membranes and electrodes for efficient fuel cells (PEM) for applications in automobiles/mobile electronics Hydrogen generation Nano-catalysts and new more efficient processes for hydrogen generation (e.g. photoelectrical electrolysis, biophotonic Combustion engines Wear and corrosion protection of engine components Electrical motors Nano-composites for superconducting components Power transmission High voltage transmission: Nanofillers for electrical isolation systems, soft magnetic nanomaterials for efficient current transformation Super conductors: Optimized high temperature super conductors based on nanoscale interface design for loss-less power transmission CNT-power lines: Super conducting cables based on carbon nanotubes (long term) Wireless power transmission: Power transmission by laser, microwaves or electromagnetic resonance based on nanooptimized components (longterm) Smart grids Nanosensors for intelligent and flexible grid management, capable of managing highly decentralized power feeds Heat transfer Efficient heat in- and outflow based on nano-optimized heat exchangers and conductors (e.g. based on CNT-composites) in industry and buildings Electrical energy Batteries/Accumulators: Optimized Li-ion-accumulators based on nanostructured electrodes and flexible, ceramic separators, applications in mobile electronics, automobile, flexible load management in power grids (mid term) Supercapacitors: Nanomaterials for electrodes (carbon aerogels, CNT) and electrolytes for higher energy densities Chemical energy Hydrogen: Nano-porous materials (organomaterial, metal hydrides) for application in micro fuel cells or in automobiles (long term) Fuel tanks: Gas tight fuel tanks based on nano-composites for reduction of hydrocarbon emission Fossil fuels: Nanocatalysts for optimized fuel production (oil refining, desulphurization, coal liquefaction) Thermal energy Phase change materials: Encapsulated PCM for air conditioning of buildings Adsorptive storage: Nanoporous materials (e.g. zeolites) for reversible heat storage in buildings and heating nets Thermal insulation Nano-porous foams and gels (aerogels, polymer foams) for thermal insulation of buildings or in industrial processes Air conditioning Intelligent management of light and heat flux in buildings by electrochromic windows, miromirrors, or IR-reflectors Light weight constructions Lightweight construction materials using nano-composites (carbon nanotubes, metal-matrixcomposites, nano-coated light metals, ultra high performance concrete, polymer-composites) Substitution of energy intensive processes based on nanotechnological process innovations (e.g. nano- catalysts, self-assembling processes, etc.) Lightning Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 9/ 24 Industry Energy efficient lightning systems (LED, OLED) source: Luther 2008
Nanotechnological applications in the energy sector Electrical energy Batteries/Accumulators: Optimized Li-ion-accumulators based on nanostructured electrodes and flexible, ceramic separators, applications in mobile electronics, automobile, flexible load management in power grids (mid term) Supercapacitors: Nanomaterials for electrodes (carbon aerogels, CNT) and electrolytes for higher energy densities Chemical energy Hydrogen: Nano-porous materials (organomaterial, metal hydrides) for application in micro fuel cells or in automobiles (long term) Fuel tanks: Gas tight fuel tanks based on nano-composites for reduction of hydrocarbon emission Fossil fuels: Nanocatalysts for optimized fuel production (oil refining, desulphurization, coal liquefaction) Thermal energy Energy storage Phase change materials: Encapsulated PCM for air conditioning of buildings Adsorptive storage: Nano-porous materials (e.g. zeolites) for reversible heat storage in buildings and heating nets source: Luther 2008 Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 10/ 24
Scenario development Development of future energy demand - Sectors (industry, trade and services, domestic, transport) and applications - Energy sources Period of analysis: 2005 2030 - Base year 2005 Design of three scenarios for a sensitivity analysis - Base (expected development) - Plus / Minus (variation of main drivers of 25 % ) Main drivers of the scenarios - Improvements in efficiency - Changes in energy demand - Prevalence rate of new applications Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 11/ 24
Analyzed applications Generation and conversion Antireflective coatings Solar thermal Concentrated solar power (CSP) Photovoltaic New photovoltaic technologies Thin film solar cells Dye solar cells Organic solar cells Staple solar cells Quantum dot solar cells Nanobased membranes for CCS Thermoelectric generators Automotive Power plants Cross cutting LED for multiple coach lightning OLED and LED for multiple coach lightning OLED displays Industry Nanolacquers Manufacturing and application Operation UHPC (Ultra High Performance Concrete) Nanoparticles in synthetic production Styrene manufacturing Households Fuel cell heating units Insulation with Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) Traffic Supercapacitors in hybrid buses LED in automotive Polycarbonates for automotive glazing Fuel cell vehicles Ceroxide Nanoparticles in tire compounds Nanobased coatings to reduce friction Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 12/ 24
Calculation approach for the use of LED and OLED in multiple coach lightning Potential for substitution Bulbs by LED by OLED Energy saving lamps by LED by OLED Rate of Illuminants on the energy demand for illumination Substitution rate Energy demand Energieverbrauch per reference luminance per lamp type Energy saving as difference Energy demand per illuminant x Energy reduction per illuminant alternative Reduction in energy demand by the use of LED / OLED in multiple coach lightning Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 13/ 24
Agenda 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Conclusion Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 14/ 24
Development of possible savings in final energy demand due to the use of LED and OLED Energy savings [PJ] 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Nano - LED (lightning) 1.1 13.7 20.3 36.1 57.1 LED and OLED (lightning) 1.1 13.7 22.8 44.5 78.4 OLED displays 0.0 0.2 2.2 4.5 8.2 Nano LED (lightning) 1.1 14.5 23.3 44.3 72.4 LED and OLED (lightning) 1.1 14.5 26.4 54.3 96.2 OLED displays 0.0 0.3 2.5 5.3 9.8 Nano + LED (lightning) 1.1 15.2 26.2 52.5 84.4 LED and OLED (lightning) 1.1 15.2 29.9 63.5 109.6 OLED displays 0.0 0.3 3.3 6.9 12.7 Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 15/ 24
Possible savings in final energy demand [PJ] Development of possible savings in final energy demand from 2005 to 2030 9300 9242 PJ 9200 9100 9000-276 PJ (- 3.0%) 8900 8800-403 PJ (- 4.4%) 8700 8600-547 PJ (- 5.9%) 8500 8400 Nano - Nano Nano + 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Year Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 16/ 24
Additional energy generation [PJ] Development of possible additional energy generation from 2005 to 2030 180 160 140 Nano - Nano Nano + 159 PJ 120 100 106 PJ 80 60 64 PJ 40 20 0 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Year Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 17/ 24
Change in energy demand from 2005 2030 in comparison with theoretical potential Final energy demand Generation / Conversion Industry Tertiary Sector Households Traffic Development till 2030 (Nano - / Nano / Nano +) Energy savings [PJ] 195 / 260 / 325 21 / 27 / 34 43 / 52 / 61 167 / 219 / 264 43 / 103 / 189 Additional energy generation [PJ] 64 / 106 / 159 Theoretical potential Energy savings [PJ] 409 58 73 315 1154 Additional energy generation [PJ] 406 Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 18/ 24
Comparison between Nano scenario and projection according to German Energy Outlook 2009* Sector Reference value 2030* Energy savings till 2030 (Nano Scenario) [PJ] [PJ] [%] Additional energy generation 2236 106 4.7 Industry 2130 27 1.3 Tertiary Sector 1241 53 4.3 Households 1982 219 11.1 Traffic 2442 103 4.2 Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 19/ 24
CO2 emission reduction [%] Reduction of CO 2 emissions due to energy savings and additional energy generation 0% -2% -4% 0% -1% -3% -6% -8% -5% -10% -12% Nano - Nano Nano + -9% -14% 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 20/ 24
Agenda 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Conclusion Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 21/ 24
Conclusion Nanotechnology is not going to change the energy sector radically but it is going to make an essential contribution to energy efficiency improvement and reduction of CO 2 emissions in Germany The increased use of nanotechnology till 2030 results in saving potential in final energy demand in the range of 276 PJ to up to 547 PJ. Compared to the final energy demand in Germany in 2005 (9242 PJ) this could be a reduction of 3% up to 6% in 2030 By the use of antireflective coatings, new photovoltaic technologies and the application of thermoelectric generators in power plants additional energy generation ranges from 64 PJ up to about 159 PJ in 2030 Compared to CO 2 emissions in Germany in 2005 (772 mill. t.) a reduction of almost 70 mill. t CO 2 (9 %) in 2030 seems conceivable It takes a long time also for close to market application to result in significant energy savings In regard to the challenges concerning the use of energy it is necessary to work intensely and prompt on the development of innovative nanotechnology based technologies In addition to the possibilities and potentials of nanotechnology the impact of nanotechnologial materials on the environment and humans is as well decisive and has to be taken into consideration before new technological applications can be substantiated Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 22/ 24
Nanotechnology and Energy Science Promises and its Limits by Jochen Lambauer et al. (Universität Stuttgart, Germany) Key Features: Discusses different applications of nanotechnology in the energy sector ranging from dye solar cells, superconductors, aerogels and smart windows Contributions by leading authors in the field of nanotechnology Includes a comprehensive overview of the impacts and influences of selected nanotechnological applications on the energy sector in Germany Shows the potential of nanotechnological applications for energy savings, improvement in energy efficiency and the reduction of emissions Hardcover 978-981-43101-81-9 ebook 978-981-4364-06-5 Fall 2011, 6.00" x 9.00" US$99 For more information. please contact Pan Stanford Publishing at sales@panstanford.com or visit www.panstanford.com Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 23/ 24
Thank you very much for your attention! Dipl.-Ing. Jochen Lambauer IER Institut für Energiewirtschaft & Rationelle Energieanwendung Universität Stuttgart, Heßbrühlstraße 49a, D-70565 Heßbrühlstr. 49a. 70565 Stuttgart. Germany phone.: +49 711/ 685 878 75 Tel.: +49 (0) 711 685 878 75 Fax: +49 (0) 711 685 878 73 e-mail: Jochen.Lambauer@ier.uni-stuttgart.de Mail: Jochen.Lambauer@ier.uni-stuttgart.de Internet: www.ier.uni-stuttgart.de Lambauer, Fahl, Voß Nanotechnology and energy May 30 th 2011 24/ 24